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Beliefs of Islam 211 articles
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The Five Pillars of Islam and Other Acts of Worship 49 articles
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Men 98 articles
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The Prophet Muhammad 124 articles
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His Characteristics 22 articles
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Evidence of His Prophethood 29 articles
About His Sayings 15 articles
Stories of His Companions 22 articles
Current Issues 92 articles
Human Rights 14 articles
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Islam and Non-Muslims 23 articles
Sects Attributed to Islam 14 articles
Islamic History 25 articles
In Brief 15 articles
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Beliefs of Islam 176 videos
What is Islam 43 videos
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About God 53 videos
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Paradise 3 videos
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Men 180 videos
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Jesus 65 videos
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Mary 2 videos
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The Prophet Muhammad 71 videos
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His Biography 21 videos
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About His Sayings 1 video
Stories of His Companions 5 videos
Current Issues 64 videos
Human Rights 14 videos
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Islamic History In Brief A Brief History of Islam (part 1 of 5): The Prophet of Islam
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Islamic History
In Brief
By Ismail Nawwab, Peter Speers, and Paul Hoye (edited by IslamReligion.com)
Published on 19 Apr 2006
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Islamic History In Brief A Brief History of Islam (part 2 of 5): The Hijrah
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Islamic History
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By Ismail Nawwab, Peter Speers, and Paul Hoye (edited by IslamReligion.com)
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Islamic History In Brief A Brief History of Islam (part 3 of 5): The Conquest of Mecca
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Islamic History
In Brief
By Ismail Nawwab, Peter Speers, and Paul Hoye (edited by IslamReligion.com)
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Islamic History In Brief A Brief History of Islam (part 4 of 5): The Caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umar
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Islamic History
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By Ismail Nawwab, Peter Speers, and Paul Hoye (edited by IslamReligion.com)
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Islamic History In Brief A Brief History of Islam (part 5 of 5): The Caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan
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Islamic History
In Brief
By Amatullah Abdullah (edited by IslamReligion.com)
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How to Convert to Islam and Become a Muslim
Angels (part 1 of 3): Created to worship and obey God
The Story of Adam (part 1 of 5): The First Man
The World of the Jinn (part 1 of 2)
The World of the Jinn (part 2 of 2)
How to Convert to Islam and Become a Muslim
The Story of Adam (part 1 of 5): The First Man
The World of the Jinn (part 1 of 2)
The World of the Jinn (part 2 of 2)
The Story of Adam (part 2 of 5): The Creation of Eve and the Role of Satan
The Story of Adam (part 4 of 5): Life on Earth
The Quran on Human Embryonic Development
The Miraculous Quran (part 1 of 11): My Path to Islam
Angels (part 1 of 3): Created to worship and obey God
Stephanie, Ex-Catholic, South Africa (part 6 of 6)
Angels (part 2 of 3): God bestowed might and power upon the angels
Khadija Evans, Ex-Catholic, USA (part 2 of 2)
Happiness in Islam (part 3
of 3): Happiness is Found in Sincere Worship
How to Convert to Islam and Become a Muslim
The Search for Inner Peace (part 1 of 4): The Obstacles to Achieving Inner Peace
The Quran on Human Embryonic Development
How to Convert to Islam and Become a Muslim
Dua (Supplication) (part 1 of 4): What is Dua?
Dua (Supplication) (part 2 of 4): Praise God in the way He
deserves to be praised
Dua (Supplication) (part 3 of 4): Why dua remains unanswered
Dua (Supplication) (part 4 of 4): Even Prophets
feel distress and turn to God
How to Convert to Islam and Become a Muslim
Prophet Muhammad’s Last Sermon: A Final Admonition
Craig Robertson, Ex-Catholic, Canada (part 2 of 2): Learning
to Accept
What is Islam? (part 4 of 4): Islamic Worship
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In or about the year 570 the child who would be named
Muhammad and who would become the Prophet of one of the world’s great
religions, Islam, was born into a family belonging to a clan of Quraish, the
ruling tribe of Mecca, a city in the Hijaz region of northwestern Arabia.
Originally the site of the Kaabah, a shrine of ancient
origins, Mecca had, with the decline of southern Arabia, become an important
center of sixth-century trade with such powers as the Sassanians, Byzantines,
and Ethiopians. As a result, the city was dominated by powerful merchant
families, among whom the men of Quraish were preeminent.
Muhammad’s father, “Abd Allah ibn” Abd al-Muttalib, died
before the boy was born; his mother, Aminah, died when he was six. The orphan
was consigned to the care of his grandfather, the head of the clan of Hashim. After
the death of his grandfather, Muhammad was raised by his uncle, Abu Talib. As
was customary, the child Muhammad was sent to live for a year or two with a
Bedouin family. This custom, followed until recently by noble families of Mecca, Medina, Taif, and other towns of the Hijaz, had important implications for Muhammad.
In addition to enduring the hardships of desert life, he acquired a taste for
the rich language so loved by the Arabs, whose speech was their proudest art,
and also learned the patience and forbearance of the herdsmen, whose life of
solitude he first shared, and then came to understand and appreciate.
About the year 590, Muhammad, then in his twenties,
entered the service of a merchant widow named Khadijah as her factor, actively
engaged with trading caravans to the north. Sometime later he married her, and
had two sons, neither of whom survived, and four daughters by her.
In his forties, he began to retire to meditate in a cave
on Mount Hira, just outside Mecca, where the first of the great events of Islam
took place. One day, as he was sitting in the cave, he heard a voice, later
identified as that of the Angel Gabriel, which ordered him to:
“Recite: In the name of thy Lord who created, Created man from
a clot of blood.” (Quran 96:1-2)
Three times Muhammad pleaded his inability to do so, but
each time the command was repeated. Finally, Muhammad recited the words of
what are now the first five verses of the 96th chapter of the Quran - words
which proclaim God to be the Creator of man and the Source of all knowledge.
At first Muhammad divulged his experience only to his
wife and his immediate circle. But, as more revelations enjoined him to
proclaim the oneness of God universally, his following grew, at first among the
poor and the slaves, but later, also among the most prominent men of Mecca. The revelations he received at this time, and those he did later, are all
incorporated in the Quran, the Scripture of Islam.
Not everyone accepted God’s message transmitted through
Muhammad. Even in his own clan, there were those who rejected his teachings,
and many merchants actively opposed the message. The opposition, however,
merely served to sharpen Muhammad’s sense of mission, and his understanding of
exactly how Islam differed from paganism. The belief in the Oneness of God was
paramount in Islam; from this all else follows. The verses of the Quran stress
God’s uniqueness, warn those who deny it of impending punishment, and proclaim
His unbounded compassion to those who submit to His will. They affirm the Last
Judgment, when God, the Judge, will weigh in the balance the faith and works of
each man, rewarding the faithful and punishing the transgressor. Because the
Quran rejected polytheism and emphasized man’s moral responsibility, in
powerful images, it presented a grave challenge to the worldly Meccans.
After Muhammad had preached publicly for more than a
decade, the opposition to him reached such a high pitch that, fearful for their
safety, he sent some of his adherents to Ethiopia. There, the Christian ruler
extended protection to them, the memory of which has been cherished by Muslims
ever since. But in Mecca the persecution worsened. Muhammad’s followers were
harassed, abused, and even tortured. At last, seventy of Muhammad’s followers set
off by his orders to the northern town of Yathrib, in the hope of establishing
a news stage of the Islamic movement. This city which was later to be renamed Medina (“The City”). Later, in the early fall of 622, he, with his closest friend, Abu
Bakr al-Siddeeq, set off to join the emigrants. This event coincided with the leaders
in Mecca plotting, to kill him.
In Mecca, the plotters arrived at Muhammad’s home to
find that his cousin, ‘Ali, had taken his place in bed. Enraged, the Meccans
set a price on Muhammad’s head and set off in pursuit. Muhammad and Abu Bakr,
however, had taken refuge in a cave, where they hid from their pursuers. By
the protection of God, the Meccans passed by the cave without noticing it, and
Muhammad and Abu Bakr proceeded to Medina. There, they were joyously welcomed
by a throng of Medinans, as well as the Meccans who had gone ahead to prepare
the way.
This was the Hijrah - anglicized as Hegira - usually,
but inaccurately, translated as “Flight” - from which the Muslim era is dated.
In fact, the Hijrah was not a flight, but a carefully planned migration that marks
not only a break in history - the beginning of the Islamic era - but also, for
Muhammad and the Muslims, a new way of life. Henceforth, the organizational
principle of the community was not to be mere blood kinship, but the greater
brotherhood of all Muslims. The men who accompanied Muhammad on the Hijrah
were called the Muhajiroon - “those that made the Hijrah” or the “Emigrants”
- while those in Medina who became Muslims were called the Ansar , or “Helpers.”
Muhammad was well acquainted with the situation in Medina. Earlier, before the Hijrah, various of its inhabitants came to Mecca to offer the
annual pilgrimage, and as the Prophet would take this opportunity to call
visiting pilgrims to Islam, the group who came from Medina heard his call and
accepted Islam.. They also invited Muhammad to settle in Medina. After the
Hijrah, Muhammad’s exceptional qualities so impressed the Medinans that the
rival tribes and their allies temporarily closed ranks as, on March 15, 624,
Muhammad and his supporters moved against the pagans of Mecca.
The first battle, which took place near Badr, now a
small town southwest of Medina, had several important effects. In the first
place, the Muslim forces, outnumbered three to one, routed the Meccans. Secondly,
the discipline displayed by the Muslims brought home to the Meccans, perhaps
for the first time, the abilities of the man they had driven from their city. Thirdly,
one of the allied tribes which had pledged support to the Muslims in the Battle
of Badr, but had then proved lukewarm when the fighting started, was expelled
from Medina one month after the battle. Those who claimed to be allies of the
Muslims, but tacitly opposed them, were thus served warning: membership in the
community imposed the obligation of total support.
A year later the Meccans struck back. Assembling an
army of three thousand men, they met the Muslims at Uhud, a ridge outside Medina. After initial successes, the Muslims were driven back and the Prophet himself was
wounded. As the Muslims were not completely defeated, the Meccans, with an
army of ten thousand, attacked Medina again two years later but with quite
different res
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