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Ridgefield is a beautiful, colonial town of approximately 24, people in the foothills of the Berkshire Mountains in central Fairfield County, Connecticut. The town was founded in when about 30 families from Long Island Sound settlements bought these uplands Skip to main content. About the Town Ridgefield is a beautiful, colonial town of approximately 24, people in the foothills of the Berkshire Mountains in central Fairfield County, Connecticut. Error message keywords cannot be longer than characters but is currently characters long. Keyword s :. Start Date Date E. End Date Date E. Search Results Robert J. Peter Coffin. Val Ericson. Joseph Fossi. John J. Paul J. Payne, Jr. Marguerite Amente. Jennifer Rose-DiLaura. Judith Lynn Lynch. Amy Hall Casey.

Drug Analysis

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Drug analysis is the testing of a suspected controlled substance to determine its composition. For information about forensic toxicology, or the testing of bodily fluids for controlled substances, click here. Every analysis of a suspected controlled substance should consist of at least two tests. The first is a presumptive or screening test which indicates if the sample could be a controlled substance. In some cases, crime labs perform only a screening test and then write in the lab report that further testing will be conducted at the request of the District Attorney. Substances other than controlled substances may produce positive results with these tests false positives. Therefore, confirmatory tests that are substance-specific must be performed in order to positively identify the substance. Detailed descriptions of the tests used to analyze suspected controlled substances are contained in the expandable sections below. Includes techniques visual examination and microscopic examination to understand the physical properties and characteristics of substances. When a suspected controlled substance contains many individual packages, crime labs decide which and how many samples to test by following a Sampling Plan. Residue amounts will not be tested by the State Crime Lab unless accompanied by a written request from a prosecuting attorney. If the case consists of items that are all residue amounts, analysis will be performed on items until any controlled substance is identified. See Section 4. For practical tips on reviewing lab reports, challenging tests, and working with experts, see the papers written by Diane Savage and Dean Loven. This report by the Penn Carey Law Quattrone Center provides the first-ever comprehensive analysis of presumptive drug field test usage across law enforcement agencies in the United States. Inexpensive and fast, these tests have become a tool of choice for law enforcement agencies. This toolkit will be useful to defenders in handling charges of this sort in NC, both for the old murder by distribution and the new death by distribution. See pp. They are linked here:. Part 1 Part 2. NIST article about testing of drugs that may contain fentanyl or other dangerous synthetic opioids. The article contains video clips showing how powder substances can contaminate various surfaces in laboratories and addresses ways that labs work to eliminate contamination. Discusses the paper below and shows black-light videos that help illustrate the risk of cross contamination in a forensic drug lab. Sisco, M. Staymates, A. An easy to implement approach for laboratories to visualize particle spread during the handling and analysis of drug evidence. Forensic Chemistry. Published online March 11, DOI: Courts should not assume it is a nearly infallible technique. Live webinar presented by Ed Brown, Ph. April 1, , pm 60 min of CLE credit anticipated. Materials: PowerPoint Slides. This one-hour live webinar will provide attorneys having little science training with the basics about the various chemical analysis techniques employed by forensic laboratories and other contract labs around the US. Although a few technical details will be presented about each method so that a greater understanding of each technique can be obtained, we will help attendees understand the basic principles that these methods rely upon. We will cover methods such as presumptive tests like color tests, microcrystalline tests, spectroscopy, and immunoassay testing. Attendees will be provided with a clear foundation about these concepts and methodologies as well as about their utility and limitations for use which will aid in understanding of the forensic evidence in cases involving suspected controlled substances. The webinars will be presented monthly and are free to attend. Use this link to register for all webinars in the series and attend any that are of interest. More information about the webinar series is available here. Presenter: Edward G. Brown, Ph. Berkeley in and his Doctoral degree in Organic Chemistry from U. Davis in Two post-doctoral chemistry research fellowships from University of Auckland, New Zealand, and Yale University furthered his academic studies in medicinal chemistry and analytical chemistry techniques through Brown is also a patent agent who specializes in chemistry patent drafting and assists in patent litigation and prosecution issues for patent law firm clients in North Carolina and around the US. In , Dr. Brown began his consulting work as an expert witness in an LSD case. Join Stetson University College of Law for Emerging Issues in Laboratory Analysis for the Differentiation between Marijuana and Hemp, a scientific and legal analysis regarding the differentiation between marijuana and hemp. Michael Gilbert, Assistant Director for the Pinellas County Forensic Laboratory, will give an in-depth look at how forensic labs analyze marijuana and hemp. They will break down the process and where the legal issues arise. In addition, they will discuss the Farm Bill and look at different state statutes and the changing legal landscape. Follow up to a previous training posted here. To view this free webinar, linked here , register to create and account and then enroll in the program. Duration of the program: 2 hours. Due to the high attendance and interaction from Marijuana or Hemp: From Farm Bill to Forensic Analysis, the webinar held on January 15th, , the Forensic Technology Center of Excellence is hosting a follow-up session to give in-depth answers to questions the speakers were unable to address in the first session. The presentation will discuss analytical strategies to answer the question: is the material presented for analysis an illegal product based on its total THC content? Since the passage of the Agriculture Improvement Act, also known as the Farm Bill, this question has become more complicated due in large part to the legalization of hemp as an industrial crop. The United States Federal Register defines industrial hemp as any part or derivative including seeds of the plant Cannabis sativa L. Any hemp plant material that exceeds this threshold is defined as marijuana and considered an illegal scheduled drug. They will also discuss sample preparation of various products and analytical challenges using LC and GC methodologies. The Forensic Technology Center of Excellence will offer a webinar on marijuana and hemp analysis. This webinar will provide a history of US farm policy as it relates to the legalities of hemp and tetrahydrocannabinol THC. Information on farming and quality testing used by the hemp industry will be presented. The DEA will share their revised and enhanced forensic testing program for the effective and efficient identification of suspected marijuana submissions. This free webinar will present results based on a NIST-led, multi-agency collaboration focused on establishing drug background levels in forensic laboratories and understanding the implications for data quality, data integrity, and occupational health and safety. Hemp must be legally differentiated from marijuana. In this free webinar, Dr. Archived webinar is available for on-demand viewing. This program offers information on best practices in forensic toxicology, drug analysis, and trace analysis such as sample preparation, method development, and forensic method validation. Presentations are geared toward forensic practitioners, but several of the sessions should be of interest to attorneys. The mission of SWGDRUG is to recommend minimum standards for the forensic examination of seized drugs and to seek the international acceptance of such standards. The site has links to many helpful training videos that help attorneys understand forensic science evidence. The National Forensic Science Technology Center created this website to explain in simplified terms the principles of each type of forensic analysis and how the analysis is performed. Topics include DNA, digital evidence, fingerprints, firearms, trace evidence, blood stains, and more. This US National Library of Medicine website allows users to learn the possible identity of pills based on their appearance, color, shape, and markings. This National Institute of Health searchable database allows users to search for a compound and learn more about its chemical structure, uses, properties, toxicity, and other information. This website contains a library of GCMS data for compounds and is organized by molecular weight, base peak and second base peak. This library may be useful for limited purposes. Evidence that cocaine was the identity of the substance was admissible not withstanding the substance being handled with bare hands and stored in a glove box where cocaine had previously been stored. The court held that it was not plain error for the analyst to testify that GCMS testing is used to confirm results of presumptive testing but not to testify that GCMS was performed in the case at hand. The court held that it was not plain error for the analyst to testify to the identity of a controlled substance without explaining what type of chemical analysis she performed. She testified she performed a color test and an instrumental analysis. Defender Educator Phil Dixon discusses admissibility and sufficiency of evidence in drug cases in this blog post. This document provides the relevant statutes and summarizes the case law on the issue of how marijuana should be weighed. It addresses issues such as whether water weight and mature stalks should be included. Because more and more drug cases involve pharmaceuticals that have many names, it is worth reviewing the case. The case is State v. It arose when police used an informant to buy steroids from the defendant…. The report is largely based on the research of Dr. Frederic Whitehurst who tested field drug test kits and exposed and documented that they render false positives with legal substances. A draft motion to exclude expert testimony from an arresting officer identifying a substance as marijuana. Please note the motion does not contain an accompanying affidavit as required by law. Expertise: Drug Analysis. Send Email. Visit Website. Additional Info Forensic Consultant. Available for consultation, weighing, and testimony regarding marijuana weight or analysis. Download Resume. View this page. Expertise: Drug Analysis, Toxicology. Additional Info Forensic consultant with more than 38 years of experience of forensic science experience, including Forensic Drug Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology cases. Performs case review and expert witness testimony. Bethany P. Additional Info Forensic Chemist with more than 13 years of analytical and supervisory forensic laboratory experience. Available for case consultation and testimony regarding forensic alcohol analysis, retrograde extrapolation, and controlled substances weighing and testing procedures. Additional Info Performs laboratory analysis. Provides incident investigation, evaluation, consultation, and testimony. Additional Info Provides agronomic and horticulture consulting, including the weighing and grooming of suspected marijuana. Additional Info We have approximately 40 technicians across our territory that are trained and experienced on scale maintenance and calibration services. We also have employees that are specialist in certain business categories. Additional Info Is available to weigh suspected controlled substances. Experience with on-site calibration, repair, and service of industrial scales. Completed Mettler Toledo lab balance training. Expertise in analysis of explosives, paints, drugs and other materials found at crime scenes. Expertise in lab procedure and protocol review. Does not perform GSR analysis. Edward G. Additional Info Ph. Guy Oldaker, Ph. Expertise: Breathalyzer, Drug Analysis, Toxicology. Works with law enforcement, courts, attorneys, medical examiners, and health care providers. Liechty can serve as a contact person for facilitating testing or re-testing of forensic samples. Attended continuing education classes in different fields including alcohol analysis, illicit drug and environmental chemistry. Knowledgeable in instrumentation and can weigh samples. Close Search Forensic Resources Menu Skip to primary navigation Skip to main content Skip to primary sidebar. Some over the counter cold medication or other substances may test positive for illegal substances using presumptive color tests. Because some drugs behave similarly, a confirmatory test is needed. Case Law: In State v. Carter , the NC Court of Appeals found the trial court abused its discretion by allowing an officer to testify that a narcotics indicator field test kit indicated the presence of cocaine on items of evidence where the State failed to demonstrate the reliability of the kit. To reduce the variability in results due to subjective analysis, good laboratory practices include running a positive control for visual comparison with the evidence sample. Typically a lab report from the State Crime Lab will only include the name of the test and the resulting color or may simply state that the expected color change occurred. Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program — National Institute of Justice standards for color test reagents and kits for the preliminary identification of controlled substances. Helpful questions to consider: Was the required quality control check performed? The reagent lasts for only X days — do you know the age of the reagent? How was the resulting color measured — was it compared to a color standard or simply eye-balled? Was the resulting color recorded photographed? What precautions were taken to avoid cross-contamination? Law enforcement officers may use color tests to check for controlled substances while in the field. They typically use a kit that is produced commercially, for example, by NC company Sirchie. An attorney may have to determine which of the tests below is in the kit. Ward the NC Supreme Court held that visual identification of controlled substances is not reliable enough to be admitted in criminal trials, and that a chemical analysis is required. For further discussion see the various posts on the subject on the NC Criminal Law blog. This means that 2 other identification methods are necessary in order to positively identify a pill as a controlled substance. Microscopic examination — using a microscope to examine the characteristics and properties of a substance too small for the naked eye. Polarized light microscopy — contrast-enhancing technique that improves the quality of the image obtained by equipping these microscopes with a polarizer and an analyzer second polarizer. Microcrystalline test — a substance reacts with a reagent forming an insoluble crystal. The shape of the crystal suggests the type of drug. These tests are rapid and do not require the isolation of the drug prior to testing. Polarized light microscopy with microcrystalline tests can be used to presumptively identify drugs. The following list indicates various reagents that can be exposed to the drug for analysis using the microcrystalline test with microscopy. Heroin and caffeine: mercuric chloride, hydrochloric acid Barbiturates: Wagenaar reagent cupric sulfate , sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid Cocaine and phencyclidine PCP : gold chloride in acetic acid, hydrochloric acid Plant particles from marijuana, hashish: concentrated sodium hydroxide, petroleum ether, chloroform, chloral hydrate Amphetamines and methamphetamines: gold chloride in water, gold chloride in phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide Excipients and diluents: hydrochloric acid, methanol, distilled water Propoxyphene: acetic acid, gold chloride in acetic acid Concerns: 1 Impurities may cause unusual crystal formation. Macroscopic examination — examining the properties and characteristics of the substance that are observable by the naked eye. For descriptions and images of illegal drugs, see the following sources: DEA Resource for Parents — provides images of drugs of abuse and information about the effects and legal status of drugs. DEA Resource Guide — provides images of drugs of abuse as well as a list of federally scheduled drugs and descriptive information about the major classes of drugs. The University of Texas at Arlington — Pictures of Commonly Abused Drugs For Marijuana — The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime recommends a combination of color test, thin-layer chromatography and physical macroscopic and microscopic examination as a minimum analytical approach for the identification of cannabis products. The vaporized sample is then transported by helium gas through a long coiling column. The column is then subjected to varying temperatures which results in the separation of compounds based on volatility how easily a substance can be vaporized. Eventually, all molecules will reach the end of the column where they enter the detector. After detection, a computer program will generate a chromatogram , which will show peaks for each of the molecules separated by the GC. The higher the quantity of molecules of the same kind that reach the detector, the higher the peak for that molecule will be. The same is true for the inverse as well. Video demonstration of how a GC column works. Video of a scientist performing the GC procedure. The amount of time it takes for a molecule to move through the entire machine and be detected by the detector is called the retention time. Analysts may use these retention times to differentiate between different compounds. However, the retention times alone are not reliable indicators of what compound is present. A specific compound will have a known retention time, but multiple compounds may have the same retention time in the same chromatogram. In order to distinguish and identify which compounds made the peaks, a mass spectrometer is used. MS A mass spectrometer will determine the exact molecular weight of a molecule or compound. A previously separated sample flowing directly from GC after detection or a pure sample injected must be ionized for mass spectrometry. The sample, now broken down into molecules, is subjected to an ionization source , a beam of steadily flowing electrons, which blasts the molecules and causes them to break apart into positively charged particles, or ions. Only positively charged ions will continue through the machine. Next, the ions travel through the mass analyzer, or quadrupole filter. The mass analyzer uses an electromagnetic field to separate the ions based on molecular weight. In a routine drug analysis performed by the laboratory, the analyst will already know the molecular weights of the drugs that are frequently detected. It is unnecessary and impractical to know the molecular weight of every compound in a substance. Therefore, to isolate these specific drugs at their known molecular weights, the scientist will manipulate the experimental environment such as flow rate, type of gas used, temperature, etc. This manipulation will allow only ions between the desired molecular weights to pass through the machine. Ions that flow through the mass analyzer without being filtered will reach the mass detector. The mass detector will count the number of ions with a specific mass. These detections will be translated by a computer program into a mass spectrum. Solely using GC results to identify a compound may lead to inaccurate conclusions. As mentioned earlier, a molecule will have a specific retention time, but a specific retention time does not identify a specific molecule. The analyst will use the spectra to determine the molecular weight of the molecule that generated the peak at a specific retention time. The molecular weight at that retention time will eliminate incorrect identities and narrow down the potential identities to one. The retention time, molecular weight, and patterns of both the chromatogram and spectrum must all match a known standard to be conclusively identified. Differences should not be disregarded unless specifically permitted in the lab procedures. Limitations A mass spectrometer cannot distinguish between compounds in mixed samples. A sample must be separated prior to MS testing. A gas chromatograph is used to separate the impurities out of a sample in preparation for mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer will measure the atomic weight of the compounds that were separated by the gas chromatograph. MS cannot differentiate between molecules that have the same molecular weight but have chemical structures that are mirror images also known as enantiomers. This is the case specifically with pseudoephedrine and ephedrine. Subsequent FTIR testing may be necessary to distinguish enantiomers. This ingredient has different effects on the human body and is completely legal. It is commonly labeled as levmetamfetamine to signify that is the legal form of methamphetamine. It is important for the lab to quantitate how much of each stereoisomer are present, which can be done by means of percentages. If not correctly identified as an artifact peak, the sample may be misidentified as methamphetamine. This peak is created by a reaction at the injection point under certain experimental conditions. This artifact peak can be eliminated by adding sodium periodate to the urine sample before GC extraction. Malfunctions in the equipment can occur. The injection point septum is a part of the machine that has the potential to wear. This port only lasts injections. The injection port temperature, which is selected by the analyst, may be high or low causing a shortened septum life span, decreased sensitivity, poor separation of liquid material, or decomposition of the sample. Considerations Is the machine is properly maintained and calibrated? Were the samples prepared properly by the analyst? Are any reagents out-of-date? Were negative controls, positive controls, and blanks properly used? Was the analyst following the protocol properly? Interpretation of only the chromatogram chart generated by the gas chromatograph or a spectrum chart generated from the mass spectrometer is not sufficient. Both the chromatogram and spectrum must be interpreted together and a final identification must be supported by both. Characteristics Non-specific Used for molecules with high molecular weights. The State Crime Laboratory uses this technique for quantitation of methamphetamine in drug analysis cases. How it works HPLC can be used for qualitative identification: figuring out what is in a sample. HPLC is a separation technique that uses a stationary and mobile phase, a pump, and a detector to separate the compounds in a mixture. The result of the process is a computer generated graph known as a liquid chromatogram. The stationary phase is a small tube, also known as a column that is microns in diameter and packed with microscopic particles. Next, the liquid mobile phase is pumped by the exterior pump through the machine. The mobile phase is similar to the gas flowing through a GC. The liquid mobile phase flows through the stationary phase similarly to how water flows through a water filter. The stationary phase separates the molecules in the sample, carrying them down the column at different rates. Eventually, the molecules will travel through the column and reach the detector at the end. The detector will record which molecules are present, and also will record the number of molecules of the exact same chemical makeup are detected. Similarly, the greater the number of molecules present in the sample, the higher the intensity of the peaks. HPLC can also be used for quantitative measurement: figuring out how much of a compound is in a sample. A calibration curve is used to calculate the concentration of the sample. The analyst chooses the speed of the gas or liquid that travels through the column. They also choose the temperature of the column for each experiment. To recreate the experiment and replicate results, the exact conditions chosen by the analyst must be known. The same flow rate and temperature must be used if a second analyst wants to receive the same results on the earlier tested sample. If an analyst wants to compare their results to a known standard sample, they must have performed the experiment under the same conditions that the standard was performed under. This animation shows how these conditions can change the results in an HPLC chromatogram. Considerations A single HPLC chromatogram cannot be used to calculate the concentration of the compound of interest. A calibration curve must be used to calculate the concentration of the sample. The calibration curve must also be within the accepted ranges allowed by the experiment QC requirements. Always check that the QC and calibration curve were in range. A calibration curve with a correlation coefficient or R2 value equal to 1. An R2 value of greater than 0. An HPLC machine cannot test all ranges of concentrations. A concentration for the diluted sample will be calculated using the concentration curve mentioned above. The concentrations used in the calibration curve must encompass the concentration of the diluted sample. The analyst must either further dilute a second sample to be within the range of the calibration curve or create another calibration curve. Only the concentrations within the range of the concentration curve are valid. Many substances will create an unequivocal IR spectrum that is easily identifiable by analysts. An IR spectrum by itself does not provide an exact chemical structure of a compound, but will provide information about functional groups that are present in the molecule. Presence or absence of certain functional groups will guide an analyst as to the possible identity of a compound. How it works Infrared light is light that is not visible to the human eye. FTIR measures the amount of infrared light that is absorbed by a sample. Molecules multiple atoms held together by bonds are constantly moving. The bonds that hold the atoms together will bend, rock, stretch, compress, or twist. These actions collectively are called vibrations. Different functional groups, mentioned above, will absorb infrared light differently and will cause the atoms to vibrate more or less frequently. How quickly the molecule vibrates is called the frequency. More frequent vibrations will create a higher frequency, and fewer vibrations will generate a lower frequency. An infrared light beam, or source, is aimed directly at an instrument called an interferometer. The interferometer uses a combination of a beam splitter, a mobile mirror, and a stationary mirror to separate the beam of light into individual wavelengths. First, the beam splitter splits the beam of infrared light at right angles into two smaller beams. One beam will hit the stationary mirror and the other will hit the mobile mirror. The angles of the mirrors allow the two separated beams to reflect, meet again, and reconstitute as one beam. The mirror mechanism separates the light into different wavelengths that are measured at the point of reconstitution. The interferometer records this information and creates a graph called an interferogram. An interferogram records information about every frequency of light from the infrared source. Most importantly, every frequency is measured at once instead of individually as earlier scientific devices required. Once the frequencies of infrared light have been measured by the interferometer, the reconstituted beam continues through the machine to the sample. The beam is applied to the sample where it will either transmit go through or reflect come back towards the source. At this point, specific frequencies of energy will be absorbed by the sample and some will transmit through. The light that does transmit through the source will reach a detector on the other side. Not only does the light that reaches the detector generate information, but the absence of some wavelengths of light, the light absorbed by the sample, also generates information for analysis. The information gathered from the detector is finally sent to a computer where a chart is created specifically for that sample. This computer generated chart is called an IR spectrum. This can be done either by computer comparison, or by an individual analyst manually comparing the two spectra. Each of these functional groups, if present, will create a distinct peak that typically is easily identifiable by a trained analyst. These peaks will be a specific intensity and be found within a specific wavelength range. Identification of compounds by IR spectra is an art which takes a lot of practice. Analysts must not only remember the locations of where peaks should be, but must also remember the patterns common to certain types of molecules that could be present in a larger macromolecule. Limitations — limitations of the analysis are based on closely related materials, mixtures, and improper preparation of the sample. IR cannot differentiate between isomers of the same drug. Testing of pharmaceuticals using IR may be more successful than the testing of street drugs which are often impure. Diamond cell IR, if used, allows smaller amounts of samples to be tested. If diamond cell IR is not used, then the amount of sample required for testing is much higher. IR measures absorption, the opposite of transmission. Absorption and transmission are inversely related: the more a sample absorbs light, less light is actually transmitted through the sample. The more light that transmits through a sample, less light is absorbed by that sample. The y-axis of a spectra measures the percent transmission of a sample. Samples with the highest percent transmission will generate higher deeper peaks, and those with the lowest percent transmission will show a lower shallower peak or possibly no peak. Relative intensities of the bands are important, any mismatch with reference spectrum negates identification. Significant for the identification of the source of an absorption band are intensity weak, medium or strong , shape broad or sharp , and position cm-1 in the spectrum. Many compounds look similar, but an exact match is necessary to confirm the identity of an unknown. Drug-Induced Homicide Defense Toolkit. National Academy of Sciences Report. There has been an open question for some time regarding the legality of certain cannabinoids that do not naturally occur in the …. This update was originally posted on Apr. In Part I of my Spring cannabis update, I discussed the search and seizure issues arising in North Carolina courts around cannabis. Part II explores drug identification evidence issues surrounding marijuana prosecutions and examines …. It has been a while since my last post on cannabis and criminal law issues, and it is past time for an update. In addition to a number of state cases grappling with …. The plant is indigenous to Africa and is popular in parts of that continent, as well as parts of the Middle East, and is …. State v. In case you missed it, the COA released State v. Booth on Oct. The officer in Booth was permitted to testify that he could …. Under the new legislation, the previous requirement that the hemp be cultivated or possessed by a grower …. We want court appointed attorneys to use experts, and we want using experts to be easier for attorneys. Access to qualified expert services is essential to the provision of indigent defense. To better equip the North Carolina public defense community with the resources it needs to achieve fair and just outcomes for clients, Indigent Defense …. There have been several posts on this and related topics here and here. This post will attempt to compile all of the resources and walk attorneys through the process of making these challenges. Industrial hemp, as defined in …. In July of , Virginia became the first US state to acquire a new drug test created by a team of forensic chemists in Switzerland. However, laboratory documentation says that …. The bill was pending all last session and stalled, allegedly over a dispute about how …. Click here for more blog posts on this topic. They are linked here: Part 1 Part 2. Defending Death by Distribution Cases. Two podcast episodes describing how suspected marijuana is tested by forensic labs. April 1, , pm 60 min of CLE credit anticipated Materials: PowerPoint Slides This one-hour live webinar will provide attorneys having little science training with the basics about the various chemical analysis techniques employed by forensic laboratories and other contract labs around the US. Presenters: Reta Newman and Michael Gilbert. Recording and powerpoints are available. Sandra Rodriguez-Cruz. Understanding the impact of drug background levels in forensic laboratories. Is it Hemp? Florida Forensic Science. A Simplified Guide to Forensic Science. Drug Identification Tool. Donnell R. Christian, Forensic Investigation of Clandestine Laboratories. Terry Mills, III et al. John E. Eugene W. Berg et al. Ralph L. Shriner et al. Roger Adams et al. Cases State v. Gibbs unpub Hills N. Sasek, S. Hewitt, S. Sufficiency vs. Admissibility: Drug I. Weighing Marijuana Reference. Ward N. False Positives Equal False Justice. Motions and Briefs Hemp Motion Draft. Hemp Motion to Suppress Draft. Sample discovery motion regarding drug chemistry or toxicology evidence. Click here for more articles on this topic.

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