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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Better knowledge of cultivation and plant gathering enables a deeper understanding of prehistoric societies. People-plant interactions have resulted in the creation of human ecological niches and, over time, people began to increasingly gain their subsistence from productive economies. However, in Finland prehistoric cultivation and plant gathering remain poorly understood. What plants were gathered during the prehistoric period, and how would they have been used? When do the first signs of cultivation occur, and where did it originate from? How did cultivation develop after its introduction? This study reviews and expands on archaeobotanical data on cultivation and plant gathering in Finland. The aim is to provide a long-term perspective of plant-people interactions in the area. Such knowledge is valuable for scholars studying prehistoric societies, plant use and agricultural history. The primary method employed in this study is the archaeobotanical analysis of plant macrofossils. This method enables species-level identifications of plant remains found at archaeological sites. In this study, such plant remains were retrieved from flotation samples gathered at archaeological sites in Finland and Sweden. Altogether, approximately samples were studied. In addition, several remains of plants were directly accelerator mass spectrometry AMS radiocarbon dated, thus enabling an absolute chronology for these particular remains. Secondary methods employed in the study include the anthracological analysis of wood charcoal, ethnography and geochemistry. A review of charred and waterlogged plant remains from the Stone Age in Finland show that numerous wild plants were collected. During the Holocene thermal maximum, hazel and water chestnut grew further north than today. Wild plants were used throughout Finland during the Stone Age, although the number of taxa diminished northwards. Use of starch-rich plants, such as water-lilies, appears to have decreased after the onset of agriculture. Radiocarbon dates show that these remains date from the years — cal BC. Cultivated plants occur for the first time in mainland Finland during the second millennium BC. Radiocarbon-dated plant remains indicate continuous cultivation of barley on mainland Finland since approximately cal BC. The early development of plant cultivation is, however, poorly understood. Larger assemblages of plant remains have been discovered during the first millennium AD. Both hulled and naked barley were cultivated together with other crops. Here, the earliest find of hemp in Finland was discovered and directly dated to cal AD — The Late Iron Age can be considered as a period of agricultural expansion. The results of this study have implications especially for studies of prehistoric societies, which can be better understood with a deeper knowledge of their plant use. Plants not only provided nutrients, medicine, fuel and construction materials, but people could even construct their niches by removing or preserving certain plants in their surroundings. The active role of humans should be considered when studying past environmental changes, for example via pollen analytical studies. Cultivation most probably originated from east-central Sweden, where it was first introduced by the Funnel Beaker Culture approximately cal BC. Later, continuous cultivation throughout the Bronze Age must have had social consequences, and the appearance of numerous cairns might well be associated with an increasing reliance on agriculture. These finds call into question whether we can consider slash-and-burn cultivation as the earliest cultivation method in Finland. The historical Ostrobothnian Finland burial tradition is poorly known, particularly when discussed from the environmental archaeological viewpoint. This article examines Late Medieval burial meth Izvestia Journal of the Union of Scientists - Varna. Economic Sciences Series, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Related papers Gardening and consumption of plants in Naantali convent SW Finland before and after the Reformation kari uotila. Plant remains from the early modern garden of the manor of Kumpula, Helsinki, Finland: an alternative sampling method for macrofossil analysis Teija Alanko. Alanko, T. Veget Hist Archaeobot Teija Alanko. Cloister, manor and botanic gardens in medieval and early modern Finland and Sweden — An archaeobotanical approach to garden history Teija Alanko. Prehistoric cultivation and plant gathering in Finland: An archaeobotanical study Santeri Vanhanen. The Catholic cloister existed in Naantali from to , when Finland was a part of the Kingdom of Sweden. The cloister most probably had a garden, and medicinal plants were culivated. The aim in this study was to ind plants culivated and consumed in the cloister through archaeobotanical macrofossil analysis, and to make an illustraion of chronological changes in culivaion and consumpion through AMS-radiocarbon dated macrofossils. Soil samples for macrofossil analysis came from excavaions carried out in the cloister church in — From 46 litre of soil, plant remains, mostly seeds, were found. Culivated and collected useful plants for food, dyeing and medicinal purposes were found. Four AMS-radiocarbon dates were measured in from charred cereal grains and seeds from three diferent excavaion areas. The calibrated dates varied from cal AD to cal AD With revision of archaeological dates, macrofossils from dated samples were divided into four periods to demonstrate the changes in the cloister life. Keywords: archaeobotany, macrofossils, garden, medicinal plant, AMS-radiocarbon date Introducion Archaeobotany is a mulidisciplinary ield combining archaeology, botany and history, and interpreing the botanical results with cultural aspects. Soil samples, the material for archaeobotanical macrofossil analyses come from archaeological excavaions, and macrofossil plant remains are linked to the archaeological and historical context of the site studied. The aim is to improve the knowledge of interacions between humans and plants and provide details of the diet, economy and daily life of the past Branch et al. Research in garden history in Finland has been concentraing on historical references. However, records of plant species probably from garden culivaion are known from macrofossil analyses from setlements, towns and rural sites. Archaeobotanical methods should be involved in garden history research, because there is not enough writen sources available. Due to scarce documents, some quesion- able assumpions have been made of the lack of proper gardening in Finland in the early Middle Ages — Melander ; Ruof ; Lamberg et al. Further, references someimes ignore the important knowledge of speciic plant species. Research in garden history from Britain demonstrates the importance of archaeobotany as it reveals plants culivated and consumed in cloisters. Plant species has been exposed both from writen sources and through macrofossil analyses in the invesigaions of medieval monasic contexts for example Robinson ; Harvey ; Dickson , Garden archaeological research including the observaion of maps and writen sources has been carried out in the cloister gardens in Sweden, such as Vadstena cloister Lindeblad Nevertheless, more archaeobotanical evidence from cloisters is needed for the knowledge of which garden plants were used Larsson et al. The archaeobotanical results from medieval St Olof Dominican monastery in Sweden showed the signiicance of the method for improving the knowledge of culivaion in cloister gardens, furthermore when combined with vegetaion mapping at the place Lindeblad The church building has been invesigated several imes. No medieval account books, which might have included some informaion of gardening via ordered seeds or the numbers of crop, have remained from Naantali cloister Vilkuna Account books from the mother cloister of Vadstena exist, but no actual garden accounts or other documents regarding culivated plants from Swedish monasteries Haggren ; Knuuila ; Larsson The irst macrofossil analysis from Naantali cloister church was carried out by the irst author Alanko The aim of this study was to search plants Figure 1. The cloister buildings according to Reinhold Hausen — The Naantali museum. In addiion, the study aimed to create an example of a model of chronological changes in gardening and plant consumpion through AMS-radiocarbon dated macrofossils. The study atempted to reveal diferences from the medieval period to the Reformaion period, when Catholic life in the cloister gradually changed to Lutheran. The ruling power, nobles and burghers came to Naantali in pilgrims to the cloister, and in consequence Naantali became a signiicant place in medieval Finland Suvanto The Swedish Birgiine cloister of Vadstena, the mother cloister of Naantali, got the permission to operate from the pope in , and the order was accepted in Uoila The area of future Naantali was inhabited in the 12th and 13th centuries Uoila b. In a decision of establishing a Birgiine cloister under Swedish management to Finland was conirmed Klockars ; Heino The King Kristofer ordered that also a town must be founded next to the cloister Suvanto A wooden church building with stone fooing was constructed irst, with wooden cloister buildings for nuns and monks Suvanto ; Lilius The irst nuns and monks of Naantali cloister were sent from Vadstena, from where they might have brought medicinal garden plants with them, and the skill of gardening pracices too Klockars ; Heino The cloister and the church were consecrated in Salomies ; Heino The stone church and funcioning cloister buildings might have been inished already then, or at least the western part of the church and the monk sacristy and corridor Uoila c. Sill, another opinion states that the stone church building was inished not unil in the s Hiekkanen The heyday of the cloister lasted only 40 years from the s onwards Uoila c. Due to the donaions of noble families, the cloister was one of the major landowners in Finland in the 15th century Knuuila ; Vilkuna The cloister had strong connecions to local noble families and their manors via nuns and abbesses Klockars , ; Lagerstam ; Lahinen , The Reformaion, staring in Sweden and Finland in , was not the end of cloister life in Naantali, but the beginning of the end Klockars Sill, the King Gustav Vasa subjugated all convents and cloisters, and their property was mostly taken to the King and noble families; this ruined the inances of Naantali cloister Knuuila , Vilkuna In the cloister church was converted to Lutheran, but nuns and monks could live in the cloister with an allowance sill, and the cloister coninued many decades Suvanto ; Knuuila Catholic life ended inally in the cloister, when the last abbess, Birgita Kurki, died in , and the last nun in Suvanto ; Klockars ; Knuuila The garden of Naantali cloister Most probably the cloister had a garden. This would have validated dye plant culivaion in both Vadstena and Naantali. The irst writen sources of gardens in Finland are from the s from Turku, and it is known that at the latest in Turku Castle had a garden Ruof ; Uoila Presumable a garden was established to Kuusisto Castle in the —40s Uoila , Kuusisto Castle located quite near Turku and Naantali and it was the residence of Bishop Maunu Tavast, who was one of the most eminent persons founding Naantali cloister Uoila , It is assumed that near Naantali cloister existed a hospital, which would have supported the culivaion of medicinal plants in the cloister. A hospital might have situated in or beside this house. The plague occurred in Naantali in and in —09 and people were nursed in the hospital of Naantali cloister, in the later incident 35 nuns and monks died too Suvanto It is not known for sure to whom the responsibility of gardening was ordered in Naantali cloister. Researchers with difering opinions are not sure where the assumed garden located. Assumpions have been made of two diferent gardens for nuns and monks or alternaively one large garden for monks Suvanto , Uoila Nuns were supposed to stay inside the walls of their area, and thus their garden would have located there too Knuuila In the excavaions of the church, and later the churchyard in the s and s , no evident remains of garden culivaion, such as rows, beds or fences, was found. But, according to the knowledge of Vadstena cloister, presumably garden plots could be found in Naantali too, if garden archaeological excavaion could be carried out in the future. Material and Methods , , c. The area A had been a large sacristy of monks in the church, and the area A had been a corridor of monks in connecion to the cloister buildings Uoila The sacristy, which layers and walls had been untouched for centuries, was one of the most important rooms of the church Uoila The area A was excavated to the bedrock, but it was restricted in the south and west sides of the area to the walls of the steeple. Due to this, a danger of cave-in prevented to excavate any further than to medieval brick loor, and layers underneath it in the western part of the area stayed untouched Uoila In the areas A and A outside of the church excavaions did not reach the bedrock Uoila Laboratory work Fieldwork The archaeobotanical study concerning Naantali cloister church was carried out in collaboraion with archaeological excavaions in —97 Alanko Soil samples for macrofossil analysis were collected from four diferent excavaion areas and diferent layers while excavaions proceeded. Small squares approx. In total, 32 soil samples were taken, and they size difered from 0. The excavaion areas A and A located under the church steeple, the area A on the southern side of the steeple, and the area A in the front of the southern wall of the church Fig. At the ime of the cloister, a separate steeple building located next to the church, and the present steeple was built not unil in the s Heino ; Uoila Soil samples were treated in laboratory with water-NaCl-lotaion and sieving methods Alanko Clayey samples were dissolved in KOH-soluion irst. Material was washed on a 0. Other remains than seeds, such as un-charred and charred wood, scleroia of Fungi, small animal bones, ish scales and vertebra, insects Insecta, including other Arthropoda , pods of earthworm Lumbricus terrestris and shells of gastropoda, were also collected from the soil samples, ideniied and partly counted. The excavaion areas of the cloister church. Figure 2b. The locaion of Naantali and Turku in Finland. Charred grains of oat Avena cf. Results 47 too: shells of gastropoda Mollusca , 74 pods of earthworm Lumbricus terrestris and approximately remains of ish scales and pieces of vertebra. Out of plant remains were indeterminate, due to their poor condiion. Macrofossils Excavaion areas and AMS-radiocarbon dated soil samples From 32 soil samples, including Ideniicaion to species level was succeeded with 64 taxa. Macrofossil taxa were divided in six diferent ecological groups: A cultural weeds and ield weeds, B useful plants and collected wild plants, C trees and shrubs, D meadow plants, E rock side plants and F wetlands plants and waterside plants Table 1 and Fig. The group B included culivated and collected species for food, medicine and dyeing. The most abundant was wild strawberry Fragaria vesca with seeds. Important species were hemp Cannabis saiva with four seeds, greater celandine Chelidonium majus seeds , hop Humulus lupulus two seeds , henbane Hyoscyamus niger 68 seeds and raspberry Rubus idaeus 48 seeds , and in addiion genus Vaccinium, which seeds were found 50 in total. Cereal grains Cerealia were found 32 in total, 12 grains of rye Secale cereale , 10 grains of barley Hordeum vulgare and six grains of oat Avena cf. The group A was the most numerous including dominaing species fat hen Chenopodium album with seeds and netle Urica dioica two seeds. In the group C the most dominant species was juniper Juniperus communis with seeds, one berry and one needle. The group C contained also rowan Sorbus aucuparia 68 seeds , one seed of apple Malus sp. Prunus sp. In the group E was only one species, bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi with six seeds. In the group F numerous species was crowberry Empetrum nigrum seeds. Other remains than plant macrofossils were found Four excavaion areas difered from each other according to historical use, structures, age and soil characters. The soil samples from the excavaion area A contained sand mixed with plaster or clay, and included only small amounts of seeds and other remains. The soil sample M from the area A was from a clay-humus-soot layer, which reached the soil under the primary foundaion of the church, and thus the sample was older than the sacristy of the cloister church Uoila The sample M layer K, 8. The sample included 12 taxa and 67 plant remains, most interesingly wild strawberry Fragaria vesca , henbane Hyoscyamus niger , raspberry Rubus idaeus , rye Secale cereale and juniper Juniperus communis in abundance indicaing the usage of the species. Archaeological date restricted the sample to the years —ca , to the period before the stone church or the sacristy was constructed, which could be either before or ca see also Table 3. The soil sample M, also from the area A layer K, 8. The sample was deined as dark dyed soil, and included only two species, fat hen Chenopodium album and juniper 12 seeds in total. The material from this sample turned out to be the oldest according to the radiocarbon dates, although it was from an upper layer than the sample M Macrofossils found from the Birgiine cloister church of Naantali, sorted by four excavaion areas. Macrofossils from the Birgittine cloister church of Naantali, sorted by four excavation areas. Excavation area N:o of soil samples Litre of soil Cultural weeds and field weeds Arctium tomentosum Arenaria serpyllifolia Atriplex patula Brassicaceae Bromus secalinus Bromus sp. Centaurea cyanus Chenopodium album Chenopidium sp. Cirsium arvense Fallopia convolvulus Fumaria officinalis Galeopsis speciosa Galeopsis sp. Galium boreale Galium sp. Lamium purpureum Lapsana communis Persicaria hydropiper Persicaria lapathifolia Persicaria maculosa Plantago major Polygonum aviculare Polygonum sp. Potentilla anserina Ranunculus repens Rubus saxatilis Rumex acetosella Rumex sp. Scleranthus sp. Receptacle Spergula arvensis Stellaria media Stellaria sp. Taraxacum sp. Rubus idaeus 1 Secale cereale Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium oxycoccos Vaccinium uliginosum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Vaccinium sp. Corylys avellana Juniperus communis J. Picea abies needle P. Sambucus racemosa Sorbus aucuparia Meadow plants Agrostis sp. Alchemilla sp. Anthriscus sylvestris Festuca rubra Hypericum maculatum Lithospermum arvense Lithospermum sp. Luzula sp. Poa sp. Poaceae Prunella vulgaris Ranunculus acris Rhinanthus sp. Rumex acetosa Stellaria graminea Trifolium pratense Vicia sp. Viola sp. AMS-radiocarbon dated macrofossils. Results have been calibrated to calendar years by using Intcal13calibraion curve Reimer et al. Only one soil sample M came from the excavaion area A layer K, 9. The sample was from an organic soil layer containing plenty of dark charcoal and reaching under the southern wall of the steeple Uoila Some species found from let : Fragaria vesca and Empetrum nigrum charred , Hyoscyamus niger and Chelidonium majus un-charred , Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Juniperus communis and Sorbus aucuparia charred. Photos Teija Alanko. Alanko Chapter 1 35 BP and cal AD — Hela , but because the layer was under the steeple constructed in the s, the date could be restricted archaeologically at the most youngest to The sample was large, and thus may have contained remains from quite a long period. It comprised 74 taxa and plant remains, of which were charred seeds. The sample was almost throughout charred including a lot of charred wood and charred parts of insects. The most interesting species of this rich sample were hemp Cannabis saiva , greater celandine Chelidonium majus , wild strawberry, which was the most dominant species in the sample, barley Hordeum vulgare , hop Humulus lupulus , henbane, rye, many Vaccinium-species, bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi , crowberry Empetrum nigrum and rowan Sorbus aucuparia. Medieval structures of wall were found in the excavaion areas A and A; in the area A the eastern wall of the corridor of monks, and large cupboard in the wall Uoila The soil samples from the area A included mostly charred plant remains and many remains of ish, small animal bones and charred wood, referring to a household waste pit. The samples were from the north-east corner of the area, right from the corner of the steeple and the western wall of the church, from dark organic soil with large amount of charcoal, the layers being in connecion with a similar layer of the area A before the steeple was constructed Uoila The soil sample M from the area A layer K, The sample included 29 taxa and plant remains, for example greater celandine, wild strawberry, barley, juniper, raspberry, rye, rowan and crowberry. When the area A was excavated, structures that had formed a quite large brick and stone building connected with the cloister church were found Uoila The layers in the area were ariicial ill soil and actual cultural layers remained under the excavaion level Uoila No AMS-radiocarbon dates were measured from this area. It is known from writen sources that at least two ires have occurred in Naantali, in and , the later beginning from 51 the church and destroying the building partly Heino , Hiekkanen , Lilius From the topmost layer of the excavaion area A a piece of plate glass that had been in ire was found, and dark organic soil layer containing charcoal was formed before the steeple was constructed in the s Uoila , Discussion With the AMS-radiocarbon dates of macrofossils from diferent layers and the projecion of these dates onto the whole soil samples, it was possible to experiment an illustraion of chronological changes in garden culivaion and plant consumpion. Observaion of whether diferences from the medieval period to the Reformaion period, and between the Catholic and Lutheran way of gardening, plant consumpion and medicinal pracice could be demonstrated from plant remains was made. Radiocarbon dates were revised with archaeological dates, and macrofossils that were found in dated samples were divided into four diferent periods to demonstrate the changes in the cloister life. In every period species assemblage difered from the former and the following, and thus generalizaions could be made. Sill, it must be remembered that these species found are just a sample of species used in these periods, and the absence of a species does not prove that it did not exist at the site. The macrofossil material now discussed is considering mainly useful plant species, though many other species of natural vegetaion were also found. The four periods are as follows: 1 the irst is from to , the ime before the foundaion of the cloister and the town of Naantali; 2 the second is from to ca , the beginning of the cloister period, and before the stone church was built; 3 the third is from ca to maximum , ater the Catholic period, or at least ater acivity in the monk area has changed, or the Reformaion period; 4 the fourth is from ca to maximum , when the steeple was built, or the Reformaion period in a long scale, and ater that Table 3 and Fig. The periods three and four overlap quite a lot, but difer from each other substanially. The four periods represented the three excavaion areas and the four soil samples as shown in Table 4. The macrofossil taxa of the area A are shown in Table 1, but they are not discussed, because they lack radiocarbon dates. Alanko Chapter 1 52 Table 3. The four diferent periods according to dated macrofossils from diferent layers. Period 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Cal 14C date — — — — —ca , before Ca — the stone church max Archaeological date Deiniion The beginning Before the cloister and of the cloister period the town The Reformaion period Ca — max The Reformaion period, and ater that Table 4. The four periods represening the three diferent excavaion areas and the four soil samples. Fat hen indicates human acivity, and juniper demonstrates open medieval cultural landscape and the pasturage of livestock. This is compaible with the setlement of the area and the pollen analysis results of the subsoil of the church from the excavaion area A Uoila b, Vuorela The pollen analysis showed also that the cloister was constructed on a hill covered with pine Pinus , oak Quercus and the heather Ericaceae ; cereal Cerealia pollen indicated arable ields and the pollen of cultural weeds the presence of man Vuorela These new taxa represent the beginning of evident acivity in the area, and perhaps culivaion in a garden, with species wild strawberry Fragaria vesca , raspberry Rubus idaeus , henbane Hyoscyamus niger , imperforate St. The usage of wild strawberry for food is well known, but the species had also medicinal purposes. It was menioned as a culivated species in in Horicultura Danica, which is the oldest Danish book about gardening Abel Raspberry was used especially for food but also for medicine. Pisum sp. Vaccinium oxycoccos Avena cf. Hypericum maculatum Hyoscyamus niger Rubus idaeus Fragaria vesca Juniperus communis Chenopodium album — — — Hordeum vulgare — Alanko Chapter 1 Figure 4. The four diferent periods according to dated macrofossils from diferent samples and the useful species found and discussed in each period. Branches of juniper were burned in houses during epidemics; in Naantali the plague occurred at least two imes. Anisepic resin of juniper has been useful for wounds. According to the 20th century ethnographic evidence, imperforate St. Although the other species may have been collected from the wild as well as culivated in the garden, henbane has most probably been culivated. Henbane is an old well-known poisonous medicinal plant, as from seeds and sprouts of the plant could have been made very efecive painkiller and anaestheic Heimdahl New species that appear in the material in this period describe cereal consuming: in addiion to rye, barley Hordeum vulgare turns up; considerable consumpion of wild berries: bilberry Vaccinium myrillus , bog bilberry Vaccinium uliginosum , lingonberry Vaccinium viis-idaea , rowan Sorbus aucuparia , bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and crowberry Empetrum nigrum occurs. Berries of Vaccinium-species, rowan and crowberry have been used for food and medicine. Bearberry is interesingly one of those few plant species, which medicinal use was irst learned in Nordic countries and only later in Central Europe Hinneri et al. Compared to the former period, three taxa of medicinal use are absent; henbane, imperforate St. However, medicinal species might have changed to other ones, because all the wild berries found in this period were known as medicinal plants. Greater celandine was common in cloisters and used for treaing a wide range of ailments. It is sill found in the nowadays vegetaion of Naantali church park and in the areas of old setlements in Finland. This does not necessarily illustrate more substanial use of different plants in the cloister area than earlier, but may be due to the large soil sample from a long period, rich in macrofossils and containing mainly charred and thus well preserved material, probably from a kitchen waste pit. Sill, if all the plant taxa found in the sample are from the Lutheran period, it shows diverse consumpion of plants also ater the cloister was closed from its original purpose. New cereal in the macrofossil material is oat Avena cf. Three quarters of illed area in Naantali in the 16th century was culivated with rye, one tenth with barley, and one-twenieth with oat Suvanto Appearing food plants in this period are pea Pisum sp. In the Catholic period pea was an important part of food management due to the regulaions of fast Vilkuna In the late 16th century seven percentages of the total sown area in Naantali was culivated with pea Suvanto New collected wild plants occurring are cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos , used for food and medicine, and hazel Corylus avellana. Syrup of cranberry has been sold in pharmacy. Hazel was probably used both for human and animal consumpion in the Middle Ages Vuorela et al. Not unil now appear important useful species hemp Cannabis saiva and hop Humulus lupulus. Hemp was used for ibre and produced to texiles, sailcloth, ropes, and strings for ishing equipment. Peasants and ishermen bought presumably hemp for their ishnets and seine nets from a market in Naantali already in the Middle Ages, although writen records reach only the 18th century Suvanto None of the taxa found in the earlier periods is missing in this one, apart from imperforate St. Henbane reappears in the material. Two of these were found as macrofossils and in nowadays vegetaion mappings from the church area: violet Viola sp. According to the interpretaions of the herbal by Erkamo and Masonen , from six to ten of the medicinal plants of the herbal might have been growing wild near the cloister or could have been culivated in the cloister and used as a medicine. Vegetaion mappings Vegetaion mapping of present-day local species was carried out in —98 from the church park in order to ind old culivated plant species survived in the vegetaion Alanko Similar plant taxa than found in macrofossil analysis were found, 43 out of Useful species found both as macrofossils and sill growing in the area were greater celandine Chelidonium majus , wild strawberry Fragaria vesca , imperforate St. Parsnip Pasinaca saiva was found growing in the church park, but not as a macrofossil. Common columbine Aquilegia vulgaris was found growing in the vegetaion in the area of former nunnery. Common columbine was used as a medicine to help pox diseases, but in the Catholic period it was also regarded as a symbol of the Holy Spirit Ruof Similariies with macrofossils were relaively few, only 19 mutual taxa were found. It would have been easier to collect consumed plants straight from the garden, than by wandering in surrounding nature, paricularly if the duty of garden culivaion and purchasing plant goods was one of the nuns, who were not aloud to dismiss the cloister. The opion that nuns stayed inside the walls of their own accord also ater the Reformaion, when they might have been free to leave the cloister, would have supported the coninuaion of garden culivaion inside the cloister area. An experimental illustraion of chronological changes in garden culivaion and plant consumpion was created through dated macrofossils. Changes in species assemblages demonstrated in some extent the diferences from the medieval period to the ime ater the Reformaion. The border between the Catholic and Lutheran phases, the Reformaion period, when the Middle Ages turned to early modern imes, is in the middle of the four diferent dated periods discussed. Slightly alteraions within the medicinal plant species can be seen. When the acivity in the hospital and the nursing home at the cloister probably faded ater the Reformaion, the need for culivaing medicinal plants could have declined at the same ime. Nevertheless, the total number of species increases by the increase of useful species collected from the wild. This could describe the weakening of the inances of the cloister, which happened in the Reformaion period. Thus, all resources available should have been used, and self-suicient household and gathering culture would have increased their share in everyday life. Changes in macrofossil species of the cloister area from one period to another indicate the changes in food management, usage of medicinal and other useful plants, and increasing usage of collected species. Moreover, the soil sample material available in this study was partly restricted, and the calibrated calendar years of dates formed quite wide distribuions. Furthermore, the diferent periods were formed on the grounds of four samples from three excavaion areas and contexts, and thus the diferences between the areas may have relected to the variaion between species composiion in the diferent periods as well as the shit in ime. The observed dissimilariies in macrofossil composiions could be interpreted as chronological changes in plant consumpion in the cloister to some degree, but it is only one possible explanaion. Other reasons for variaion in species assemblage could occur as well, such as spaial and contextual disincions. If the possibiliies for sampling and daing were more comprehensive and AMS-dates could be measured more systemaically in future studies, interpretaions and the concept of chronological changes would be more deinite and reliable. On the whole, construcions of changes in everyday life provided by changes in macrofossil species is one opportunity to use the results of macrofossil analyses with radiocarbon dates in future research. Notes This paper is based partly on the master thesis of the irst author Alanko The study and data now presented has not been published earlier in this form and extent in English, but only partly in Finnish and Swedish as a part of all archaeological studies done in Naantali area Uoila et al. Sill, all the AMS-radiocarbon dates from and interpretaions and chronological modelling based on them are new and published here for the irst ime. Acknowledgements Compliments to Kone Foundaion for the scholarship for the irst author; to Dr. Teija Alenius and Dr. References Unpublished sources Alanko, T. Arkeobotaaninen tutkimus Naantalin keskiaikaiselta luostarikirkolta. Pro Gradu, Turun yliopisto. University of Turku. TY, Kasvimuseo. Masonen, J. Naantalin luostarin yrikirja. Pro gradu -tutkielma. Tampereen yliopisto. Historiaieteen laitos. University of Tampere. Lounais-Suomen kultuurikasvistoa. Turun Maakuntamuseo. Raporteja Uoila, K. Naantalin kirkon tutkimukset vuosina Muuritutkimus ky. Naantalin kirkon tutkimukset vuonna Vuorela, I. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Tutkimus ja kehitys. Rapori P Paleoeko- logisia tutkimuksia Reigin tonilta Turusta. Literature Abel, J. The Oldest Danish Book about Gardening. PACT 42, pp. Anderberg, A. Atlas of seeds. Part 4. Beijerinck, W. Der Nederlandsche Flora. Bibliotheek der Landbouwhogeschool gen. Foulkesweg 1 a Wageningen. Berggren, G. Part 2. Part 3. Branch, N. Environmental Archaeology. Theoreical and Pracical Approaches. Hodder Educaion. Bronk Ramsey, C. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51 1 , pp. Dickson, C. Veget Hist Archaeobot 5, pp. Erkamo, V. Eripainos Aikakauskirjasta Duodecim n:o 4. Lamberg, A. Niiranen eds. Harvey, J. The Garden History, Vol. Heimdahl, J. Heino, U. Painorauma KY, Rauma. 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Sandvik, P. The vegetarian component of a late medieval diet. Selsing ed. Town in transiion — outlining the construcion aciviies in medieval Turku. In H-M. Pellinen ed. Earth, stone and spirit. Markus Hiekkanen Festschrit, pp. Sigurdson, J. An archaeobotanical approach to invesigaing food of the Hanseaic period in Estonia. Suvanto, S. Osa I. Lounaisrannikko Oy, Turku. Tirri, R. Naantali monastery Herbal. Naantalin birgitalaisluostari The changing roles of outer baileys in Finnish castles. Hautausmaan kaivaukset vuosina Naantalin vanhin historia ja sen tutkijat. Naantalin luostari. Vallis Graiae — Arkeologisia tutkimuksia Naantalissa. Vermeeren, C. Veget Hist Archaeobot 17, pp. Vikkula, A. The ancient ield of Rapola. Fennoscandia archaeological XI, pp. Vilkuna, A-M. Armon laakson suurtalous. Palynological and palaeobotanical invesigaions in the area of the post-medieval Helsinki Old Town. Veget Hist Archaeobot 2, pp. Salida de las tinieblas. Alquenos y alquinos Cristian Saavedra. Steven Vanderputten. Assembly language lab shiferaw silesh. Updates on phytoplasma diseases associated with sugarcane in Asia Balasubramaniam Parameswari. Perspektywy socjologii historycznej w Polsce. Related topics Historical Archaeology Archaeobotany.

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