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Muslim Big
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Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide. Although its roots go back further, scholars typically date the creation of Islam to the 7th century, making it the youngest of the major world religions. Islam started in Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia, during the time of the prophet Muhammad’s life. Today, the faith is spreading rapidly throughout the world.
The prophet Muhammad, sometimes spelled Mohammed or Mohammad, was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in 570 A.D. Muslims believe he was the final prophet sent by God to reveal their faith to mankind.
According to Islamic texts and tradition, an angel named Gabriel visited Muhammad in 610 A.D. while he was meditating in a cave. The angel ordered Muhammad to recite the words of Allah.
Muslims believe that Muhammad continued to receive revelations from Allah throughout the rest of his life.
Starting in about 613, Muhammad began preaching throughout Mecca the messages he received. He taught that there was no other God but Allah and that Muslims should devote their lives to this God.
In 622, Muhammad traveled from Mecca to Medina with his supporters. This journey became known as the Hijra (also spelled Hegira or Hijrah), and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
Some seven years later, Muhammad and his many followers returned to Mecca and conquered the region. He continued to preach until his death in 632.
After Muhammad’s passing, Islam began to spread rapidly. A series of leaders, known as caliphs, became successors to Muhammad. This system of leadership, which was run by a Muslim ruler, became known as a caliphate.
The first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law and close friend.
Abu Bakr died about two years after he was elected and was succeeded in 634 by Caliph Umar, another father-in-law of Muhammad.
When Umar was assassinated six years after being named caliph, Uthman, Muhammad’s son-in-law, took the role.
Uthman was also killed, and Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, was selected as the next caliph.
During the reign of the first four caliphs, Arab Muslims conquered large regions in the Middle East, including Syria , Palestine , Iran and Iraq. Islam also spread throughout areas in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
The caliphate system lasted for centuries and eventually evolved into the Ottoman Empire , which controlled large regions in the Middle East from about 1517 until 1917, when World War I ended the Ottoman reign.
When Muhammad died, there was debate over who should replace him as leader. This led to a schism in Islam, and two major sects emerged: the Sunnis and the Shiites.
Sunnis make up nearly 90 percent of Muslims worldwide. They accept that the first four caliphs were the true successors to Muhammad.
Shiite Muslims believe that only the caliph Ali and his descendants are the real successors to Muhammad. They deny the legitimacy of the first three caliphs. Today, Shiite Muslims have a considerable presence in Iran, Iraq and Syria.
Other, smaller Muslim denominations within the Sunni and Shiite groups exist. Some of these include:
Nazaruddin Abdul Hamed/EyeEm/Getty Images
The Quran (sometimes spelled Qur’an or Koran) is considered the most important holy book among Muslims.
It contains some basic information that is found in the Hebrew Bible as well as revelations that were given to Muhammad. The text is considered the sacred word of God and supercedes any previous writings.
Most Muslims believe that Muhammad’s scribes wrote down his words, which became the Quran. (Muhammad himself was never taught to read or write.)
The book is written with Allah as the first person, speaking through Gabriel to Muhammad. It contains 114 chapters, which are called surahs.
Scholars believe the Quran was compiled shortly after Muhammad’s death, under the guidance of Caliph Abu Bakr.
The Islamic calendar, also called the Hijra calendar, is a lunar calendar used in Islamic religious worship. The calendar began in the year 622 A.D., celebrating the journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.
The Islamic calendar indicates the proper days of Islamic holidays and celebrations, including the period of fasting and prayer known as Ramadan , which occurs during the ninth month of the calendar.
As in many religions, there is no single image or symbol of Islam that is universally accepted by all Muslims worldwide.
The crescent moon and star has been adopted in some predominantly Muslim countries as a symbol of Islam, though the crescent moon and star image is believed to pre-date Islam and was originally a symbol of the Ottoman Empire.  
In some other applications, such as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent humanitarian aid movement, a red crescent indicates that followers of Islam are respected and treated accordingly.
The color green is also sometimes associated with Islam, as it was reportedly a favorite color of Muhammad's and is often featured prominently in the flags of predominantly Muslim countries.
Muslims follow five basic pillars that are essential to their faith. These include:
Islam’s legal system is known as Sharia Law. This faith-based code of conduct directs Muslims on how they should live in nearly every aspect of their lives.
Sharia law requires men and women to dress modestly. It also outlines marriage guidelines and other moral principles for Muslims.
If crimes are committed, Sharia law is known for its harsh punishments. For example, the punishment for theft is amputating a person’s hand. Adultery can carry the penalty of death by stoning. However, many Muslims do not support such extreme measures.
The prophet Muhammad is credited with building the first mosque in the courtyard of his house in Medina. Mosques today follow some of the same principles he established in 622 A.D.
Muslim prayer is often conducted in a mosque's large open space or outdoor courtyard. A mihrab is a decorative feature or niche in the mosque that indicates the direction to Mecca, and therefore the direction to face during prayer.
Men and women pray separately, and Muslims may visit a mosque five times a day for each of the prayer sessions. In addition to hosting prayers, mosques often function as public gathering places and social centers. 
Eid al-Adha : celebrates the Prophet Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah.
Eid al-Fitr : marks the end of Ramadan—the Islamic holy month of fasting.
Muslims also celebrate other holidays, such as the Islamic New Year and the birth of Muhammad.
In recent years, Islam’s supposed association with terrorism and mass murder has sparked a political debate in many countries. The controversial term “radical Islam” has become a well-known label to describe the religion’s connection to acts of violence.
Recent surveys have found that in countries with high Muslim populations, the majority of Muslims have overwhelmingly negative views of terrorist groups like ISIS .
While Muslims aim to clear up misconceptions about their faith, the religion continues to spread rapidly. Today, Islam is the world’s fastest growing religion. Experts predict Islam will surpass Christianity as the largest religion by the end of the century.
Islam, BBC .
Islam: The Second Largest World Religion…And Growing, Religious Tolerance .
Islam Fast Facts, CNN .
Basic Facts About Islam, PBS .
What is Sharia Law and How is it Applied? BBC .
In nations with significant Muslim populations, much disdain for ISIS. Pew Research Center . Islam Rituals and Worship: Symbolism, The Religion Library . The Islamic Calendar: TimeandDate.com .
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Eid al-Adha, or the “Feast of Sacrifice,” signifies the willingness of the Prophet Ibrahim, known as Abraham in Christianity and Judaism, to sacrifice his son, Ismail as ordered by Allah. It is one of Islam’s most important holidays. Usually lasting three to four days, and ...read more
The religious festival Eid al-Fitr, or the “Festival of Breaking the Fast,” is one of two major holidays celebrated by Muslims around the world. In the United States, Eid al-Fitr 2022 begins on the evening of Sunday, May 1 and ends on the evening of Monday, May 2. Also known as ...read more
Ramadan is a holy month of fasting, introspection and prayer for Muslims, the followers of Islam. It is celebrated as the month during which Muhammad received the initial revelations of the Quran, the holy book for Muslims. Fasting is one of the five fundamental principles of ...read more
Zoroastrianism is an ancient Persian religion that may have originated as early as 4,000 years ago. Arguably the world’s first monotheistic faith, it’s one of the oldest religions still in existence. Zoroastrianism was the state religion of three Persian dynasties, until the ...read more
Islam has existed in North America for hundreds of years, ever since enslaved people captured in Africa brought their religion over. In the 1700s, an English translation of the Quran (or Koran) actually became a bestseller among Protestants in England and its American colonies. ...read more
Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion, according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating back more than 4,000 years. Today, with about 900 million followers, Hinduism is the third-largest religion behind Christianity and Islam. Roughly 95 percent of the world’s Hindus ...read more
Judaism is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion, dating back nearly 4,000 years. Followers of Judaism believe in one God who revealed himself through ancient prophets. The history of Judaism is essential to understanding the Jewish faith, which has a rich heritage of law, ...read more
Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”) more than 2,500 years ago in India. With about 470 million followers, scholars consider Buddhism one of the major world religions. Its practice has historically been most prominent in East and Southeast ...read more
The Inquisition was a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas. Beginning in the 12th century and continuing for hundreds of years, the Inquisition is infamous for the severity of its tortures and its ...read more
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the religion. For other uses, see Islam (disambiguation) .
Problems playing this file? See media help .
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Islamic history .
Main articles: Muslim world and Ummah

^ There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is / z / or / s / , and whether the a is pronounced / ɑː / , / æ / or (when the stress is on the first syllable) / ə / ( Merriam Webster ). The most common are / ɪ z ˈ l ɑː m , ɪ s ˈ l ɑː m , ˈ ɪ z l ə m , ˈ ɪ s l ə m / ( Oxford English Dictionary ) and / ˈ ɪ z l ɑː m , ˈ ɪ s l ɑː m / ( American Heritage Dictionary ).

^ Watt argues that the initial agreement came about shortly after the hijra and that the document was amended at a later date—specifically after the battle of Badr (AH [anno hijra] 2, = AD 624). [152] Serjeant argues that the constitution is, in fact, eight different treaties that can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina, with the first treaty written shortly after Muhammad's arrival. [153] See also Caetani (1905) who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra. [154] Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad's residence in Medina, before the battle of Badr in 2/624. [155] Even Moshe Gil, a sceptic of Islamic history, argues that it was written within five months of Muhammad's arrival in Medina. [156]

^ "Hasan al Basri is often considered one of the first who rejected an angelic origin for the devil, arguing that his fall was the result of his own free-will, not God's determination. Hasan al Basri also argued that angels are incapable of sin or errors and nobler than humans and even prophets. Both early Shias and Sunnis opposed his view. [194]

^ "In recent years, the idea of syncretism has been challenged. Given the lack of authority to define or enforce an Orthodox doctrine about Islam, some scholars argue there had no prescribed beliefs, only prescribed practise, in Islam before the sixtheenth century. [232] (p20–22)

^ A figure of 10-20 million represents approximately 1% of the Muslim population. See also: Ahmadiyya by country .

^ Some Muslims in dynastic era China resisted footbinding of girls for the same reason. [410]



^ Browne, Edward G. (1889). Bábism .

^ "World's Baha'i connect with past in Israel" . 20 January 2007 – via www.reuters.com.

^ Hunter, Shireen (2010). The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies . University of Michigan Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780253345493 . Druze - An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.

^ Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam . Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780199862634 . While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is consider distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze do not identify as Muslims...

^ "Islam | Religion, Beliefs, Practices, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 9 May 2022 .

^ "Islam" . HISTORY . Retrieved 9 May 2022 .

^ "Definition of Islam | Dictionary.com" . www.dictionary.com . Retrieved 9 May 2022 .

^ " Muslim ." Lexico . UK: Oxford University Press . 2020.

^ Esposito, John L. 2009. "Islam." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5 . (See also: quick reference .) "Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet."

^ Jump up to: a b Peters, F. E. 2009. "Allāh." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5 . (See also: quick reference .) "[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.'"

^ "Muslim Population By Country 2021" . World Population Review . Retrieved 22 July 2021 .

^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050" . Pew Research Center . 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020 . Retrieved 5 May 2020 .

^ Campo (2009) , p. 34, "Allah".

^ Özdemir, İbrahim . 2014. "Environment." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam , edited by I. Kalin . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8 . "When Meccan pagans demanded proofs, signs, or miracles for the existence of God, the Qurʾān's response was to direct their gaze at nature's complexity, regularity, and order. The early verses of the Qurʾān, therefore, reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth, and everything that can be seen in the environment.... The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God (āyah), inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator."

^ Goldman, Elizabeth (1995). Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-508240-1 .

^ Reeves, J. C. (2004). Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality . Leiden : Brill . p. 177. ISBN 90-04-12726-7 .

^ "Global Connections . Religion | PBS" . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 9 May 2022 .

^ Bennett (2010) , p. 101.

^ Esposito, John L. (ed.). "Eschatology" . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam – via Oxford Islamic Studies Online.

^ Esposito (2002b) , pp. 17, 111–112, 118.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Coulson, Noel James. "Sharīʿah" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 September 2021 . (See also: " sharia " via Lexico .)

^ Trofimov, Yaroslav . 2008. The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine . Knopf . New York. ISBN 978-0-307-47290-8 . p. 79.

^ Watt, William Montgomery (2003). Islam and the Integration of Society . Psychology Press . p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-17587-6 .

^ Saliba, George . 1994. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . New York: New York University Press . ISBN 0-8147-8023-7 . pp. 245, 250, 256–57.

^ King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". Isis . 74 (4): 531–55. doi : 10.1086/353360 . S2CID 144315162 .

^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. " Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century ." Pp. 351–99 in Islam and the Challenge of Modernity , edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.

^ Arnold, Thomas Walker . The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith .

^ Denny, Frederick. 2010. Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford: Oxford University Press . p. 3. "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."

^ "Field Listing :: Religions" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.

^ "Sunni" . Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs . Archived from the original on 14 June 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2020 . Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.

^ Jump up to: a b Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life (2009) , p. 1. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims." sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPew_Forum_for_Religion_&_Public_Life2009 ( help )

^ "Muslim Majority Countries 2021" . worldpopulationreview.com . Retrieved 25 July 2021 .

^ The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life . December 2012. " The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 ." DC: Pew Research Center. Article .

^ Tayeb El-Hibri, Maysam J. al Faruqi (2004). "Sunni Islam". In Philip Mattar (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Mod
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