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"Platinum blond" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Platinum Blonde (disambiguation).
"Blonde" redirects here. For other uses, see Blond (disambiguation) and Blonde (disambiguation).
Blond or fair hair, also blonde, is a hair color characterized by low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The resultant visible hue depends on various factors, but always has some yellowish color. The color can be from the very pale blond (caused by a patchy, scarce distribution of pigment) to reddish "strawberry" blond or golden-brownish ("sandy") blond colors (the latter with more eumelanin). Occasionally, the state of being blond, and specifically the occurrence of blond traits in a predominantly dark or colored population are referred to as blondism.[1]
Because hair color tends to darken with age, natural blond hair is significantly less common in adulthood. Naturally-occurring blond hair is primarily found in people living in or descended from people who lived in the northern half of Europe, and may have evolved alongside the development of light skin that enables more efficient synthesis of vitamin D, due to northern Europe's lower levels of sunlight. Blond hair has also developed in other populations, although it is usually not as common, and can be found among natives of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji, among the Berbers of North Africa, and among some Asians.
In Western culture, blond hair has long been associated with female beauty. Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, was described as having blond hair. In ancient Greece and Rome, blond hair was frequently associated with prostitutes, who dyed their hair using saffron dyes in order to attract customers. The Greeks stereotyped Thracians and slaves as blond and the Romans associated blondness with the Celts and the Germans to the north. In western Europe during the Middle Ages, long, blond hair was idealized as the paragon of female beauty. The Norse goddess Sif and the medieval heroine Iseult were both significantly portrayed as blond and, in medieval artwork, Eve, Mary Magdalene, and the Virgin Mary are often shown with blond hair. In contemporary Western culture, blond women are often negatively stereotyped as sexually attractive, but unintelligent.
The word blond is first documented in English in 1481[2] and derives from Old French blund, blont, meaning 'a colour midway between golden and light chestnut'.[3] It gradually eclipsed the native term fair, of same meaning, from Old English fæđer, causing fair later to become a general term for 'light complexioned'. This earlier use of fair survives in the proper name Fairfax, from Old English fæđer-feahs meaning 'blond hair'.
The word blond has two possible origins. Some linguists[who?] say it comes from Medieval Latin blundus, meaning 'yellow', from Old Frankish blund which would relate it to Old English blonden-feax meaning 'grey-haired', from blondan/blandan meaning 'to mix' (compare: blend).[citation needed] Also, Old English beblonden meant 'dyed', as ancient Germanic warriors were noted for dyeing their hair. However, linguists who favor a Latin origin for the word say that Medieval Latin blundus was a vulgar pronunciation of Latin flavus, also meaning 'yellow'. Most authorities, especially French, attest to the Frankish origin. The word was reintroduced into English in the 17th century from French, and was for some time considered French; in French, blonde is a feminine adjective; it describes a woman with blond hair.[4]
Blond, with its continued gender-varied usage, is one of few adjectives in written English to retain separate lexical genders. The two forms, however, are pronounced identically. American Heritage's Book of English Usage propounds that, insofar as "a blonde" can be used to describe a woman but not a man who is merely said to possess blond(e) hair, the term is an example of a "sexist stereotype [whereby] women are primarily defined by their physical characteristics."[5] The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) records that the phrase "big blond beast" was used in the 20th-century to refer specifically to men "of the Nordic type" (that is to say, blond-haired).[6] The OED also records that blond as an adjective is especially used with reference to women, in which case it is likely to be spelt blonde, citing three Victorian usages of the term. The masculine version is used in the plural, in "blonds of the European race",[6] in a citation from 1833 Penny cyclopedia, which distinguishes genuine blondness as a Caucasian feature distinct from albinism.[7]
By the early 1990s, blonde moment or being a dumb blonde had come into common parlance to mean "an instance of a person, esp. a woman... being foolish or scatter-brained."[8] Another hair color word of French origin, brunette (from the same Germanic root that gave brown), functions in the same way in orthodox English. The OED gives brunet as meaning 'dark-complexioned' or a 'dark-complexioned person', citing a comparative usage of brunet and blond to Thomas Henry Huxley in saying, "The present contrast of blonds and brunets existed among them."[9] Brunette can be used, however, like blonde, to describe a mixed-gender populace. The OED quotes Grant Allen, "The nation which resulted... being sometimes blonde, sometimes brunette."[10]
Blond and blonde are also occasionally used to refer to objects that have a color reminiscent of fair hair. For example, the OED records its use in 19th-century poetic diction to describe flowers, "a variety of clay ironstone of the coal measures", "the colour of raw silk",[6] a breed of ray, lager beer, and pale wood.[11]
Various subcategories of blond hair have been defined to describe the different shades and sources of the hair color more accurately. Common examples include the following:
A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the evolution of light hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonally reduced solar radiation.[29]
Ancient DNA analysis (ADNA) has revealed that the oldest fossil known to carry the derived KITLG allele, which is responsible for blond hair in modern Europeans, is a 17,000 year old Ancient North Eurasian specimen from eastern Siberia.[30][a 1]
Geneticist David Reich said that the hundreds of millions of copies of this SNP, the classic European blond hair mutation, entered continental Europe by way of a massive population migration from the Eurasian steppe, by a people who had substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry.[31][a 2]
Ancient North Eurasian admixture is present in mesolithic fossils from Northern Europe, and is linked to the prediction of blond hair in stone-age Scandinavians by ancient DNA analysis.[32]
Gavin Evans analyzed several years of research on the origin of European blond hair, and concluded that the widespread presence of blond hair in Europe is largely due to the territorial expansions of the "all-conquering" Western Steppe Herders; who carried the genes for blond hair.[30][a 3]
A review article published in 2020 analyzes fossil data from a wide variety of published sources. The authors affirm the previous statements, nothing that Ancient North Eurasian-derived populations carried the derived blond hair allele to Europe, and that the "massive spread" of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists likely caused the "rapid selective sweep in European populations toward light skin and hair."[33]
Blond hair is most common in light-skinned infants and children,[34] so much so that the term "baby blond" is often used for very light colored hair. Babies may be born with blond hair even among groups where adults rarely have blond hair, although such natural hair usually falls out quickly. Blond hair tends to turn darker with age, and many children's blond hair turns light, medium, dark brown or black before or during their adult years.[34] Because blond hair tends to turn brown with age, natural blond hair is significantly less common in adulthood;[35][36] according to the sociologist Christie Davies, only around five percent of adults in Europe and North America are naturally blond.[35] A study conducted in 2003 concluded that only four percent of American adults are naturally blond.[36] A significant majority of Caucasian women (perhaps as high as three in four)[clarification needed] dye their hair blond, a significantly higher percentage than for any other hair color.[35][37]
The pigmentation of both hair and eyes is lightest around the Baltic Sea, and darkness increases regularly and almost concentrically around this region.[38]
In France, according to a source published 1939, blondism is more common in Normandy, and less common in the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean seacoast; 26% of the French population have blond or light brown hair.[39] A 2007 study of French females showed that by then roughly 20% were blonde, although half of these blondes were fully fake. Roughly ten percent of French females are natural blondes, of which 60% bleach their hair to a lighter tone of blond.[40]
In Portugal, the national average of the population shows 11% of varying traces of blondism, peaking at 15% blond people in PΓ³voa de Varzim in northern Portugal.[41][42] In Italy, a study of Italian men conducted by Ridolfo Livi between 1859 and 1863 on the records of the National Conscription Service showed that 8.2% of Italian men exhibited blond hair; blondism frequency displayed a wide degree of regional variation, ranging from around 12.6% in Veneto to 1.7% among the Sardinians.[43] In a more detailed study from the 20th-century geneticist Renato Biasutti,[44] the regional contrasts of blondism frequency are better shown, with a greater occurrence in the northern regions, where the figure may be over 20%, and a lesser occurrence in Sardinia, where the frequency in many of its districts was 0.5%. With the exception of Benevento and the surrounding area in Campania, where various shades of blond hair were present in 10β15% of the population, Southern Italy as a whole averaged between 2.5% and 7.4%.[45]
In South Africa where there is a significant population of whites, mainly from Dutch and English ancestry, blond people may account for 3-4% of the South African population.
A number of blond naturally mummified bodies of common people (i.e. not proper mummies) dating to Roman times have been found in the Fagg El Gamous cemetery in Egypt. "Of those whose hair was preserved 54% were blondes or redheads, and the percentage grows to 87% when light-brown hair color is added."[46] Excavations have been ongoing since the 1980s. Burials seem to be clustered by hair-colour.[47]
Blonde hair are also found in some other parts of the South Pacific, such as the Solomon Islands,[48][49] Vanuatu, and Fiji, again with higher incidences in children. Blond hair in Melanesians is caused by an amino acid change in the gene TYRP1.[48] This mutation is at a frequency of 26% in the Solomon Islands and is absent outside of Oceania.[48]
The higher frequencies of light hair in Asia are prevalent among Pamiris, Kalash, Nuristani and Uyghur ethnic groups.[50][51]
According to geneticist David Reich, blond hair has ancient roots in Asia. The derived allele responsible for blond hair in Europeans likely evolved first among the Ancient North Eurasians. The earliest known individual with this allele is a Siberian fossil from Afontova Gora, in south-central Siberia.[52] This allele is also present in one hunter-gatherer from each of Samara, Motala and Ukraine (I0124, I0014 and I1763), as well as several later individuals with Steppe ancestry. Reich has written that the derived SNP for blond hair entered continental Europe by way of a massive population migration from the Eurasian steppe, by a people who had substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry.[53] Since the 20th century, archaeologists have uncovered a number of fossils and historical documents from Asia, indicating an ancient presence of blond haired people there. These include the famous mummies of the Tarim Basin,[54] such as Yingpan man, a blond 4th century BCE mummy, who is presumed to have been a Sogdian.[55] Analysis of his extravagant clothing suggested international origins.[56]
A team of multi-national archaeologists have discovered the 2,500 year old mummy of a blond man, 30β40 years old, in the Altai region of Mongolia. He is believed to have been a Scythian warrior.[57]
The Hmong people were historically recorded with blonde hair and blue eyes by the Chinese since ancient times. Their light phenotypes made it easy for Chinese distinguish them.[58]
Chinese historical documents describe blond haired, blue-eyed warriors among the Xiongnu, a nomadic equestrian culture from Mongolia, who practiced Tengriism.[59] The Shiwei people were a Mongolic-speaking ethnic group who were blond-haired and blue eyed. Blond hair can still be seen among people from the region they inhabited, even today.[60] Some Xianbei were described with blond hair and blue eyes according to Chinese historical chronicles.[61] The Mongolian warlord, Bodonchar Munkhag, a direct ancestor of Genghis Khan, was said to have blond hair.[62][63][64][65] His mother, Alan Goa, described an encounter with an unidentified blond man who she referred to, affectionately, as a yellow dog. This individual was the father of Bodonchar Munkhag.[66] The factual nature of these statement is considered controversial. According to historians such as Denise Igle, Igor de Rachewiltz, and Shihab al-Umari the early origins of the legends of Alan Gua were animals, later transformed into human beings by Rashid al-Din. Alan Gua is considered a mythical figure from The Secret History of the Mongols and speaks of the glittering visitor being a "yellow dog"[67]
The Uriankhai tribe of Mongols, to which the military generals Subotai and Jelme belonged, were described by Mongol chronicles as blond haired in the 2nd millennium CE.[68]
The Tuvans are a Turkic ethnic group with an occasional occurrence of blond hair of blonde hair with freckles, blue-green eyes.[69]
The ethnic Miao people of Guizhou province from China, a subgroup of Hmong people, have been described as having blue eyes and blonde hair. F.M Savina of the Paris Foreign missionary society wrote that the Miao are "pale yellow in complexion, almost white, their hair is often light or dark brown, sometimes even red or corn-silk blond, and a few even have pale blue eyes."[70]
Left image: Reconstructed Blond Kouros's Head of the Acropolis, c. 480 BC.
Right image: Ganymede, a Trojan youth, rolling a hoop, Attic vase c. 500 BC.
Most people in ancient Greece had dark hair and, as a result of this, the Greeks found blond hair immensely fascinating.[71] In the Homeric epics, Menelaus the king of the Spartans is, together with some other Achaean leaders, portrayed as blond.[72] Other blond characters in the Homeric poems are Peleus, Achilles, Meleager, Agamede, and Rhadamanthys.[72] Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, was often described as golden-haired and portrayed with this color hair in art.[73] Aphrodite's master epithet in the Homeric epics is ΟΟΟ
ΟΞΞ· (khrusΓ©Δ), which means "golden".[74] The traces of hair color on Greek korai probably reflect the colors the artists saw in natural hair;[75] these colors include a broad diversity of shades of blond, red and brown.[75] The minority of statues with blond hair range from strawberry blond up to platinum blond.[75]
Sappho of Lesbos (c. 630-570 BC) wrote that purple-colored wraps as headdress were good enough, except if the hair was blond: "...for the girl who has hair that is yellower than a torch [it is better to decorate it] with wreaths of flowers in bloom."[76] Sappho also praises Aphrodite for her golden hair, stating that since gold metal is free from rust, the goddess' golden hair represents her freedom from ritual pollution.[74] Sappho's contemporary Alcman of Sparta praised golden hair as one of the most desirable qualities of a beautiful woman,[74] describing in various poems "the girl with the yellow hair" and a girl "with the hair like purest gold".[74]
In the fifth century BC, the sculptor Pheidias may have depicted the Greek goddess of wisdom Athena's hair using gold in his famous statue of Athena Parthenos, which was displayed inside the Parthenon.[77] The Greeks thought of the Thracians who lived to the north as having reddish-blond hair.[78] Because many Greek slaves were captured from Thrace, slaves were stereotyped as blond or red-headed.[78] "Xanthias" (ΞΞ±Ξ½ΞΈΞ―Ξ±Ο), meaning "reddish blond", was a common name for slaves in ancient Greece[78][79] and a slave by this name appears in many of the comedies of Aristophanes.[79]
The most famous statue of Aphrodite, the Aphrodite of Knidos, sculpted in the fourth century BC by Praxiteles, represented the goddess' hair using gold leaf[80] and contributed to the popularity of the image of Aphrodite as a blonde goddess.[81] Greek prostitutes frequently dyed their hair blond using saffron dyes or colored powders.[82] Blond dye was highly expensive, took great effort to apply, and smelled repugnant,[82] but none of these factors inhibited Greek prostitutes from dying their hair.[82] As a result of this and the natural rarity of blond hair in the Mediterranean region, by the fourth century BC, blond hair was inextricably associated with prostitutes.[82] The comic playwright Menander (c. 342/41βc. 290 BC) protests that "no chaste woman ought to make her hair yellow".[82] At another point, he deplores blond hair dye as dangerous: "What can we women do wise or brilliant, who sit with hair dyed yellow, outraging the character of gentlewomen, causing the overthrow of houses, the ruin of nuptials, and accusations on the part of children?"[82] Historian and Egyptologist Joann Fletcher asserts that the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great and members of the Macedonian-Greek Ptolemaic dynasty of Hellenistic Egypt had blond hair, such as Arsinoe II and Berenice II.[83]
On the left: Statue of Antinous (Delphi), depicting Antinous, polychrome Parian marble, made during the reign of Hadrian (r. 117β138 AD)
On the right: detail of athletic women in the "bikini girls" mosaic of the Villa Romana del Casale, Roman Sicily, 4th century AD
During the early years of the Roman Empire, blond hair was associated with prostitutes.[84] The preference changed to bleaching the hair blond when Greek culture, which practiced bleaching, reached Rome, and was reinforced when the legions that conquered Gaul returned with blond slaves.[85] Sherrow also states that Roman women tried to lighten their hair, but the substances often caused hair loss, so they resorted to wigs made from the captives' hair.[86] According to Francis Owen, Roman literary records describe a large number of well-known Roman historical personalities as blond.[87]
Juvenal wrote in a satirical poem that M
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