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She stressed that the boundaries of accepted and deviant uses of drugs are shifting over time. Many of the pain relief substances and 'healing rituals' used in medieval Japan originated from South and East Asia, showing the extent of the transcultural circulation of medical knowledge as well as commodities in pre-modern Asia. Whereas 'magic mushrooms' or hemp were indigenous plants in Japan in the Edo period — , regional governments encouraged the plantation of newly introduced addictive substances like tobacco and sugar. Meanwhile, medicinal products imported through the Nagasaki trade from China contributed heavily to a trade deficit. For elite groups, the consumption of these commodities by commoners was of concern not because of their addictive nature but rather because their consumption undermined a clear social distinction. As a countermeasure against opium smuggling, domestic production of opium was encouraged and developed rapidly after , especially in the Osaka region. After a series of natural disasters destroyed a large part of the rice harvests in the s, poppy production was further disseminated in the region and seen as a 'godsend' by locals. After , Japanese authorities in Taiwan no longer bought opium on London export markets but directly from the Ottoman Empire and Iran. Brandenburg argued that Japan had not much bargaining power in the purchase of opium because of the high domestic demand. According to him, contributions like these, force us to rethink the epistemological framing of 'Japan' after Jennings recalled that the book was not widely discussed at the time. He argued that in the s, though political and societal debates focused on addictive substances, American historians considered drugs a topic not worth researching. Furthermore, Japanese historians then were mostly interested in a Japanese nation-state framework, and rarely addressed transnational connections. Twenty-two years later, a paradigm shift has occurred, and conferences like the present one in Zurich suggest new approaches in the history of drugs. The company imported opium to Taiwan, after the establishment of the Japanese state opium monopoly in Supplying the Japanese Monopoly Bureau was lucrative, but in the House of Samuel temporarily lost its opium contract, for abusively raising the import price. In , after a series of scandals, the company gave up its opium contract and ceased to trade with Japanese partners altogether. Clarence-Smith argued that the company was highly concerned with its public reputation, but showed no ethical concerns about selling opium. In reaction to new government regulations, however, pharmaceutical companies successfully rebranded patent medicines as home medicines that supplemented professional medical treatments. He argued that opium-smoking, a popular entertainment in the late Qing period — , was gradually regarded as an 'uncivilized' social activity under Japanese rule. By the end of the Japanese colonial period, social spaces for opium-smoking were dramatically reduced, leaving smokers no other choice than to retreat into private spaces. Kingsberg Kadia argued that a common trope was the supposed superiority of the Japanese, who did not take drugs, while writers portrayed foreign narcotic users as a threat to the social order. Despite legal reforms and stricter state control over the trade and sale of opiates after the First World War, there were no significant barriers placed on the end consumers. In the s, however, Japanese doctors problematized medical addiction among the middle-class. By the early s, public attention had shifted to lower-class drug addicts in the big cities, notably vagrants and Korean migrants. Fujita was a close associate of right-wing senior army officers and bureaucrats while having contacts to Japan's left-wing circles. He established drug smuggling networks to China through his Soviet connections and in was involved in a transaction to purchase Persian opium for distribution in China. MARIKO IIJIMA Tokyo indicated during the discussion that the papers showed that opium and other narcotics are historically comparable to socially accepted stimulants, such as sugar and coffee, but add a theoretical layer, by referring to the question of illegality. According to her, the history of drugs complicates our understanding of the 'transimperial' circulation of commodities, knowledge, and migrants. Initially, narcotics sold on the black market came from repatriates, often doctors and nurses, or originated from looted military stocks. By , these stocks had run out, and narcotics dealers came to rely on smugglers to procure drugs from China and Korea. The discussant, SHELDON GARON Princeton , encouraged historians to look more closely at potential continuities between the wartime and postwar period and suggested that many of the postwar drug users probably had already become addicted during the war when the Japanese army produced large amounts of narcotics to treat wounded soldiers and civilians. She argued that despite decades of development, regenerative medicines have yet to become a widely accepted form of medicine. Umemura illustrated how in a first phase starting in the s, companies were mainly technology-driven but were not commercially successful and collapsed in the early s. Since then, the industry has changed its trajectory and nowadays concentrates on selling popular products instead of investing in new technologies. Despite their air of inaction, their presence likewise provided a pivotal catalyst to political actions centered on the Shinjuku station. Until their ban in , magic mushrooms were widely available in Japan. Benesch showed how magic mushrooms became a locus for debates on the relationship between legality and morality with regard to intoxicating substances. An important element of these discourses was the construction of magic mushrooms as 'foreign' by both users and supporters of their prohibition. For example, the ban of magic mushrooms coincided with a nation-wide moral panic and the impression of a growing crime rate in Japan. The analysis of anti-drug law and campaigns and the marketing strategies of pharmaceutical companies showed that the consumers and not the drugs are at the center of drug discourses. Therefore, he argued, future research should pay even more attention to consumer agency. Redaktion: hsk. ISSN: DE EN. Drugs and the Politics of Consumption in Japan. Drugs and the Politics of Consumption in Japan Organisatoren. This work may be copied and redistributed for non-commercial, educational purposes, if permission is granted by the author and usage right holders.. For permissions please contact hsk. Politik , Recht , Soziales , Wirtschaft.

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Nagasaki buying MDMA pills

This website uses cookies to collect information about your visit for purposes such as showing you personalized ads and content, and analyzing our website traffic. Users accessing this site from EEA countries and UK are unable to view this site without your consent. We apologize for any inconvenience caused. The Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry intends to prohibit the sales of over-the-counter medicines that could be abused, such as cold medicine, in large quantities or multiple doses to those under 20 years of age. To tackle the growing problem of people — especially young people — overdosing on over-the-counter drugs, the ministry plans to revise the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Law by , after holding discussions with an expert panel. A proposal to strengthen regulations on sales of over-the-counter medications was approved at a meeting of a ministry panel on Monday. The proposal targets over-the-counter drugs that can be purchased at pharmacies and drug stores that contain six kinds of substances that could be addictive. It is estimated that about 1, products fall under that description. The ministry is considering regulating sales of such products by only allowing those below 20 to purchase one unit, which would also have to be smaller than the standard size. Regardless of whether the product is sold in person or online, the person must show identification. Sales records will also be kept to keep track of repeat customers. Following the tightening of regulations on dangerous drugs in , cases of young people overdosing on over-the-counter drugs have increased. According to a survey by the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry based in Tokyo, there were no records of over-the-counter drug use among patients aged 10 to 19 who were treated for drug addiction until The health ministry currently requires drug stores and pharmacies to confirm the names and ages of junior high and high school students when selling them medication, however, it might not have been done thoroughly enough. Please disable the ad blocking feature. To use this site, please disable the ad blocking feature and reload the page. Accept all Reject all. Yomiuri Shimbun file photo A Japan Pharmaceutical Association poster, indicating the importance of preventing people from overdosing on over-the-counter medications, is seen at a drug store in Tokyo in November

Nagasaki buying MDMA pills