Muslim Terrorist

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Islamic terrorism, Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism are terrorist acts against civilians committed by violent Islamists who claim a religious motivation. [failed verification] The largest numbers of incidents and fatalities caused by Islamic terrorism have occurred in India, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia, Syria, and Mali. In 2015 four Islamic extremist ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrori…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism
Перевести · Islamic terrorism, (also Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism), refers to terrorist acts against civilians committed by violent Islamists who have a religious motivation.. Incidents and fatalities from Islamic terrorism have tended to be concentrated in a few Muslim …
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamic_terrorist_attacks
Перевести · Muslim extremists kill at least 166 people and wound numerous others in a series of coordinated attacks on India's financial capital, Mumbai. The government of India blamed Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba and stated that the terrorists …
https://slife.org/islamic-terrorism
Перевести · Islamic terrorism, Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism are terrorist acts against civilians committed by violent Islamists who claim a religious motivation. See Religious Terrorism The largest numbers of incidents and fatalities caused by Islamic terrorism …
https://www.aljumuah.com/islam-and-terrorism
Перевести · Far from promoting terrorism, Islam is a religion of peace whose fundamentals teach its followers to maintain and promote peace and justice throughout the world. Islam does not condone “terrorism” …
Исламский терроризм — тактика насильственных расправ с оппонентами, находящая себе идеологическое обоснование и оправдание в трактовках вероучения как направленная на защиту исламского мира против влияния или агрессии немусульманских стран и идеологий, в особенности западного мира.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/muslims-are-not-terrorist_b_8718000
Перевести · Even if all terrorist attacks were carried out by Muslims, you still could not associate terrorism with Islam: There have been 140,000 terror attacks committed worldwide since 1970. Even if Muslims carried out all of these attacks (which is an absurd assumption given the fact mentioned in my first point), those terrorists would represent less than 0.00009 percent of all Muslims.
https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/islam-terrorism-humanist-view
Перевести · Modern Muslim terrorist groups are more rooted in national liberation ideologies of the 19th and 20th centuries than they are in the Islamic …
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Islamic terrorism, (also Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism), refers to terrorist acts against civilians committed by violent Islamists who have a religious motivation.[1][2]
Incidents and fatalities from Islamic terrorism have tended to be concentrated in a few Muslim majority countries (Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Somalia, and Syria),[3] and committed by one of just a few Islamic extremist groups. In 2015 ISIS, Boko Haram, the Taliban, and al-Qaeda were responsible for 74% of all deaths from Islamic terrorism.[4] The annual number of fatalities from terrorist attacks grew sharply from 2011 to 2014 when it reached a peak of over 32,000, before declining to less than 14,000 in 2019.[5]
Since approximately 2000, these terrorist incidents have occurred on a global scale, affecting not only Muslim-majority states in Africa and Asia, but also Russia, Australia, Canada, Israel, India, the United States and countries within the European Union.[Note 1] Such attacks have targeted both Muslims and non-Muslims.[7] A study conducted by a French non-governmental organization found that 80% of terrorist victims are Muslims.[8][9] In a number of the worst-affected Muslim-majority regions, these terrorists have been met by armed, independent resistance groups,[10] state actors and their proxies, and elsewhere by condemnation by prominent Islamic figures.[11][12][13]
Justifications given for attacks on civilians by Islamic extremist groups come from extreme interpretations of the Quran and the Hadith[14][15] and Sharia law. These include retribution by armed jihad for the perceived injustices of unbelievers against Muslims (especially by al-Qaeda);[16] the belief that the killing of many self-proclaimed Muslims is required because they have violated Islamic law and are actually disbelievers (takfir); the need to restore and purify Islam by establishing sharia law, especially by restoring the Caliphate as a pan-Islamic state (especially ISIS);[17] the glory and heavenly rewards of martyrdom;[15] the supremacy of Islam over all other religions.[Note 2]
Use of the phrase "Islamic terrorism" is disputed. In Western political speech it has variously been called "counter-productive", "highly politicized, intellectually contestable" and "damaging to community relations".[20] Others (John Fund, Megan Oprea, Daily Telegraph) have condemned the refusal to use the term as an act of "self-deception", "full-blown censorship" and "intellectual dishonesty".[21][22][23][24]
George W. Bush and Tony Blair (US president and UK Prime Minister respectively at the time of the September 11 attacks) repeatedly stated that the war against terrorism has nothing to do with Islam.[25] Others inside and out of the Islamic world who oppose its use on the grounds there is no connection between Islam and terrorism include Imran Khan, the prime minister of Pakistan, and academic Bruce Lawrence.[26][27] Former US president Barack Obama explained why he used the term "terrorism" rather than "Islamic terrorism" in a 2016 townhall meeting saying,
"There is no doubt, ... terrorist organizations like al Qaeda or ISIL – They have perverted and distorted and tried to claim the mantle of Islam for an excuse for basically barbarism and death ... But what I have been careful about when I describe these issues is to make sure that we do not lump these murderers into the billion Muslims that exist around the world ..."[28]
Replacing the term with "Islamist Terrorism" has been suggested as a way of distancing terrorism from Islam.[29]
Some Muslim scholars assert that extremism within Islam goes back to the Kharijites who existed in the 7th century. From their essentially political position, Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. The group was particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfir, whereby they declared Muslims opponents to be unbelievers and therefore worthy of death.[30][31]
After failed attempts at state formation and the creation of Israel in the post-colonial era, a series of Marxist and anti-Western transformations and movements swept throughout the Arab and Islamic world. These movements were nationalist and revolutionary not Islamic, but their view that terrorism could be effective in reaching their political goals generated the first phase of modern international terrorism. In the late 1960s, Palestinian secular movements such as Al Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) began to target civilians outside the immediate arena of conflict. Following Israel's 1967 defeat of Arab forces, Palestinian leaders began to see that the Arab world was unable to militarily confront Israel. During the same time, lessons drawn from revolutionary movements in Latin America, North Africa, Southeast Asia as well as during the Jewish struggle against Britain in Palestine, saw the Palestinians turn away from guerrilla warfare towards urban terrorism. These movements were secular in nature but their international organization served to spread terrorist tactics worldwide.[32]
After the decisive defeat by Israel of Arab armies led by Arab nationalist regimes in the [Six-Day War]], religiously motivated/Islamic movements grew in the Middle East and came into conflict with secular nationalism. Islamic groups were supported by Saudi Arabia, to counter nationalist ideology.[32]
According to Bruce Hoffman of RAND, in 1980 two out of 64 terrorist groups were categorized as having religious motivation, in 1995 almost half (26 out of 56) were religiously motivated with the majority having Islam as their guiding force.[33][32]
The Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent anti-Soviet mujahedin war, lasting from 1979 to 1989, started the rise and expansion of terrorist groups. Since their beginning in 1994, the Pakistani-supported Taliban militia in Afghanistan has gained several characteristics traditionally associated with state-sponsors of terrorism, providing logistical support, travel documentation, and training facilities. Since 1989 the increasing willingness of religious extremists to strike targets outside immediate country or regional areas highlights the global nature of contemporary terrorism. The 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, and the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, are representative of this trend.[32]
According to research by the German newspaper Welt am Sonntag, between 11 September 2001 and 21 April 2019, there were 31,221 Islamist terrorism attacks, in which at least 146,811 people were killed. Many of the victims were Muslims, including most of the victims who were killed in attacks involving 12 or more deaths.[34][35][36]
According to the Global Terrorism Index, deaths from terrorism peaked in 2014 and have fallen each year since then until 2019 (the last year the study had numbers for), making a decline of more than half (59% or 13,826 deaths) from their peak. The five countries "hardest hit" by terrorism continue to be Muslims countries -- Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Syria and Somalia. [Note 3]
The motivation of Islamic terrorists has been hotly disputed. Many (such as James L. Payne and Michael Scheuer) attributing it to a struggle against "U.S./Western/Jewish aggression, oppression, and exploitation of Muslim lands and peoples";[38] others (Mehdi Hasan) to some combination of political grievance and social-psychological maladjustment;[39] and still others (such as Maajid Nawaz and Graeme Wood) to extremist interpretations of Islam.[40][41]
Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, in their book, The Age of Sacred Terror, argue that Islamic terrorist attacks are purely religious. They are seen as "a sacrament ... intended to restore to the universe a moral order that had been corrupted by the enemies of Islam." It is neither political or strategic but an "act of redemption" meant to "humiliate and slaughter those who defied the hegemony of God".[42]
One of the Kouachi brothers responsible for the Charlie Hebdo shooting called a French journalist, saying, "We are the defenders of Prophet Mohammed."[43]
According to Indonesian Islamic leader Yahya Cholil Staquf (interviewed in Time magazine in 2017), the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims, in the classical Islamic tradition, is assumed to be one of segregation and enmity . In his view extremism and terrorism are linked with orthodox Islam and that radical Islamic movements are nothing new. He also added that Western politicians should stop pretending that extremism is not linked to Islam.[44][45]
However, two studies of the background of Muslim terrorists in Europe—one of the UK and one of France—found little connection between religious piety and terrorism. The "restricted" UK report of hundreds of case studies by the domestic counter-intelligence agency MI5 found that
[f]ar from being religious zealots, a large number of those involved in terrorism do not practise their faith regularly. Many lack religious literacy and could actually be regarded as religious novices. Very few have been brought up in strongly religious households, and there is a higher than average proportion of converts. Some are involved in drug-taking, drinking alcohol and visiting prostitutes. MI5 says there is evidence that a well-established religious identity actually protects against violent radicalisation.[46]
A 2015 "general portrait" of "the conditions and circumstances" under which people living in France become "Islamic radicals" (terrorists or would-be terrorists) by Olivier Roy (see above) found radicalisation was not an "uprising of a Muslim community that is victim to poverty and racism: only young people join, including converts".[47]
Roy believes terrorism/radicalism is "expressed in religious terms" because
David Scharia, counterterrorism official of the United Nations Security Council believes religiously-motivated terrorism (like Islamic terrorism) works by creating an extremist ideological milieu which "legitimizes violence in the name of that ideology". This motivates not only those who are trained, funded, and/or coordinated by terror groups but also so-called "lone wolf" attackers.[6]
David Shariatmadari has argued against Islam being the cause of Islamic terrorism on the grounds that if this were the case the history of jihadi terrorism should go back to the seventh century CE. Instead it is a late 20th and early 21st-century phenomenon, implying (according to Shariatmadari) that the cause of Islamic terrorism is more political than religious.[48]
Donald Holbrook, a Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, analyzes a sample of 30 works by jihadist propagandists for references to Islamic scripture that justifies the objectives of violent jihad.[14] An-Nisa (4:74–75) is quoted most frequently; other popular surah are At-Taubah (9:13–15, 38–39, 111) and Al-Baqarah (2:190–191, 216). The Sword Verse (Q.9:5) states:
But when these months, prohibited (for fighting), are over, slay the idolaters wheresoever you find them, and take them captive or besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every likely place. But if they repent and fulfill their devotional obligations and pay the zakat, then let them go their way, for God is forgiving and kind.
Holbrook complains of cherry-picking. The first part "slay the idolaters" is quoted but not the limiting factors at the end of the ayat: "but if they repent …" This, Holbrook argues, is how violent jihadists are "shamelessly selective in order to serve their propaganda objectives."[14] Peter Bergen notes that bin Laden cited this verse in 1998 when making a formal declaration of war.[49]
Supporters of bin Laden have also pointed to reports according to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad attacked towns at night or with catapults, and argued that he must have condoned incidental harm to noncombatants, since it would have been impossible to distinguish them from combatants during such attacks.[16][50] These arguments were not widely accepted by Muslims.[50]
The Pakistani theologian Javed Ahmad Ghamidi blames Muslim madrasas that indoctrinate children with Islamic supremacist views, such as that Muslims are legally superior to unbelievers (particularly former Muslims), and that jihad will eventually bring about a single caliphate to rule the world.[51]
Techniques of war are restricted by classical Islamic jurisprudence, but its the scope is not. Bernard Lewis states that Jihad is an unlimited offensive to bring the whole world under Islamic rule and law.[52] Classical Islamic jurisprudence imposes, without limit of time or space, the duty to subjugate non-Muslims, according to Lewis.[53] Wael Hallaq writes that some radical Islamists go beyond the classical theory to insist that the purpose of jihad is to overthrow regimes oppressing Muslims and bring non-Muslims to convert to Islam. (In contrast, the Islamic modernists (that Islamists despise) view jihad as defensive and compatible with modern standards of warfare.) [54]
While Islamic opponents of attacks on civilians have quoted numerous prophetic hadith and hadith by Muhammad's first successor Abu Bakr,[55] Al-Qaeda believes its attacks are religiously justified. After its first attack on a US target that killed civilians instead (a 1992 bombing of a hotel in Aden Yemen, Al Qaeda justified the killing of civilian bystanders through a interpretation (by one Abu Hajer) of a famous fatwa issued in 1303 CE by the strict medieval jurist Ibn Taymiyyah, who had ruled that fighting and killing of Mongol invaders who were invading Syria was not only permitted but obligatory according to Sharia. This was because though the Mongols had converted to Islam they were not really Muslims (Ibn Taymiyyah argued) because they did not follow sharia law.[56]
In a post-9/11 work, "A Statement from Qaidat al-Jihad Regarding the Mandates of the Heroes and the Legality of the Operations in New York and Washington", Al-Qaeda provided a more systematic justification -- one that provided "ample theological justification for killing civilians in almost any imaginable situation."[16] Among these justifications are that America is leading the countries of the West in waging war on Islam, which (al-Qaeda alleges) targets "Muslim women, children and elderly". This means any attacks on America are a defense of Islam, and any treaties and agreements between Muslim majority states and Western countries that would be violated by attacks are null and void. Other justifications for killing and situations were killings is allowed based on precidents in early Islamic history include: killing non-combatants when it is too difficult to distinguish between them and combatants when attacking an enemy "stronghold" (hist), and/or non-combatants remain in enemy territory; killing those who assist the enemy "in deed, word, mind", this includes civilians since they can vote in elections that bring enemies of Islam to power; necessity of killing in the war to protect Islam and Muslims; when the prophet was asked whether Muslim fighters could use the catapult against the village of Taif, even though the enemy fighters were mixed with a civilian population, he indicated in the affirmative; killing women, children and other protected groups is allowed when they serve as human shields for the enemy; killing of civilians is permitted if the enemy has broken a treaty. [16]
Al-Qaeda's splinter group and competitor, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, is thought to have been heavily influenced[57][58][59] by a 2004 work on jihad entitled Management of Savagery[60] (Idarat at-Tawahhush) intended to provide a strategy to create a new Islamic caliphate by first destroying "vital economic and strategic targets" and terrifying the enemy with cruelty to break its will.[61] Victims should
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