Muslim Ru

🔞 ALL INFORMATION CLICK HERE 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻

Muslim Ru
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Overview of the role of the Islam in Russia
Islam in Europe by percentage of country population [1]
World percentage of Muslims by country

^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050" . Pew Research Center . 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 .

^ Paxton, Robin (15 April 2007). "Arctic mosque stays open but Muslim numbers shrink" . Reuters .

^ "RUSSIA 2017 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2018.

^ "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF) . Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek . 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) , the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ) , the Public Opinion Foundation (Фонда Общественного Мнения) and presented among others by the Analytical Department of the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church. See: "Проект АРЕНА: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Project ARENA: Atlas of religions and nationalities]. Russian Journal . 10 December 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b "Islam in Russia" . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2018-08-17 .

^ "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF) . Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek . 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) and the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ) .

^ Bell, I (2002). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia . ISBN 978-1-85743-137-7 . Retrieved 2007-12-27 .

^ Azamatov, Danil D. (1998), "The Muftis of the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly in the 18th and 19th Centuries: The Struggle for Power in Russia's Muslim Institution", in Anke von Kugelgen; Michael Kemper; Allen J. Frank, Muslim culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, pp. 355–384,

^ Robert D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar , pp. 299-300 (Harvard, 2006)

^ "Vladimir Putin says Muslim schools can help stop "destructive" ideas" . Newsweek . 2018-01-25 . Retrieved 2021-10-13 .

^ "Why Russia is No Place to Be Charlie - Tablet Magazine" . 23 January 2015.

^ Page, Jeremy (2005-08-05). "The rise of Russian Muslims worries Orthodox Church" . The Times . London . Retrieved 2010-05-22 .

^ Сведения о религиозных организациях, зарегистрированных в Российской ФедерацииПо данным Федеральной регистрационной службы, декабрь 2006 (in Russian)

^ Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004). Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security . M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. (..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam invaded early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. In the middle of the seventh century, Islam reached the Caucasus region as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire.

^
Mako, Gerald (2011). "The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered" . Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi . 18 (208) . Retrieved 2015-10-07 . [...] the Volga Bulghars adopted the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, as practiced in Khwarazm.

^ Jump up to: a b Shireen Tahmasseb Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili, "Islam in Russia" , M.E. Sharpe, Apr 1, 2004, ISBN 0-7656-1282-8

^ Solovyov, S. (2001). History of Russia from the Earliest Times . Vol. 6. AST. pp. 751–809. ISBN 5-17-002142-9 .

^ Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by Mikhail Kizilov (2007). "Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate" . The Journal of Jewish Studies . 58 (2): 189–210. doi : 10.18647/2730/JJS-2007 .

^ Frank, Allen J. Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910. Vol. 35. Brill, 2001.

^ Khodarkovsky, Michael. Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500-1800 , pg. 39.

^ Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures , pg. 572

^ Jump up to: a b Hunter, Shireen. "Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security", pg. 14

^ Farah, Caesar E. Islam: Beliefs and Observances , pg. 304

^ Allen J. Frank (1998). Islamic Historiography and "Bulghar" Identity Among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia . BRILL. pp. 35–. ISBN 90-04-11021-6 .

^ KIZILOV, MIKHAIL (2007). "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of_Christian Muslim and Jewish Sources" . Journal of Early Modern History . Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. 11 (1–2): 16. doi : 10.1163/157006507780385125 .

^ Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910 . BRILL. pp. 61–. ISBN 90-04-11975-2 .

^ Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910 . BRILL. pp. 79–. ISBN 90-04-11975-2 .

^ Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910 . BRILL. pp. 86–. ISBN 90-04-11975-2 .

^ Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910 . BRILL. pp. 87–. ISBN 90-04-11975-2 .

^ Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910 . BRILL. pp. 122–. ISBN 90-04-11975-2 .

^ Allen J. Frank (1 January 2001). Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780-1910 . BRILL. pp. 170–. ISBN 90-04-11975-2 .

^ Vershinin, Alexander (29 July 2014). "How Russia's steppe warriors took on Napoleon's armies" . Russia & India Report .

^ John R. Elting (1997). Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée . Perseus Books Group. pp. 237–. ISBN 978-0-306-80757-2 .

^ Michael V. Leggiere (16 April 2015). Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany: Volume 2, The Defeat of Napoleon: The Franco-Prussian War of 1813 . Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-1-316-39309-3 . Michael V. Leggiere (16 April 2015). Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany: 1 . Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-1-107-08054-6 .

^ Janet M. Hartley (2008). Russia, 1762–1825: Military Power, the State, and the People . ABC-CLIO. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-275-97871-6 .

^ Nasirov, Ilshat (2005). "Islam in the Russian Army" . Islam Magazine . Makhachkala.

^ Alexander Mikaberidze (20 February 2015). Russian Eyewitness Accounts of the Campaign of 1807 . Frontline Books. pp. 276–. ISBN 978-1-4738-5016-3 .

^ Denis Vasilʹevich Davydov (1999). In the Service of the Tsar Against Napoleon: The Memoirs of Denis Davidov, 1806–1814 . Greenhill Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-85367-373-3 .

^ Andreas Kappeler (27 August 2014). The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History . Routledge. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-1-317-56810-0 .

^ Tove H. Malloy; Francesco Palermo (8 October 2015). Minority Accommodation through Territorial and Non-Territorial Autonomy . OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-106359-6 .

^ Dominic Lieven (15 April 2010). Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace . Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-42938-9 .

^ Dominic Lieven (15 April 2010). Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace . Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 504–. ISBN 978-1-101-42938-9 .

^ Bill Bowring (17 April 2013). Law, Rights and Ideology in Russia: Landmarks in the Destiny of a Great Power . Routledge. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-1-134-62580-2 .

^ Charles R. Steinwedel (9 May 2016). Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 1552–1917 . Indiana University Press. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-0-253-01933-2 .

^ Figes, Orlando (1996). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 . London: Jonathan Cape. p. 257. ISBN 0-224-04162-2 . OCLC 35657827.

^ Kazemzadeh 1974

^ А. Г. Булатова. Лакцы (XIX – нач. XX вв.). Историко-этнографические очерки. — Махачкала, 2000.

^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (9 October 1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949 . CUP Archive. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1 .

^ Alexandre Bennigsen; Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay; Central Asian Research Centre (London, England) (1967). Islam in the Soviet Union . Praeger. p. 15.

^ А.Хабутдинов, Д.Мухетдинов. Ислам в СССР: предыстория репрессий Archived 2013-06-01 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)

^ "History of Hajj in Russia from 18th to 21st century - IslamDag.info" .

^ "IslamDag.info" .

^ "Window on Eurasia: Putin Says Orthodoxy 'Closer to Islam than Catholicism Is' " .

^ "Faith in expediency" . The Economist .

^ Nikolas K. Gvosdev; Christopher Marsh (22 August 2013). Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors . SAGE Publications. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-4833-2208-7 .

^ Илья Косыгин (4 January 2012). "Православие ближе к исламу, чем к католицизму. В. Путин" . Archived from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.

^ "Fact Check: No record of Putin's speech on Muslims" .

^ Archives. "Russian President Vladimir Putin Says No to Sharia-Fiction!" .

^ Mikkelson, David. "Vladimir Putin's Speech to the Duma on Minorities" .

^ "Vladimir Putin's Supposed Speech to the Duma on Minorities and Sharia Law" .

^ Miller, Rebecca M. (13 April 2015). "Comeback: How Islam Got Its Groove Back in Russia" .

^ "Do minorities have a place in Putin's Russia?" .

^ "Are Russia's 20 million Muslims seething about Putin bombing Syria?" . The Washington Post . 7 March 2016.

^ Islam, Islamism, and Terrorism in the Northern Caucasus and Central Asia: A Critical Assessment

^ "Second Chechnya War – 1999–???" . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 15 April 2008 .

^ Richard Sakwa, ed. (2005). "Mike Bowker: Western Views of the Chechen Conflict". Chechnya: From Past to Future . Anthem Press. pp. 223–318. ISBN 978-1-84331-164-5 .

^ ISLAMIC EXTREMISM IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: WHAT KIND OF THREAT FOR REGIONAL SECURITY?

^ Islam, Islamism, and Terrorism in the Northern Caucasus and Central Asia: A Critical Assessment

^ Julia Ioffe (24 July 2015). "Putin Is Down With Polygamy" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 28 January 2016 .

^ Arkhipov, Ilya; Kravchenko, Stepan (17 February 2015). "Putin Points Muslim Rage at Cold War Foes" . Bloomberg.com .

^ "Chechnya declares public holiday to support huge anti-Charlie Hebdo rally" . Independent.co.uk . 20 January 2015.

^ Goble, Paul (9 October 2015). "Because of Syria, Moscow Focusing on Sunni-Shiite Divide Within Russia" . Window on Eurasia -- New Series . Retrieved 9 October 2015 .

^ Ingvar Svanberg, David Westerlund (6 December 2012). Islam Outside the Arab World . Routledge. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-7007-1124-6 . Retrieved 2014-06-27 .

^ "Shaykh Said Afandi al-Chirkawi - IslamDag.info" .

^ Escobar, Pepe (21 July 2021). "Checkmate fighter puts Russia ahead of the game" . Asia Times . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )

^ Russian Pilgrims Number Exceeds 18,000 , Ministry of Hajj, Saudi Arabia.

^ "IslamDag.info" .

^ "IslamDag.info" .

^ "The Rebirth of Islam in Russia" .

^ "РЕЛИГАРЕ - "Русский ислам" как явление и как предмет исследования" . www.religare.ru .

^ http://www.allrussia.ru/pressreview/default.asp?id=37870&rub_id=19&VYear=2000&VMonth=4&VDay=18 [ permanent dead link ]

^ "European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism – 6. Minority groups" . Pew Research Center . 14 October 2019.

^ "Строители и гувернантки покидают Москву" . Российская газета .

^ Shuster, Simon (2 August 2013). "Underground Islam" – via Slate.

^ "Moscow mayor: No more mosques in my city" . Christian Science Monitor . 21 November 2013.

^ "In Moscow, more Muslims than mosques" . Archived from the original on 2015-09-04.

^ "7500 Mosques Have Been Erected in Russia Since Putin Became President" .

^ Jump up to: a b "Moscow's Muslims find no room in the mosque" . BBC . 2012-03-22 . Retrieved 2022-07-15 .

^ "Litvinenko converted to Islam father says" . The Times . London. 2006-12-08 . Retrieved 2010-05-05 .

^ "On The Road - British investigators land in Moscow" .

^ "IslamDag.info" .


Islam in Russia is a minority religion. Russia has the largest Muslim population in Europe ; and according to US Department of State in 2017, [3] Muslims in Russia numbered 14 million or roughly 10% of the total population. According to a comprehensive survey conducted in 2012, Muslims were 6.5% of Russia 's population. [4] [5] However, the populations of two federal subjects with Islamic majorities were not surveyed due to social unrest, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, namely Chechnya and Ingushetia , [6] thus the total number of Muslims may be slightly larger. The Grand Mufti of Russia, Sheikh Rawil Gaynetdin , places the Muslim population of Russia at 25 million as of 2018. [5]

Recognized under the law and by Russian political leaders as one of Russia's traditional religions, Islam is a part of Russian historical heritage , and is subsidized by the Russian government. [7] The position of Islam as a major Russian religion, alongside Orthodox Christianity , dates from the time of Catherine the Great , who sponsored Islamic clerics and scholarship through the Orenburg Assembly . [8]

The history of Islam and Russia encompasses periods of conflict between the Muslim minority and the Orthodox majority, as well as periods of collaboration and mutual support. Robert Crews's study of Muslims living under the Tsar indicates that "the mass of Muslims" was loyal to that regime after Catherine, and sided with it over its Ottoman rival. [9] After the Tsarist regime fell, the Soviet Union introduced a policy of state atheism , which impeded the practice of Islam and other religions and led to the execution and suppression of various Muslim leaders. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , Islam regained a prestigious, legally recognized space in Russian politics . More recently, President Putin consolidated this trend, subsidizing the creation of mosques and Islamic education, which he called an "integral part of Russia's cultural code", [10] encouraging immigration from Muslim-majority former Soviet bloc states, and condemning the anti-Muslim hate speech, such as caricatures of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . [11]

Muslims form a majority of the population of the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in the Volga Federal District and predominate among the nationalities in the North Caucasian Federal District located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea : the Circassians , Balkars , Chechens , Ingush , Kabardin , Karachay , and numerous Dagestani peoples. Also, in the middle of the Volga Region reside populations of Tatars and Bashkirs , the vast majority of whom are Muslims. Other areas with notable Muslim minorities include Moscow , Saint Petersburg , the republics of Adygea , North Ossetia-Alania and Astrakhan , Moscow , Orenburg and Ulyanovsk oblasts . There are over 5,000 registered religious Muslim organizations, [12] equivalent to over one sixth of the number of registered Russian Orthodox religious organizations of about 29,268 as of December 2006. [13]

In the mid-7th century AD, as part of the Muslim conquest of Persia , Islam was introduced to the Caucasus region, parts of which were later permanently incorporated by Russia . [14] The first people to become Muslims within current Russian territory, the Dagestani people (region of Derbent ), converted after the Arab conquest of the region in the 8th century. The first Muslim state in the future Russian lands was Volga Bulgaria [15]
(922). The Tatars of the Khanate of Kazan inherited the population of believers from that state. Later most of the European and Caucasian Turkic peoples also became followers of Islam . [16]

The Tatars of the Crimean Khanate , the last remaining successor to the Golden Horde , continued to raid Southern Russia and burnt down parts of Moscow in 1571. [17] Until the late 18th century, Crimean Tatars maintained a massive slave-trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Ukraine over the period 1500–1700. [18]

From the early 16th century up to including the 19th century, all of Transcaucasia and southern Dagestan was ruled by various successive Iranian empires (the Safavids , Afsharids , and the Qajars ), and their geopolitical and ideological neighboring arch-rivals, on the other hand, the Ottoman Turks . In the respective areas they ruled, in both the North Caucasus and South Caucasus , Shia Islam and Sunni Islam spread, resulting in a fast and steady conversion of many more ethnic Caucasian peoples in adjacent territories.

The period from the Russian conquest of Kazan in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible to the ascension of Catherine the Great in 1762 featured systematic Russian repression of Muslims through policies of exclusion and discrimination - as well as the destruction of Muslim culture by the elimination of outward manifestations of Islam such as mosques . [19] The Russians initially demonstrated a willingness in allowing Islam to flourish as Muslim clerics were invited into the various regions to preach to the Muslims, particularly the Kazakhs , whom the Russians viewed with contempt. [20] [21] However, Russian policy shifted toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of collective consciousness. [22] Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly élite Russian military institutions. [22] In response, Kazakh religious leaders attempted to bring religious fervor by espousing pan-Turkism , though many [ quantify ] were persecuted as a result. [23] The government of Russia paid Islamic scholars from the Ural-Volga area working among the Kazakhs [24]

Islamic slavery did not have racial restrictions. Russian girls were legally allowed to be sold in Russian-controlled Novgorod to Tatars from Kazan in the 1600s by Russian law . Germans, Poles, and Lithuanians were allowed to be sold
Private Patient
Porno Asshole Fever Foto
Pussy Naked Girls Foto