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As the Tour gained prominence and popularity, the race was lengthened and gained more international participation. Traditionally, the bulk of the race is held in July. Twenty to twenty-two teams of eight riders usually compete. All of the stages are timed to the finish and the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. A similar race for women was held under various names between and The first Tour de France Femmes was held in The Tour de France was created in The roots of the Tour de France trace back to the emergence of two rival sports newspapers in the country. The rival paper emerged following disagreements over the Dreyfus Affair. De Dion was rich and could afford to indulge his whims. The new newspaper appointed Henri Desgrange as the editor. He was a prominent cyclist and owner with Victor Goddet of the velodrome at the Parc des Princes. L'Auto sales were lower than the rival it was intended to surpass, leading to a crisis meeting on 20 November on the middle floor of L'Auto' s office at 10 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre, Paris. The first Tour de France was staged in The plan was a five-stage race from 31 May to 5 July, starting in Paris and stopping in Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, and Nantes before returning to Paris. Toulouse was added later to break the long haul across southern France from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. Stages would go through the night and finish next afternoon, with rest days before riders set off again. But this proved too daunting and the costs too great for most \[ 17 \] and only 15 competitors had entered. Desgrange had never been wholly convinced and he came close to dropping the idea. The winner would thereby win six times what most workers earned in a year. It was waved away by the starter, Georges Abran, at p. L'Auto hadn't featured the race on its front page that morning. Among the competitors were the eventual winner, Maurice Garin , his well-built rival Hippolyte Aucouturier , the German favourite Josef Fischer , and a collection of adventurers, including one competing as 'Samson'. Many riders dropped out of the race after completing the initial stages, as the physical effort the tour required was just too much. Only a mere 24 entrants remained at the end of the fourth stage. Garin dominated the race, winning the first and last two stages, at L'Auto 's mission was accomplished, as circulation of the publication doubled throughout the race, making the race something much larger than Desgrange had ever hoped for. Such was the passion that the first Tour created in spectators and riders that Desgrange said the Tour de France would be the last. By the following spring, Desgrange was planning a longer Tour, with 11 stages rather than 6—and this time all in daylight to make any cheating more obvious. The Tour returned after its suspension during World War I and continued to grow. Desgrange and his Tour invented bicycle stage racing. Initially he used total accumulated time as used in the modern Tour de France \[ 31 \] but from to by points for placings each day. By time, a rider coping with a mechanical problem—which the rules insisted he repair alone—could lose so much time that it cost him the race. Equally, riders could finish so separated that time gained or lost on one or two days could decide the whole race. Judging the race by points removed over-influential time differences but discouraged competitors from riding hard. It made no difference whether they finished fast or slow or separated by seconds or hours, so they were inclined to ride together at a relaxed pace until close to the line, only then disputing the final placings that would give them points. The format changed over time. The Tour originally ran around the perimeter of France. Cycling was an endurance sport, and the organisers realised the sales they would achieve by creating supermen of the competitors. Night riding was dropped after the second Tour in , when there had been persistent cheating when judges could not see riders. The first mountain stages in the Pyrenees appeared in Early tours had long multi-day stages, with the format settling on 15 stages from until After this, stages were gradually shortened, such that by there were as many as three stages in a single day. Desgrange initially preferred to see the Tour as a race of individuals. The first Tours were open to whoever wanted to compete. Most riders were in teams that looked after them. The private entrants were called touriste-routiers— tourists of the road—from \[ 34 \] and were allowed to take part provided they make no demands on the organisers. Some of the Tour's most colourful characters have been touriste-routiers. One finished each day's race and then performed acrobatic tricks in the street to raise the price of a hotel. Until , Desgrange forbade team members from pacing each other. Until , Desgrange demanded that riders mend their bicycles without help and that they use the same bicycle from start to end. Exchanging a damaged bicycle for another was allowed only in By the end of the s, Desgrange believed he could not beat what he believed were the underhand tactics of bike factories. The original touriste-routiers mostly disappeared, but some were absorbed into regional teams. Desgrange died at home on the Mediterranean coast on 16 August In , L'Auto was closed—its doors nailed shut—and its belongings, including the Tour, sequestrated by the state for publishing articles too close to the Germans. Each organised a candidate race. Both were five stages, the longest the government would allow because of shortages. On the Tour's return, the format of the race settled on between 20 and 25 stages. Most stages would last one day, but the scheduling of 'split' stages continued well into the s. National teams contested the Tour until Some nations had more than one team, and some were mixed in with others to make up the number. National teams caught the public imagination but had a snag: that riders might normally have been in rival trade teams the rest of the season. The loyalty of riders was sometimes questionable, within and between teams. Sponsors were always unhappy about releasing their riders into anonymity for the biggest race of the year, as riders in national teams wore the colours of their country and a small cloth panel on their chest that named the team for which they normally rode. The situation became critical at the start of the s. Sales of bicycles had fallen, and bicycle factories were closing. The Tour returned to trade teams in Twice, in and , Italian rider Fausto Coppi won the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France in the same year, the first rider to do so. Louison Bobet was the first great French rider of the post-war period and the first rider to win the Tour in three successive years, , and Jacques Anquetil became the first cyclist to win the Tour de France five times, in and from to Anquetil enjoyed a rivalry with Raymond Poulidor , who was known as ' The Eternal Second ', because he never won the Tour, despite finishing in second place three times, and in third place five times including his final Tour at the age of Doping had become a serious problem, culminating in the death of Tom Simpson in , after which riders went on strike, \[ 52 \] \[ 53 \] although the organisers suspected sponsors provoked them. The Union Cycliste Internationale introduced limits to daily and overall distances, imposed rest days, and tests were introduced for riders. It was then impossible to follow the frontiers, and the Tour increasingly zig-zagged across the country, sometimes with unconnected days' races linked by train, while still maintaining some sort of loop. The Tour returned to national teams for and \[ 54 \] as 'an experiment'. In the early s, the race was dominated by Eddy Merckx , who won the General Classification five times, the Mountains Classification twice, the Points Classification three times and held the record for the most stage victories 34 \[ 57 \] until overtaken by Mark Cavendish in Merckx's dominating style earned him the nickname 'The Cannibal'. In , he already had a commanding lead when he launched a long-distance solo attack in the mountains which none of the other elite riders could answer, resulting in an eventual winning margin of nearly eighteen minutes. In , the polka-dot jersey was introduced for the winner of the Mountains Classification. Since then, this stage has been largely ceremonial and is generally only contested as a prestigious sprinters' stage. See 'Notable Stages' below for examples of non-ceremonial finishes to this stage. Occasionally, a rider will be given the honor of leading the rest of the peloton onto the circuit finish in their final Tour, as was the case for Jens Voigt and Sylvain Chavanel , among others. From the late s and into the early s, the Tour was dominated by Frenchman Bernard Hinault , who would become the third rider to win five times. Hinault was defeated by Joop Zoetemelk in when he withdrew, and only once in his Tour de France career was he soundly defeated, and this was by Laurent Fignon in In , Hinault, who had won the year before with American rider Greg LeMond supporting him, publicly pledged to ride in support of LeMond. Several attacks during the race cast doubt on the sincerity of his promise, leading to a rift between the two riders and the entire La Vie Claire team, before LeMond prevailed. It was the first ever victory for a rider from outside of Europe. The Tour is widely considered to be one of the most memorable in the history of the sport due to the battle between LeMond and Hinault. The edition was more uncertain than past editions, as previous winners Hinault and Zoetemelk had retired, LeMond was absent, and Fignon was suffering from a lingering injury. As such, the race was highly competitive, and the lead changed hands eight times before Stephen Roche won. While the global awareness and popularity of the Tour grew during this time, its finances became stretched. The former television presenter Christian Prudhomme —he commentated on the Tour among other events—replaced Leblanc in , having been assistant director for three years. A new drug, erythropoietin EPO , began to be used; it could not be detected by drug tests of the time. Pedro Delgado won the Tour de France by a considerable margin, and in and Lemond returned from injury and won back-to-back Tours, with the edition still standing as the closest two-way battle in TDF history, with Lemond claiming an 8-second victory on the final time trial to best Laurent Fignon. He wore the race leader's yellow jersey in the Tour de France for 60 days. He holds the record for the most consecutive Tour de France wins and shares the record for most wins with Jacques Anquetil , Bernard Hinault and Eddy Merckx. These superior abilities in the discipline fit perfectly with the time trial heavy Tours of the era, with many featuring between and km of time trialling vs the more common 50—80 km today. On 25 May , Bjarne Riis admitted that he placed first in the Tour de France using banned substances, and he was no longer considered the winner by the Tour's organizers. During the Tour de France , a doping scandal known as the Festina Affair shook the sport to its core when it became apparent that there was systematic doping going on in the sport. Numerous riders and a handful of teams were either thrown out of the race, or left of their own free will, and in the end Marco Pantani survived to win his lone Tour in a decimated main field. Initially it seemed to be a Cinderella story when cancer survivor Lance Armstrong stole the show on Sestriere and kept on riding to the first of his astonishing seven consecutive Tour de France victories; however, in retrospect, was just the beginning of the doping problem getting much, much worse. Following Armstrong's retirement in , the edition saw his former teammate Floyd Landis finally get the chance he worked so hard for with a stunning and improbable solo breakaway on Stage 17 in which he set himself up to win the Tour in the final time trial, which he then did. Not long after the Tour was over, however, Landis was accused of doping and had his Tour win revoked. Over the next few years, a new star in Alberto Contador came onto the scene; \[ 70 \] however, during the edition, a veteran Danish rider, Michael Rasmussen , was in the maillot jaune late in the Tour, in position to win, when his own team sacked him for a possible doping infraction; \[ 71 \] this allowed the rising star Contador to ride mistake-free for the remaining stages to win his first. Like Greg LeMond at the beginning of the EPO era, winner Carlos Sastre was a rider who went his entire career without a single doping incident and between approximately and this was the only Tour to have a winner with a clear biological passport. No Danish rider was in contention in , and Rasmussen, the only Danish rider capable of winning the Tour during this era, was not even in the race. Another rider absent was Floyd Landis, who had asked Armstrong to get him back on a team to ride the Tour once more, but Armstrong refused because Landis was a convicted doper. In , Cadel Evans became the first Australian to win the Tour after coming up just short several times in the previous few editions. Overshadowing the entire sport at this time, however, was the Lance Armstrong doping case , which finally revealed much of the truth about doping in cycling. This decision cleared the names of many people, including lesser-known riders, reporters, team medical staff, and even the wife of a rider who had their reputations tarnished or had been forced from the sport due to pressure from Armstrong and his support staff. The streak was interrupted only by Vincenzo Nibali 's win. He also won the mountain and youth classifications, becoming the first rider since Eddy Merckx in to win three jerseys in a single Tour. On stage 13 of this Tour, sprinter Mark Cavendish tied the record of Eddy Merckx for all time stage wins with The race was followed by the Tour de France Femmes , the first official Tour de France for women since With his win, he became only the eighth rider, and the first since Marco Pantani in , to win the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France in the same calendar year. The oldest and main competition in the Tour de France is known as the 'general classification', for which the yellow jersey is awarded; the winner of this is said to have won the race. The oldest and most sought-after classification in the Tour de France is the general classification. If he is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the yellow one, since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The leader in the first Tour de France was awarded a green armband. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and its sponsors. Eddy Merckx wore the yellow jersey for 96 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour. The mountains classification is the second-oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de France. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de France in the edition and was first won by Vicente Trueba. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the meilleur grimpeur English: best climber which was awarded by the organising newspaper L'Auto to a cyclist who completed each race. The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the Tour de France , when the organizers decided to award a distinctive white jersey with red dots to the leader. This is colloquially referred to in English as the 'polka dot' jersey. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. During his career Richard Virenque won the mountains classification a record seven times. The point distribution for the mountains in the event was: \[ 88 \]. The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters as well as celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Tour. Points are given to the first 15 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 15 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader green jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points. In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points , so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The number of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the fewest points at the finish. The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record seven times by Peter Sagan. In the jersey was changed to red to please the sponsor. For almost 25 years the classification was sponsored by Pari Mutuel Urbain, a state betting company. As of , the points awarded are: \[ 92 \]. The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that will stay under the age of 26 in the calendar year the race is held. Originally the classification was restricted to neo-professionals — riders that are in their first three years of professional racing — until In , the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In , the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today. This classification was added to the Tour de France in the edition , with Francesco Moser being the first to win the classification after placing seventh overall. The Tour de France awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification, although this was not done between and The most combative rider wears a number printed white-on-beige instead of black-on-white next day. An award goes to the most aggressive rider throughout the Tour. Already in a sort of combativity award was offered, when Sports Populaires and L'Education Physique created Le Prix du Courage , francs and a silver gilt medal for 'the rider having finished the course, even if unplaced, who is particularly distinguished for the energy he has used. It was initially not awarded every year, but since it has been given annually. Eddy Merckx has the most wins 4 for the overall award. The team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until , the leading team would wear yellow caps. As of , the riders of the leading team wear yellow helmets. There has been an intermediate sprints classification , which from awarded a red jersey \[ 98 \] for points awarded to the first three to pass intermediate points during the stage. These sprints also scored points towards the points classification and bonuses towards the general classification. The intermediate sprints classification with its red jersey was abolished in , \[ 99 \] but the intermediate sprints have remained, offering points for the points classification and, until , time bonuses for the general classification. From there was a combination classification , \[ \] scored on a points system based on standings in the general, points and mountains classifications. The design was originally white, then a patchwork with areas resembling each individual jersey design. This was also abolished in The rider who has taken most time is called the lanterne rouge red lantern, as in the red light at the back of a vehicle so it can be seen in the dark and in past years sometimes carried a small red light beneath his saddle. Such was sympathy that he could command higher fees in the races that previously followed the Tour. Prize money has always been awarded. From 20, francs the first year, \[ \] prize money has increased each year, although from to the first prize was an apartment offered by a race sponsor. The first prize in was a car, a studio-apartment, a work of art, and , francs in cash. Prizes only in cash returned in Prizes and bonuses are awarded for daily placings and final placings at the end of the race. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , in memory of the founder of the Tour, is awarded to the first rider over the Col du Galibier where his monument stands, \[ \] or to the first rider over the highest col in the Tour. A similar award, the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , is made at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet , at the memorial to Jacques Goddet , Desgrange's successor. The winner of general classification is the recipient of Coupe Omnisports, presented by the president of the French Republic. The Tour directors categorise mass-start stages into 'flat', 'hilly', or 'mountain'. The first prologue was in The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. As the peloton arrives in downtown Paris the French Air Force does a three-jet flyover with the three colors of the French flag in smoke behind them. This stage rarely challenges the leader because it is flat and the leader usually has too much time in hand to be denied. In modern times, there tends to be a gentlemen's agreement: while the points classification is still contended if possible, the overall classification is not fought over; because of this, it is not uncommon for the de facto winner of the overall classification to ride into Paris holding a glass of champagne. The only time the maillot jaune was attacked in a manner that lasted all the way through the end of this stage was during the Tour de France. In , Pedro Delgado vowed to attack during the stage to challenge the second lead held by Stephen Roche. He was unsuccessful and he and Roche finished in the peloton. In , the last stage was a time trial. Greg LeMond overtook Laurent Fignon to win by eight seconds, the closest margin in the Tour's history. The climb of Alpe d'Huez has become one of the more noted mountain stages. During the Tour de France it was the scene of a Riders complained of abusive spectators who threatened their progress up the climb. Another notable mountain stage frequently featured climbs the Col du Tourmalet , the most visited mountain in the history of the Tour. Col du Galibier is the most visited mountain in the Alps. The Tour de France stage to Galibier marked the th anniversary of the mountain in the Tour and also boasted the highest finish altitude ever: 2, metres 8, ft. A snowstorm at the start area led to a shortening of the stage from kilometres mi to just 46 kilometres 29 mi. During the Tour de France multiple landslides and hail storms forced two critical mountain stages to be considerably shortened. Authorities made every effort to plow the road and make the course safe, but the volume of hail, mud and debris proved too much. To host a stage start or finish brings prestige and business to a town. The race may start with a prologue too short to go between towns in which case the start of the next day's racing, which would be considered stage 1, usually in the same town. In director Christian Prudhomme said that 'in general, for a period of five years we have the Tour start outside France three times and within France twice. In the local towns and cities that the Tour visits for stage starts and finishes, it is a spectacle that usually shuts these towns down for the day, resulting in a very festive atmosphere, and these events usually require months of planning and preparation. That number expands to about during the race itself, not including the odd contractors employed to move barriers, erect stages, signpost the route, and other work. With the switch to the use of national teams in , the costs of accommodating riders fell to the organizers instead of the sponsors and Henri Desgrange raised the money by allowing advertisers to precede the race. The procession of often colourfully decorated trucks and cars became known as the publicity caravan. It formalised an existing situation, companies having started to follow the race. The first to sign to precede the Tour was the chocolate company, Menier , one of those who had followed the race. Preceding the race was more attractive to advertisers because spectators gathered by the road long before the race or could be attracted from their houses. Advertisers following the race found that many who had watched the race had already gone home. Menier handed out tons of chocolate in that first year of preceding the race, as well as , policemen's hats printed with the company's name. The success led to the caravan's existence being formalised the following year. The caravan was at its height between and the mids, before television and especially television advertising was established in France. Advertisers competed to attract public attention. It bellows, it plays ugly music, it's sad, it's ugly, it smells of vulgarity and money. On top of that come the more considerable costs of the commercial samples that are thrown to the crowd and the cost of accommodating the drivers and the staff—frequently students—who throw them. The number of items has been estimated at 11 million, each person in the procession giving out 3, to 5, items a day. Together, they weighed 32 tonnes 31 long tons; 35 short tons. Numbers vary but there are normally around vehicles each year. Their order on the road is established by contract, the leading vehicles belonging to the largest sponsors. The procession sets off two hours before the start and then regroups to precede the riders by an hour and a half. It spreads 20—25 kilometres 12—16 mi and takes 40 minutes to pass at between 20 kilometres per hour 12 mph and 60 kilometres per hour 37 mph. Vehicles travel in groups of five. Their position is logged by GPS and from an aircraft and organised on the road by the caravan director—Jean-Pierre Lachaud \[ n 8 \] —an assistant, three motorcyclists, two radio technicians, and a breakdown and medical crew. The first three Tours from to stayed within France. No teams from Italy, Germany, or Spain rode in because of tensions preceding the Second World War after German assistance to the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War it was widely expected Spain would join Germany in a European war, though this did not come to pass. Henri Desgrange planned a Tour for , after war had started but before France had been invaded. The route, approved by military authorities, included a route along the Maginot Line. The first German team after the war was in , although individual Germans had ridden in mixed teams. Plans to enter East Germany in were abandoned. It would be difficult to find accommodation for 4, people, he said. If they are really thinking of a possible terrorist action, they are wrong. Our movement, which is nationalist and in favour of self-government, would be delighted if the Tour came to Corsica. Most stages are in mainland France, although since the mids it has become common to visit nearby countries. The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside France: \[ \] \[ \]. The Tour was first followed only by journalists from L'Auto , the organisers. The race was founded to increase sales of a floundering newspaper and its editor, Desgrange, saw no reason to allow rival publications to profit. The first time papers other than L'Auto were allowed was , when 15 press cars were allowed for regional and foreign reporters. The Tour was shown first on cinema newsreels a day or more after the event. They used telephone lines. In they broadcast the sound of riders crossing the col d'Aubisque in the Pyrenees on 12 July, using a recording machine and transmitting the sound later. The first television pictures were shown a day after a stage. The national TV channel used two 16mm cameras, a Jeep, and a motorbike. Film was flown or taken by train to Paris, where it was edited and then shown the following day. The first live broadcast, and the second of any sport in France, was the finish at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 25 July The first live coverage from the side of the road was from the Aubisque on 8 July Proposals to cover the whole race were abandoned in after objections from regional newspapers whose editors feared the competition. In the first mountain climbs were broadcast live on television for the first time, \[ \] and in helicopters were first used for the television coverage. The leading television commentator in France was a former rider, Robert Chapatte. At first he was the only commentator. He was joined in following seasons by an analyst for the mountain stages and by a commentator following the competitors by motorcycle. Competition between channels raised the broadcasting fees paid to the organisers from 1. The two largest channels to stay in public ownership, Antenne 2 and FR3 , combined to offer more coverage than its private rival, TF1. The two stations, renamed France 2 and France 3, still hold the domestic rights and provide pictures for broadcasters around the world. The stations use a staff of with four helicopters, two aircraft, two motorcycles, 35 other vehicles including trucks, and 20 podium cameras. Domestic television covers the most important stages of the Tour, such as those in the mountains, from mid-morning until early evening. Coverage typically starts with a survey of the day's route, interviews along the road, discussions of the difficulties and tactics ahead, and a minute archive feature. The biggest stages are shown live from start to end, followed by interviews with riders and others and features such an edited version of the stage seen from beside a team manager following and advising riders from his car. Radio covers the race in updates throughout the day, particularly on the national news channel, France Info , and some stations provide continuous commentary on long wave. The Tour was the first to be broadcast in the United States. Channel 4 coverage had been broadcast for the previous 15 years \[ \] with episodes introduced with a theme written by Pete Shelley. Initially, live coverage was only broadcast at the weekend but since the Tour de France, ITV4 has broadcast daily live coverage of every stage except the final which is shown on ITV , ITV4 have the nightly highlights show. Currently, all stages stream exclusively on its streaming platform Peacock , with selected stages simulcast on the NBC broadcast network. The combination of unprecedented rigorous doping controls and almost no positive tests helped restore fans' confidence in the Tour de France. This led directly to an increase in global popularity of the event. The Tour is an important cultural event for fans in Europe. Millions \[ \] line the route, some having camped for a week to get the best view. The book sold six million copies by the time of the first Tour de France, \[ \] the biggest selling book of 19th-century France other than the Bible. There had already been a car race called the Tour de France but it was the publicity behind the cycling race, and Desgrange's drive to educate and improve the population, \[ \] that inspired the French to know more of their country. German electronic group Kraftwerk composed ' Tour de France ' in — described as a minimalistic 'melding of man and machine' \[ \] — and produced an album, Tour de France Soundtracks in , the centenary of the Tour. From to , Lead Graffiti , an American letterpress studio, experimented with handset wood and metal type to print same-day posters documenting events of each stage of the Tour de France. The designers called the project 'endurance letterpress. Patrick Le Gall made Chacun son Tour In , three films chronicled a team. By following their quest for the points classification, won by Cooke, the film looks at the working of the brain. It was directed by Bayley Silleck, who was nominated for an Academy Award for documentary short subject in for Cosmic Voyage. Vive Le Tour by Louis Malle is an minute short of This minute documentary has no narration and relies on sights and sounds of the Tour. Netflix , partnered with the organizer Amaury Sport Organisation, has produced a documentary series about the eight major teams across the Tour de France named Tour de France: Unchained. After the Tour de France there are criteriums in the Netherlands and Belgium. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their heroes from the Tour de France race. The budget of a criterium is over , Euro, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big-name riders earn between 20 and 60 thousand euros per race in start money. Allegations of doping have plagued the Tour almost since it began in Early riders consumed alcohol and used ether to dull the pain. In , the 'Tour of Shame', Willy Voet , soigneur for the Festina team, was arrested with erythropoietin EPO , growth hormones , testosterone and amphetamine. Police raided team hotels and found products in the possession of the cycling team TVM. Riders went on strike. After mediation by director Jean-Marie Leblanc , police limited their tactics and riders continued. Some riders had dropped out and only 96 finished the race. It became clear in a trial that management and health officials of the Festina team had organised the doping. Further measures were introduced by race organisers and the UCI , including more frequent testing and tests for blood doping transfusions and EPO use. In , Philippe Gaumont said doping was endemic to his Cofidis team. From to , seven successive tours were declared as having been won by Lance Armstrong. He said he had used skin cream containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores. Favourites such as Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were banned by their teams a day before the start. Seventeen riders were implicated. American rider Floyd Landis , who finished the Tour as holder of the overall lead, had tested positive for testosterone after he won stage 17, but this was not confirmed until some two weeks after the race finished. Following his plea that other cyclists admit to drugs, former winner Bjarne Riis admitted in Copenhagen on 25 May that he used EPO regularly from to , including when he won the Tour. On 24 July Alexander Vinokourov tested positive for a blood transfusion blood doping after winning a time trial, prompting his Astana team to pull out and police to raid the team's hotel. His Cofidis team pulled out. The same day, leader Michael Rasmussen was removed for 'violating internal team rules' by missing random tests on 9 May and 28 June. Rasmussen claimed to have been in Mexico. The alleged lying prompted Rasmussen's firing by Rabobank. After winning the Tour de France , it was announced that Alberto Contador had tested positive for low levels of clenbuterol on 21 July rest day. Postal Service cycling team , implicating, amongst others, Armstrong. The report contained affidavits from riders including Frankie Andreu , Tyler Hamilton , George Hincapie , Floyd Landis , Levi Leipheimer , and others describing widespread use of Erythropoietin EPO , blood transfusion, testosterone, and other banned practices in several Tours. While no Tour winner has been convicted, or even seriously accused of doping in order to win the Tour in the past decade, due to the previous era, questions frequently arise when a strong performance exceeds expectations. While four-time champion Froome has been involved in a doping case, it is out of an abundance of caution that modern riders are kept under a microscope with bike inspections to check for 'mechanical doping' \[ \] as well as Biological Passports as officials try not to have a repeat of EPO with 'H Haemoglobin Human'. Including the since vacated podium finisher Bernhard Kohl , who made accusations that a team doctor instructed riders how to dope, which prompted further investigation into this matter by authorities. One rider has been King of the Mountains , won the combination classification, combativity award, the points competition, and the Tour in the same year— Eddy Merckx in , which was also the first year he participated. The only other rider to come close to this achievement is Bernard Hinault in , who won the overall and points competitions and placed second in the mountains classification. Twice the Tour was won by a racer who never wore the yellow jersey until the race was over. In , Jean Robic overturned a three-minute deficit on the kilometres mi final stage into Paris. In , Jan Janssen of the Netherlands secured his win in the individual time trial on the last day. The Tour has been won three times by racers who led the general classification on the first stage and holding the lead all the way to Paris. Maurice Garin did it during the Tour's first edition, ; he repeated the feat the next year, but the results were nullified by the officials as a response to widespread cheating. Ottavio Bottecchia completed a GC start-to-finish sweep in And in , Nicolas Frantz held the GC for the entire race, and at the end, the podium consisted solely of members of his racing team. While no one has equalled this feat since , four times a racer has taken over the GC lead on the second stage and carried that lead all the way to Paris. Jacques Anquetil predicted he would wear the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification from start to finish in , which he did. That year, the first day had two stages, the first part from Rouen to Versailles and the second part from Versailles to Versailles. The most appearances record is held by Sylvain Chavanel , who rode his 18th and final Tour in Prior to Chavanel's final Tour, he shared the record with George Hincapie with In light of Hincapie's suspension for use of performance-enhancing drugs, before which he held the mark for most consecutive finishes with sixteen, having completed all but his first, Joop Zoetemelk and Chavanel share the record for the most finishes at 16, with Zoetemelk having completed all 16 of the Tours that he started. Of these 16 Tours Zoetemelk came in the top five 11 times, a record, finished 2nd six times, a record, and won the Tour de France. In the early years of the Tour, cyclists rode individually, and were sometimes forbidden to ride together. This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two. Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton , the margins of the winner have become smaller, as the difference usually originates from time trials, breakaways or on mountain top finishes, or from being left behind the peloton. The smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour is 8 seconds between winner Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon in The largest margin, by comparison, remains that of the first Tour in 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier. The most podium places by a single rider is eight by Raymond Poulidor , followed by Bernard Hinault and Joop Zoetemelk with seven. Poulidor never finished in 1st place and neither Hinault nor Zoetemelk ever finished in 3rd place. Lance Armstrong finished on the podium eight times, and Jan Ullrich seven times, however they both had results voided and now officially have zero and six podiums respectively. The fastest massed-start stage was in from Laval to Blois It completed the 25 kilometres 16 mi in Nice stage 5 at The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the Tour de France. In the Carcassonne—Luchon stage, he stayed away for kilometres mi. This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest. The record for total number of days wearing the yellow jersey is 96, held by Eddy Merckx. Indurain achieved the mark with a record five consecutive wins. Several different versions of a Tour de France for women were held between the s and s, however these races failed for a variety of reasons such as high costs, lack of sponsorship and inability to use the Tour de France branding. Following a campaign by the professional women's peloton, \[ \] La Course by Le Tour de France was launched by ASO in as a one-day classic held in conjunction with the men's race. Tour de France Saitama criterium has been held in Saitama , Japan since Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikinews. Multi-stage cycling race. This article is about the multi-stage cycling race. For other uses, see Tour de France disambiguation. For the women's race, see Tour de France Femmes. Not to be confused with Latour. History \[ edit \]. See also: List of Tour de France general classification winners. Origins \[ edit \]. The first Tour de France \[ edit \]. Main article: Tour de France. Since \[ edit \]. Classifications \[ edit \]. General classification \[ edit \]. Main article: General classification in the Tour de France. See also: List of Tour de France general classification winners and Yellow jersey statistics. Mountains classification \[ edit \]. Main article: Mountains classification in the Tour de France. Points classification \[ edit \]. Main article: Points classification in the Tour de France. Young rider classification \[ edit \]. Main article: Young rider classification in the Tour de France. Minor classifications and prizes \[ edit \]. Historical classifications \[ edit \]. Lanterne rouge \[ edit \]. Prizes \[ edit \]. Trophy \[ edit \]. Stages \[ edit \]. Mass-start stages \[ edit \]. Time trials \[ edit \]. Notable stages \[ edit \]. Deciding the route \[ edit \]. Advertising caravan \[ edit \]. Politics \[ edit \]. Corsica \[ edit \]. Start and finish of the Tour \[ edit \]. Starts abroad \[ edit \]. Broadcasting \[ edit \]. Culture \[ edit \]. Arts \[ edit \]. Post-Tour criteriums \[ edit \]. Doping \[ edit \]. Main article: Doping at the Tour de France. Deaths \[ edit \]. See also: List of professional cyclists who died during a race. Records and statistics \[ edit \]. Main articles: Tour de France records and statistics and Yellow jersey statistics. Record winners \[ edit \]. Related events \[ edit \]. Notes \[ edit \]. Unlike other cycle races, it would also be run largely without pacers. The choice reflects not only that the Tour de France was an unknown quantity — only after the first race had finished did it establish a reputation — but it hints at Desgrange's uncertainty. His position as editor depended on raising sales. That would happen if the Tour succeeded. But the paper and his employers would lose much money if it didn't. Desgrange preferred to keep a distance. He didn't drop the flag at the start and he didn't follow the riders. Desgrange showed a personal interest in his race only when it looked a success. It reflected not only the daring of the enterprise but the slight scandal still associated with riding bicycle races, enough that some preferred to use a false name. The first city-to-city race, from Paris to Rouen, included many made-up names or simply initials. The first woman to finish had entered as 'Miss America', despite not being American. Riders had points deducted for each five minutes lost. A rider in last position knew he would be disqualified at the end of the stage. If he dropped out before or during the stage, another competitor became the last and he would leave the race as well. That weakened a rival team, which now had fewer helpers. He died in Bruno and published in , it sold six million by , seven million by and 8,, by It was used in schools until the s and is still available. References \[ edit \]. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January Retrieved 30 July Union Cycliste Internationale. 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Retrieved 29 June Archived from the original on 11 February Retrieved 17 August Archived from the original on 19 July Archived from the original on 1 February Retrieved 21 May Some observations on beer and cycling in the early s'. Retrieved 27 September Archived from the original on 19 March Retrieved 31 January Archived from the original on 8 May CNN Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 24 August Anti-Doping Agency. Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 November — via Google News. Immediate Media. Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 7 July Future Publishing. Retrieved 6 February Retrieved 22 October Retrieved 26 October Dan Fletcher. Gregor Brown. Alex Ballinger. El Mundo Deportivo. Archived from the original on 24 September Retrieved 24 September Event occurs at Paris: Marabout. Hugo Publishing. Editions Publibook. Archived from the original on 19 October Bike Race Info. McGann Publishing. Results history. Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 23 July Archived from the original on 17 August Archived from the original on 27 October Archived from the original PDF on 4 August Retrieved 8 July Los Angeles Times. TI Media. Retrieved 4 July Archived from the original on 6 July Archived from the original on 9 December Retrieved 28 February Tour de France Saitama criterium. Tour de France Singapore criterium. Bibliography \[ edit \]. Allchin, Richard; Bell, Adrian Golden stages of the Tour de France : tales from the legendary stages of the world's greatest bike race. London: Mousehold Press. Armstrong, Lance ; Jenkins, Sally \[1st. New York City: Random House. Augendre, Jacques Cazeneuve, Thierry; Chany, Pierre La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France. Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff \[1st. London: Routledge. Goddet, Jacques Harp, Stephen L. Masso, Benjamin Het zweet der goden: legende van de wielersport 4th ed. The Story of the Tour de France, Volume 1. Indianapolis, Indiana: Dog Ear Publishing. The Story of the Tour De France: — Moore, Tim \[1st. French Revolutions: Cycling the Tour de France. London: Random House. Nicholson, Geoffrey Ollivier, Jean-Paul Paris: Groupe Flammarion. Seray, Jacques Ann Arbor Press. Thompson, Christopher S. Berkeley, California : University of California Press. Woodland, Les \[1st. Woodland, Les Cycling Resources. Further reading \[ edit \]. Delanzy, Eric Rodale Books. Dobkin, Adin Little A. Nelsson, Richard The Tour de France Wheatcroft, Geoffrey External links \[ edit \]. Tour de France at Wikipedia's sister projects. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tour de France. Tour de France. General maillot jaune. Points maillot vert. Young rider maillot blanc. Grand Tour cycling. General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics. General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics. General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours. General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling. UCI World Tour. Road bicycle racing. List of road bicycle races men women. Race stage Criterium Individual time trial Team time trial. Authority control databases. 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