NONE OF THE ABOVE
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None of the above"None of the above" (NOTA), or none for short, also known as "against all" or a "scratch" vote, is a ballot option in some jurisdictions or organizations, designed to allow the voter to indicate disapproval of the candidates in a voting system. It is based on the principle that consent requires the ability to withhold consent in an election, just as they can by voting "No" on ballot questions. It must be contrasted with "abstention", in which a voter does not cast a ballot. Entities that include "None of the Above" on ballots as standard procedure include Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria („Не подкрепям никого“, "I don't support anyone"), Colombia (voto en blanco), France (vote blanc, "blank vote"), Greece (λευκό, blank), India ("None of the above"), Indonesia (kotak kosong, "empty box"), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Netherlands, North Korea, Norway, Peru, Spain (voto en blanco, "blank vote"), Uruguay, and the U.S. state of Nevada (None of These Candidates). Russia had such an option on its ballots (Против всех, "against all") until it was abolished in 2006. Bangladesh introduced this option (না ভোট, "no vote") in 2008. Pakistan introduced this option on ballot papers for the 2013 Pakistan elections, but the Election Commission of Pakistan later rejected it. Beginning with the 2016 presidential election, and 2017 parliamentary one, Bulgaria introduced a 'none of the above' option, which received in the presidential elections 5.59% of the vote in the first round and 4.47% in the run-off. It was also used in the 2019 mayoral election of Sofia. Kazakhstan originally included the option (Бәріне қарсымын, "against all") from 1995 to 2004, and from 2021 onwards after reintroducing the option, which notably received 5.8% of the vote in the 2022 presidential election. When "none of the above" is listed on a ballot, there is the possibility of NOTA receiving a majority or plurality of the vote, and so "winning" the election. This possibility is not purely theoretical, as NOTA has indeed won occasionally. In such a case, a variety of formal procedures may be invoked, including having the position remain vacant, having the position filled by appointment, re-opening nominations, or holding another election (in a body operating under parliamentary procedure), or it may have no effect, as in India and the US state of Nevada, where the next highest total wins regardless.
Terry Marsh (boxer)Terry Marsh (born 7 February 1958) is an English former professional boxer who was an undefeated world champion in the light welterweight division. Marsh was a three-time ABA senior amateur champion who went on to become the British, European and IBF light welterweight world champion as a professional. He was the second European boxer to retire as an undefeated World Champion, after Jack McAuliffe, a feat later equalled by Romanian Michael Loewe, Germany's Sven Ottke and Welshman Joe Calzaghe. Marsh was charged with the attempted murder of his former manager, the boxing promoter, Frank Warren following Warren's shooting in London in 1989. Marsh spent 10 months on remand before he was released after being acquitted at trial. Marsh changed his name by deed poll to "None Of The Above X" and stood in the 2010 and 2015 UK general elections as an independent candidate in protest against there being no option to vote for "none of the above".
NoneNone may refer to: Zero, the mathematical concept of the quantity "none" Empty set, the mathematical concept of the collection of things represented by "none" none, an indefinite pronoun in the English language
None of the above (disambiguation)None of the above is an option on some ballots that allows voters the opportunity to express disapproval of all candidates. None of the above may also refer to:
None of the Above Direct Democracy PartyThe None of the Above Direct Democracy Party (NOTA; French: Parti Démocratie Directe Aucune de ces réponses), formerly and still unofficially called the None of the Above Party (French: Parti Aucune de ces réponses), is a minor political party in the province of Ontario, Canada. It is named after the expression "none of the above" and was founded in 2014 by Greg Vezina in response to his disillusionment with the current major political parties. The party aims to "elect independent MPPs who are not bound by party control and who truly can represent their constituents first". It supports the use of referendums, term limits and recall elections. NOTA nominated candidates in eight ridings in the 2014 provincial election: Vezina ran in Mississauga—Erindale, Vezina's wife Kathleen ran in Mississauga—Brampton South, Vezina's son Alexander ran in Mississauga—Streetsville, Vezina's brother Matthew ran in Parkdale—High Park, Andrew Weber ran in Mississauga South, Amir Khan ran in Scarborough—Rouge River, John Ringo Beam ran in Niagara Falls, and Bob Lewis ran in Lambton—Kent—Middlesex. None of the candidates gained a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and the party received 0.09% of the popular vote. The party failed to win any seats in the elections it has fielded candidates.
None of the above (India)Since 2013, None of the Above, abbreviated as NOTA, has been included as a choice on ballot papers in most Indian elections. By expressing a preference for none of the above, a voter can choose not to endorse any candidate in the elections. As a result of the 2013 judgement PUCL vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court of India directed the Election Commission of India to include NOTA in elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies. The NOTA option was first used in the 2013 elections in four states (Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh) and the union territory of Delhi. Since its introduction, NOTA has gained popularity amongst voters, securing more votes than some candidates in legislative assembly elections, and in some instances, securing more votes than the winning candidate in panchayat elections.
Uncommitted (voting option)"Uncommitted" is a voting option in some United States presidential primaries. This option is listed along with the names of individuals running for the position and is often described as "none of the above". Depending on state and party thresholds, voting uncommitted may allow states to send uncommitted delegates to a party's nominating convention.
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