Muslim Women

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  Sharia plays no role in the judicial system
  Sharia applies to Muslims in personal status issues only
  Sharia is also used in criminal law
  Regional variations in the application of sharia
This section may be too long and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed. ( February 2020 )


^ "Artist Feature: Who Was Osman Hamdi Bey?" . How To Talk About Art History . April 27, 2017 . Retrieved June 13, 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b Herbert L. Bodman; Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi, eds. (1998). Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity . Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-1-55587-578-7 .

^ Ibrahim, I. A.; Abu-Harb, Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim (1997). A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam . Darussalam. ISBN 978-9960-34-011-1 .

^ i Glassé, Cyril (1989). The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam . London, England: Stacey International. pp. 141–143.

^ Jump up to: a b Glassé, Cyril (1989). The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam . London, England: Stacey International. p. 182.

^ Glassé, Cyril (1989). The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam . London, England: Stacey International. p. 325.

^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity . New York: HarperOne. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-06-073064-2 .

^ Schleifer, Yigal (April 27, 2005). "In Turkey, Muslim women gain expanded religious authority" . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 10, 2015 .

^ Murata, Sachiko (1992). The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought . Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 188–202. ISBN 978-0-7914-0914-5 .

^ Schleifer, Professor S Abdallah (2015). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2016 . Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4679-9976-2 .

^ Oliveti, Vicenzo (2002). Terror's Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and its Consequences . Birmingham, United Kingdom: Amadeus Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-9543729-0-3 .

^ Schleifer, Prof S Abdallah (2015). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2016 . Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-1-4679-9976-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Motahhari, Morteza (1983). Jurisprudence and Its Principles, translator:Salman Tawhidi, ISBN 0-940368-28-5 .

^ Jump up to: a b Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Cambridge: Islamic Text Society, 1991. ISBN 0-946621-24-1

^ "Shari'ah and Fiqh" . USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . University of Southern California. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement" . May 1, 2015. Archived from the original on May 1, 2015.

^ http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/039-qmt.php

^ Jawad, Haifaa (1998). The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach . London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-333-73458-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Haddad and Esposito, (1998), Islam, Gender, and Social Change, Oxford University Press, pp. xii–xx.

^ Stowasser, B. F. (1994). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. Oxford University Press

^ Asma Afsaruddin (2020). "Women and the Qur'an". In Mustafa Shah and Muhammad Abdel Haleem (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies . Oxford University Press . p. 527. this Qur’anic verse took an unequivocal position: women and men have equal moral and spiritual agency in their quest for the good and righteous life in this world for which they reap identical rewards in the afterlife.

^ Amira Sonbol, Rise of Islam: 6th to 9th century , Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures

^ Watt (1956), p. 287.

^ "The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'ân,: 4. an-Nisa': Women" . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved May 24, 2016 .

^ Haleem, M. A. S. Abdel. The Qur'an. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.

^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Kathir . "Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Nisa" . Quran 4 U . Tafsir . Retrieved December 27, 2019 .

^ Agrama, H. A. (2010). "Ethics, tradition, authority: Toward an anthropology of the fatwa". American Ethnologist , 37(1), pp. 2–18.

^ Romirowsky, Asaf (2007). "Fatwa Rules to Live By". Political Studies Review . 19 (1/2): 174–176.

^ Hosen, N (2004). "Behind the scenes: fatwas of Majelis Ulama Indonesia (1975–1998)". Journal of Islamic Studies . 15 (2): 147–179. doi : 10.1093/jis/15.2.147 .

^ Glassé, Cyril (1989). The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam . London, England: Stacey International. p. 29.

^ Asma Sayeed (2009). "Camel, Battle of the" . In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

^ Ghazala Anwar (2009). "ʿĀʿishah" . In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

^ Eaton, Gai (2000). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam . Cambridge, England: The Islamic Texts Society . p. 91. ISBN 978-0-946621-84-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2004). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity . New York: HarperOne. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-06-073064-2 .

^ Ibn Kathir . "Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Ahzab" . Quran 4 U . Tafsir . Retrieved December 26, 2019 .

^ "Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement" . July 4, 2015. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c Murata, Sachiko (1992). The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought . Albany: State University of New York Press . p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7914-0914-5 .

^ Jump up to: a b Eaton, Gai (2000). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam . Cambridge, England: The Islamic Texts Society . pp. 92 . ISBN 978-0-946621-84-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Eaton, Gai (2000). Remembering God: Reflections on Islam . Cambridge, England: The Islamic Texts Society. pp. 93 . ISBN 978-0-946621-84-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Mazumdar, Shampa and Sanjoy (Winter 2001). "Rethinking Public and Private Space: Religion and Women in Muslim Society" . Journal of Architectural and Planning Research . 18 (4): 307–308. JSTOR 43031047 – via JSTOR.

^ An-Nisa Archived May 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine , University of Southern California .

^ Aly, Remona (February 19, 2018). "UK mosques must make space for women – not turn us away" . The Guardian . Retrieved December 27, 2019 .

^ "Medina of Fez" . United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . UNESCO . Retrieved July 4, 2016 . .

^ Jump up to: a b Jawad, Haifaa A. (1998). The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach . London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-333-73458-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Jawad, Haifaa A. (1998). The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach . London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-333-73458-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Jawad, Haifaa A. (1998). The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach . London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-333-73458-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Robinson, Francis (January 1, 2000), Irwin, Robert (ed.), "Education" , The New Cambridge History of Islam (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 495–531, doi : 10.1017/chol9780521838245.022 , ISBN 978-1-139-05614-4 , retrieved December 14, 2020

^ Jawad, Haifaa A. (1998). The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach . London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-333-73458-2 .

^ Jawad, Haifaa A. Jawad (1998). The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach . London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-333-73458-2 .

^ Jawad, Haifaa A. (1998). The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach . London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-333-73458-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Lindsay, James E. (2005). Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 196 . ISBN 0-313-32270-8 . In addition, Muhammad is reported to have praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge. "How splendid were the women of the ansar; shame did not prevent them from becoming learned in the faith."

^ "Sahih Muslim 332 c" . Sunnah.com . Retrieved November 29, 2016 .

^ Virani, Shafique N. (2007). The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 159 . ISBN 978-0-19-531173-0 .

^ Jump up to: a b Lindsay, James E. (2005). Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0-313-32270-8 .

^ Nashat, Guity; Beck, Lois, eds. (2003). Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800 . Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-252-07121-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). A History of Islamic Societies . Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9 .

^ Berkey, Jonathan Porter (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800 . Cambridge University Press. p. 227 .

^ Jump up to: a b Nadwi, Mohammad (2007). Al-Muhaddithat: The Women Scholars in Islam . pp. 77–82.

^ Jump up to: a b Francis Robinson, The British Empire and Muslim Identity in South Asia , Oxford University Press, pages 18-21; Francis Robinson (1982), Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500, ISBN 978-0-87196-629-2

^ "Google.org Announces Grant to the Queen Rania Foundation towards the Creation of a K-12 Arab Online Learning Platform" . Queen Rania Al Abdullah . May 10, 2017 . Retrieved May 22, 2018 .

^ Albania – PISA 2015 brief (English) (Report). World Bank Group. December 15, 2016 . Retrieved June 6, 2018 .

^ Hope and despair for women in Islamic states Archived December 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Ufuk Gokcen, OIC (January 19, 2013)

^ Investing in the Children of the Islamic World UNICEF (2007)

^ Jump up to: a b Adult and Youth Literacy, 1990–2015 , UNESCO (2012), ISBN 978-92-9189-117-7

^ "Saudi Arabia" . uis.unesco.org . November 27, 2016 . Retrieved October 21, 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b Weiss, Anita (1994). Islam, Globalization and Postmodernity . Routlege. p. 129. ISBN 0-415-09366-X .

^ M. Steven Fish (2002), "Islam and Authoritarianism", World Politics 55, October 2002, pp. 4–37.

^ Donno and Russett (2004), "Islam, authoritarianism, and female empowerment", World Politics , vol. 56, issue 04, July 2004, pp. 582–607

^ Nepal, a South Asian nation, is not OIC member; provided here for completeness and accuracy of list per the cited source.

^ The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 World Economic Forum, Switzerland (2013)

^ Grove, Jack (May 2, 2013). "Global Gender Index, 2013" . Times Higher Education . Retrieved June 2, 2017 .

^ UNESCO science report: towards 2030 . UNESCO. November 9, 2015. p. 37. ISBN 9789231001291 .

^ Gender in Research and Innovation , She Figures 2012, EU, page 26

^ Sawahel, Wagdy (December 16, 2016). "North Africa women researcher share among world highest" . University World News . Retrieved May 11, 2021 .

^ Roksana Bahramitash (2013). "Iran" . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-976446-4 .

^ Topping, Alexandra (July 8, 2013). "Boris Johnson criticised for suggesting women go to university to find husband" . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11, 2014 .

^ Jameh, Said (August 31, 2008). "Algerian women outpace men in academic achievement" . Magharebia . Retrieved July 11, 2014 .

^ BUCHANAN, ROSE TROUP (July 5, 2013). "A small step for female education in Saudi Arabia" . The Independent . Retrieved July 11, 2014 .

^ Tashakova, Oksana (May 1, 2016). "UAE women rising in positions of power and influence" . Khaleej Times . Retrieved May 31, 2017 .

^ "65% of UJ students are females — Tarawneh" . The Jordan Times . March 5, 2013. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015 . Retrieved July 11, 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, Will (November 22, 2015). "Here are the 19 countries with the highest ratio of women to men in higher education" . Business Insider . Retrieved May 31, 2017 .

^ van Klaveren, Maarten; et al. (March 2010). "An Overview of Women's Work and Employment in Kazakhstan" (PDF) . An Overview of Women's Work and Employment in Kazakhstan: Decisions for Life MDG3 Project Country Report No. 10 . University of Amsterdam . Retrieved June 20, 2015 .

^ "More Women Study Physics in Muslim Countries, Find Out Why…" . MOST . March 15, 2021 . Retrieved May 1, 2021 .

^ El-Deghaidy, Heba (March 8, 2021). "Why More Women Study Physics in Muslim Countries" . Physics . 14 : 33. Bibcode : 2021PhyOJ..14...33E . doi : 10.1103/Physics.14.33 . Retrieved May 11, 2021 .

^ "US study into higher rates of female engineers in Muslim countries" . The Engineer . September 7, 2016 . Retrieved May 11, 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "American Muslim Poll 2017 | ISPU" . Institute for Social Policy and Understanding . March 21, 2017 . Retrieved June 28, 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Al Qaradawy, Yusuf. The Status Of Women In Islam . Chapter: The Woman as Member of the Society: When is a woman allowed to work?

^ Laurie A. Brand (1998), Women, State and Political Liberalisation . New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 57–58

^ Jump up to: a b Ziba Mir-Hosseini (2009), Towards Gender Equality: Muslim Family Laws and the Shari'ah, Wanted: Equality and Justice in the Muslim Family (Editor: Zainah Anwar), Musawah, Kuala Lumpur, ISBN 978-983-2622-26-0 , pp 31-33

^ Jump up to: a b Doi, A. Rahman, & Bewley, A. (1992). Women in Shari'ah. Ta-Ha, 4th Edition; ISBN 978-1-84200-087-8

^ Elizabeth Fernea (1985), Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change, University of Texas Press, ISBN 978-0-292-75529-1 , pages 264-269

^ "Does the woman have the right to work?" . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . No one can object to a sensible and adult woman's legal right to engage in work that is lawful or to her right to be financially independent

^ "Selected Rulings" . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . Wife should seek her husband's permission for going out of home, if it is against his rights or else obtaining his permission is not required. So in this case, she can [without permission] go out for learning and teaching, doing social and political activities and visiting parent and relatives.

^ Maya Shatzmiller (1994), Labour in the Medieval Islamic World , Brill Publishers , ISBN 90-04-09896-8 , pp. 6–7, 350–401;
Maya Shatzmiller (1997), "Women and Wage Labour in the Medieval Islamic West: Legal Issues in an Economic Context", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 40(2), pp. 174–206 [175–7].

^ Ahmad, Jamil (September 1994). "Ibn Rushd" . Monthly Renaissance . 4 (9) . Retrieved October 14, 2008 .

^ Girl Power Archived January 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , ABC News

^ Black, Edwin (2004). Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000 Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict . John Wiley and Sons. p. 34 . ISBN 0-471-70895-X .

^ Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1853). Woman's Record: Or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from "The Beginning Till A.D. 1850, Arranged in Four Eras, with Selections from Female Writers of Every Age . Harper Brothers. p. 120.

^ "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: The Art as a Profession" . Nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved May 25, 2016 .

^ Bademci, G. (2006). "First illustrations of female "Neurosurgeons" in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu" (PDF) . Neurocirugía . 17 (2): 162–165. doi : 10.4321/s1130-14732006000200012 . PMID 16721484 .

^ "Women and Islam - Oxford Islamic Studies Online" . www.oxfordislamicstudies.com .

^ Jayaram, Savita V. (March 16, 2017). "Indonesia has the Highest Senior Business Roles Held by Women in ASEAN at 46%" . HR in Asia . Retrieved May 20, 2018 .

^ "Women of Our World 2005" (PDF) . Retrieved September 8, 2013 .

^ Jump up to: a b The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 World Economic Forum, Switzerland (2013), page 11, 25

^ Priscilla Offenhauer, WOMEN IN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES: A SELECTED REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE , Library of Congress, Washington DC (2005), pp 73-76

^ Jump up to: a b JAMAL NASIR, THE STATUS OF WOMEN UNDER ISLAMIC LAW AND MODERN ISLAMIC LEGISLATION, 3d edition, 2009

^ Assaad, R., 2003, Gender & Employment: Egypt in Comparative Perspective, in Doumato, E.A. & Posusney, M.P., Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East: Gender, Economy and Society , Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers

^ Sebastian Maisel and John A. Shoup (2009), Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States, ISBN 978-0-313-34442-8 , Greewood

^ Al-Mukthar, Rima (May 5, 2013). "Saudi women seek driving licenses in UAE" . Arab News . Retrieved July 13, 2014 .

^ Kim, Victoria (March 7, 2014). "The Countries With the Highest Number of Female Executives Are Not the Ones You'd Expect" . World.Mic . Retrieved June 20, 2015 .

^ "2. Güler Sabanci" . The Financial Times . November 15, 2011 . Retrieved June 20, 2015 .

^ "Board of Directors" . Boyner . Boyner Holding. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved June 20, 2015 .

^ "99 Most Powerful Women Edition" . The Jakarta Globe . October 1, 2011 . Retrieved June 20, 2015 .

^ "Management" . TRANS TV – Milik Kita Bersama . Archived from the original on December 16, 2013 . Retrieved June 20, 2015 .

^ "Meet the team" . Meet the WOMENA team . Pan Arab Angels FZ LLC . Retrieved June 20, 2015 .

^ Tehini, Noor (November 11, 2014). "Womena: the Middle East's First Women-Only Angel Investor Group" . Getting to Know Womena: The Middle East's First Women-Only Angel Investor Group and the Duo Behind It All . Savoir Flair . Retrieved June 20, 2015 .

^ Nasr, Seyy
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