Muslims Dress
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Muslims Dress
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Customs of clothing associated with Islam
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^ Jump up to: a b John L. Esposito, ed. (2019). "Clothing" . The Islamic World: Past and Present . Oxford University Press.
^ "LibGuides: Women in Islam and Muslim Realms: Dress Code" .
^ Marzel, Shoshana-Rose; Stiebel, Guy D. (18 December 2014). Dress and Ideology: Fashioning Identity from Antiquity to the Present . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 98. ISBN 978-1-4725-5809-1 . A believing Muslim woman will not wear pants ( bantalon ) for two reasons. Firstly, pants might reflect the contours of limbs that are supposed to remain hidden. Secondly, items of clothing associated with men are off limits, just as men are forbidden to wear women's clothing. According to the Prophet, Allah curses the woman who dresses in clothing meant for men, and the man who wears clothing meant for women.
^ Underst, Huda Huda is the author of "The Everything; Complete, ing Islam Book: A.; Beliefs, Easy to Read Guide to Muslim; Practices; Traditions; Culture.". "What Muslims Should Know About How to Dress" . Learn Religions . Retrieved 9 November 2019 . {{ cite web }} : |first1= has generic name ( help )
^ "Denying the Obligation of Wearing Hijab" . 10 December 2012.
^ "Is Hijab Obligatory?" . 14 February 2015.
^ "Praying Salah in shorts" . Askimam . 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2021 .
^ "Covering the Nakedness for a Man: Answers" . 27 May 2014.
^ Ali, Abdul Samad. "(PDF) Maliki Fiqh: Matn al-'Ashmāwiyyah (English Translation) | 'Abdulqadir M A N D L A Nkosi and Abdul Samad Ali - Academia.edu" . {{ cite web }} : Missing |author1= ( help )
^ "A Detailed Exposition of the Fiqh of Covering One's Nakedness (Awra)" . 19 September 2010.
^ "Can You Clarify the Standard Explanation of the Verse of Hijab? [Shafi'i]" . 11 April 2016.
^ "Islam and Hijab" . BBC . Retrieved 30 April 2014 .
^ Mernissi, Fatima (1991). The Veil and the Male Elite . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 99–100 . ISBN 9780201523218 .
^ Reformatorisch dagblad: Brussel tegen boerkaverbod Archived 3 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine , 30 November 2006.
^ Dutch Consider Ban on Burqas in Public GREGORY CROUCH, New York Times (18 November 2006)
^ Minister says burka is 'alien', prompting applause from Libs DEBBIE GUEST, JODIE MINUS, THE AUSTRALIAN, (11 APRIL 2011)
^ Blair's concerns over face veils BBC News Online . 17 October 2006.
^ French MPs back headscarf ban BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009.
^ "Education Code. L811-1 §2" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 26 January 1984 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 .
^ Guardian: Livingstone decries vilification of Islam , 20 November 2006.
^ Ipsos MORI Muslim Women Wearing Veils Archived 2 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e (un)Veiled: Muslim Women Talk About Hijab. Directed by Ines Hofmann Kanna. Produced by Ines Hoffmann Kanna. Documentary Educational Resources (DER), 2007. Accessed 5 August 2016. http://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/764342
^ Aslam, Syima . "To hijab or not to hijab- A Muslim Businesswoman's View" . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 April 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b Blake, John. "Muslim women uncover myths about the hijab" . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2014 .
^ Suzanne Elliott (March 2013). "Style trailblazers: Muslim fashion" . Vision.ae . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 .
^ Khalid, Asma. "Muslim Women Explain Their Choice" . NPR.org . NPR.
^ Jump up to: a b Khalid, Asma. "Muslim Women Explain Their Choice" . NPR .
^ Hanzaee, Kambiz Heidarzadeh, and Shahrzad Chitsaz. "A review of influencing factors and constructs on the Iranian women’s Islamic fashion market." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business 1.4 (2011): 94-100.
^ Malik, Nesrine. "I was forced to wear the veil and I wish no other woman had to suffer it" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 April 2014 .
^ Ali, Ayaan Hirsi (2010). Nomad: From Islam to America: A Personal Journey Through the Clash of Civilizations . Atria. p. 16.
^ Haider, Jaan. "German court bans facial veil in class" . Retrieved 30 April 2014 .
^ "Why Iran's Hardliners Are Tightening Enforcement of Hijab?" . RFE/RL . Retrieved 12 September 2019 .
^ "An artistic woman's protest to imposed forced hijab by Iranian Islamic regime" . Iranian.com . 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 .
^ WELT, DIE (16 May 2017). "Integration: Österreich stellt Tragen von Burka und Nikab unter Strafe" . Die Welt . Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via welt.de.
^ "How will Austria's new headscarf ban affect Muslims?" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 3 June 2019.
^ "Austria approves headscarf ban in primary schools" . The Guardian .
^ Kamercommissie keurt verbod op dragen boerka's goed Archived 1 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch) . De Morgen , 31 March 2010.
^ Edward Cody. Belgian lawmakers vote to ban full-face veils in public . The Washington Post , 30 April 2010.
^ Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places , Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016.
^ "Are prohibited, without being exhaustive, wearing balaclava,veils (burqa, niqab ...), masks or any other accessories or clothes that have the effect, in isolation or in combination with others, to hide the face". Circulaire du 2 mars 2011 relative à la mise en œuvre de la loi n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public. "JORF n°0052 du 3 mars 2011 page 4128" . legifrance.gouv.fr (in French).
^ "LOI n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public – Legifrance" . legifrance.gouv.fr (in French) . Retrieved 26 July 2015 .
^ "Circulaire du 2 mars 2011 relative à la mise en œuvre de la loi n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public – Legifrance" . legifrance.gouv.fr (in French) . Retrieved 26 July 2015 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Veil Ban in France" . Huffington Post . Retrieved 21 April 2014 .
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^ "A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women" . lsm.lv . 18 March 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2020 .
^ "Ministers vote for Dutch 'burqa ban' | Radio Netherlands Worldwide" . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 .
^ (in Dutch) Kabinet akkoord met verbod gelaatsbedekkende kleding , Rijksoverheid . Retrieved 5 June 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c "Why Turkey Lifted its Ban on Islamic Headscarf" . National Geographic News . Retrieved 21 April 2014 .
^ "Syria Bans Full Islamic Veil" . The World Post . Retrieved 21 April 2014 .
^ Poushter, Jacob. "How people in Muslim countries prefer women to dress in public" . Retrieved 30 April 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b Poushter, Jacob. "How people in Muslim countries prefer women to dress in public" . PewResearchCenter . Retrieved 29 April 2014 .
^ "Saudi: OK to uncover face in anti-burqa countries" . The Associated Press . Retrieved 30 April 2014 .
^ Greene, Richard (10 January 2014). "No burqa required: Muslim world weighs in on women's dress" . CNN . Retrieved 29 October 2014 .
^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia , (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.117-118.
^ "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc" (PDF) . Supreme Court of the United States . October 2014 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 .
^ "Canada Bans Veils at Citizenship Oath" . BBC News . Retrieved 21 April 2014 .
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^ Rivera de La Fuente, Vanessa (28 June 2012). "Should Chilean banks force 'no hijab' on Muslim women customers?" . Women's News Network.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic male dress .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic female dress .
Islamic clothing is clothing that is interpreted as being in accordance with the teachings of Islam . Muslims wear a wide variety of clothing, which is influenced not only by religious considerations, but also practical, cultural, social, and political factors. [1] [2] In modern times, some Muslims have adopted clothing based on Western traditions, while others wear modern forms of traditional Muslim dress, which over the centuries has typically included long, flowing garments. Besides its practical advantages in the climate of the Middle East, loose-fitting clothing is also generally regarded as conforming to Islamic teachings, which stipulate that body areas which are sexual in nature must be hidden from public view. Traditional dress for Muslim men has typically covered at least the head and the area between the waist and the knees, while traditional women's dress conceals the hair and the body from the ankles to the neck. [3] Some Muslim women also cover their face . [1] Islamic dress is influenced by two scriptural sources, the Quran and hadith . The Quran provides guiding principles believed to have come from God , while the body of hadith describes a human role model through the traditions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . [4] The branch of fashion industry influenced by Islamic principles is known as Islamic fashion .
Islamic clothing requirements are governed by Islamic precepts related to chastity and modesty, known as haya , that apply to both men and women. Adherents of Islam believe that it is the religious duty of adult Muslim men and women to dress modestly, as an obligatory ruling agreed upon by community consensus . [5] [6]
According to the traditional view in Sunni Islam, men must cover from their belly buttons to their knees, though they differ on whether this includes covering the navel and knees or only what is between them. [7] [8] [9] Women are meanwhile traditionally been encourage to cover most of their body except for their hands and faces. [10] [11]
An Arabic word strongly associated with Islamic clothing and haya is khimar ( خمار ), which translates into English as " veil ". [12] The veil re-emerged as a topic of conversation in the 1990s when there was concern regarding potential western infiltration of Muslim practices in Islamic countries. [13]
Islamic dress in Europe , notably the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women , has become a prominent symbol of the presence of Islam in western Europe . In several countries the adherence to hijab (an Arabic noun meaning "to cover") has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. The Netherlands government has decided to introduce a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", although it does not only apply to the Afghan-model burqa . Other countries, such as France and Australia are debating similar legislation, or have more limited prohibitions. Some of them apply only to face-covering clothing such as the burqa , chador , boushiya , or niqab ; some apply to any clothing with an Islamic religious symbolism such as the khimar , a type of headscarf ( some countries already have laws banning the wearing of masks in public , which can be applied to veils that conceal the face). The issue has different names in different countries, and "the veil" or " hijab " may be used as general terms for the debate, representing more than just the veil itself, or the concept of modesty embodied in hijab .
Although the Balkans and Eastern Europe have indigenous Muslim populations, most Muslims in western Europe are members of immigrant communities. The issue of Islamic dress is linked with issues of migration and the position of Islam in western society. European Commissioner Franco Frattini said in November 2006, that he did not favour a ban on the burqa. [14] This is apparently the first official statement on the issue of prohibition of Islamic dress from the European Commission , the executive of the European Union . The reasons given for prohibition vary. Legal bans on face-covering clothing are often justified on security grounds, as an anti- terrorism measure. [15] [16]
Ayaan Hirsi Ali sees Islam as incompatible with Western values, at least in its present form. She advocates the values of ' Enlightenment liberalism ', including secularism and equality of women . For her, the burqa or chador are both a symbol of religious obscurantism and the oppression of women. Western Enlightenment values, in her view, require prohibition, regardless of whether a woman has freely chosen Islamic dress. Islamic dress is also seen as a symbol of the existence of parallel societies , and the failure of integration : in 2006 British Prime Minister Tony Blair described it as a "mark of separation". [17] Visible symbols of a non-Christian culture conflict with the national identity in European states, which assumes a shared (non-religious) culture. Proposals for a ban may be linked to other related cultural prohibitions: the Dutch politician Geert Wilders proposed a ban on hijabs, in Islamic schools , in new mosques , and in non-western immigration.
In France and Turkey , the emphasis is on the secular nature of the state , and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress. In Turkey, bans apply at state institutions (courts, civil service ) and in state-funded education. In 2004, France passed a law banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" (including hijab) in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools, [18] but this law does not concern universities (in French universities, applicable legislation grants students freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved [19] ). These bans also cover Islamic headscarves, which in some other countries are seen as less controversial, although law court staff in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear Islamic headscarves on grounds of 'state neutrality'. An apparently less politicized argument is that in specific professions (teaching), a ban on "veils" ( niqab ) is justified, since face-to-face communication and eye contact is required. This argument has featured prominently in judgements in Britain and the Netherlands, after students or teachers were banned from wearing face-covering clothing. Public and political response to such prohibition proposals is complex, since by definition they mean that the government decides on individual clothing. Some non-Muslims, who would not be affected by a ban, see it as an issue of civil liberties , as a slippery slope leading to further restrictions on private life. A public opinion poll in London showed that 75 percent of Londoners support "the right of all persons to dress in accordance with their religious beliefs". [20] In another poll in the United Kingdom by Ipsos MORI , 61 percent agreed that "Muslim women are segregating themselves" by wearing a veil, yet 77 percent thought they should have the right to wear it. [21]
There are many different views of Muslim women regarding the hijab. Some [22] women believe that the hijab is too constraining, but accept other Muslim women's donning of the garment, whereas other women [22] are against both themselves and other women wearing the hijab due to its "oppressive" nature. Furthermore, some women [22] embrace the hijab as a way to celebrate their religion and feel that it helps them maintain their intellectuality rather than becoming a sex object in society. Some Muslim women [22] wear the hijab because it has been part of their family tradition, and they do not want to give up something that is sacred to their family. There are women [22] who wear the hijab who do not judge those that do not, and believe it is in all Muslim women's best interest to choose for themselves whether they will don the veil or not.
Muslim women do not necessarily view the hijab as an oppressive garment that is forced upon them. Syima Aslam , a Muslim businesswoman from England, feels a special place for the hijab in her heart and feels that it directly connects her to Islam. Although she garners some disdain and disapproval of her choice to wear the hijab from some business partners, she stands firmly by her choice to don the hijab. [23]
Another young woman, Rowaida Abdelaziz, explains that the hijab is something that she has decided to wear herself and she "does not wear it because [she] is submissive". [24] Sarah Hekmati says that the hijab gives her a sense of freedom and that she likes the idea that a man should know a woman through her intellectual prowess rather than her looks. [24]
Interviewing "one of the Muslim hipster trailblazers" Hana Tajima for Vision magazine, writer Suzanne Elliott states that "fashion-conscious Muslims are proving that you can be cool and modest, stylish and individual without compromising faith". Tajima started her own fashion label Maysaa in 2011, and blogs about her far-reaching influences and inspirations. According to Elliott, 26-year-old Tajima "epitomises the new Muslim hipster, glamorous yet edgy, elegant yet quirky. The trend straddles the big cities of the world from London's Dalston to New York's Williamsburg – or the glitz of Dubai." [25]
There are some Muslim women who believe that the hijab indeed hinders their personal freedom as a woman. A Muslim woman by the name of Rasmieyh Abdelnabi explains that she decided to stop wearing the hijab because she felt that it was putting too much pressure on her to "represent an entire community". [26] She further explains that she feels that hijab is not representative of Islam but more so of the Arab culture. [27] [28] Another belief of some women that wear the hijab is that it could potentially "strip them of their individuality" [27] and turn them into a figurehead for their religion. Some women do not want to have to deal with this on a daily basis, and it is another reason that some Muslim women have decided to un-veil themselves. In an article written in September 2013, Nesrine Malik explains her discontent with being forced to wear the niqab, a kind of dress that only exposes the eyes, saying, "I would rather no one wore a niqab. I would rather that no woman had effectively to disappear, from a young age, because that is the norm in her family. [...] I would rather that Islam be purged of the niqab and all its permutations." Malik is among the Muslim women who feel as though the act of vei
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