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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Human trafficking in Jamaica is a highly organized criminal market linked to the drug trade, with mafia-style groups and foreign actors exploiting highly vulnerable populations. Most victims are women and minors who are forced into sex work, labour exploitation, selling drugs, or begging, while others are trafficked to neighbouring Caribbean countries, the US, and the UK. Foreign nationals trafficked to Jamaica tend to be victims of forced labour, particularly on foreign-flagged fishing vessels operating in local waters. Human trafficking is linked to high rates of violence in the country. Not only have traffickers been accused of murders, but victims have also been forcibly recruited as armed gunmen and drug or weapons couriers. The socio-economic consequences of the COVID pandemic — which disproportionately affected impoverished women, youth, and children — exacerbated vulnerability to human trafficking in rural and urban communities. Concerns over the development of a smuggling corridor between Jamaica and the US — largely rooted in a rapid increase of Jamaican travel to Mexico — have emerged in recent years. The reasons for this increase were identified as financial challenges, limited work opportunities, and safety concerns. Private sector extortion, especially in the transport and construction industries, commonly occurs in Jamaica. However, extortion in the country may also target powerful elites and politicians. These activities are mostly carried out by prominent mafia-style groups active in the country as a means of accumulating funds for various purposes such as purchasing lethal weapons and ammunition, hiring legal representation, and financing illicit criminal markets. Often perpetrated by criminal gangs, extortion has been largely normalized in Jamaican society, rendering the issue more difficult to combat. Because of lax US controls, tracking and tracing is challenging. The easy availability of weapons — including pistols, sub-machine guns, assault rifles, and homemade guns — fuels an extremely high homicide rate in Jamaica, with arms being used to protect drug production and trafficking systems, as payment for drugs, and to facilitate gang recruitment. The market benefits from police corruption, with officers often implicated in the disappearance of guns from police stations. Furthermore, with an increase in police-registered firearms being discovered at crime scenes, Jamaican police officials have been accused of diverting weapons from official stockpiles into the arms trafficking market through their sale and rental to criminal entities. In addition, a firearm licence corruption ring was exposed in February , blurring the line between criminal and legal gun holders. Counterfeit crimes are an ever-growing issue in Jamaica, with counterfeit products increasingly being sold on streets and in otherwise-legitimate shops. Jamaica is a notable transit point for Chinese-sourced counterfeit products destined for other parts of the Americas. Counterfeit crimes not only lead to substantial revenue loss, but also pose a significant threat to public health, as counterfeit products often contain harmful chemicals. Jamaica faces a considerable challenge in the illicit sale of tobacco products and the country serves as a transit point for the illegal trade of cigarettes smuggled across the Americas. Although instances of illegal logging and the illicit trade of rare species have been documented, the flora and fauna crime markets are negligible, and there is no evidence to suggest that a market for non-renewable resource crimes exists in Jamaica. The high quality and popularity of Jamaican marijuana has rendered the market highly lucrative and substantial in reach. The country is the largest producer and supplier of cannabis in the Caribbean. The drug is trafficked abroad to countries in Europe, as well as to Canada and the US. In Jamaica, marijuana is legal for consumption in low quantities and for religious purposes, although permits are required to cultivate and process the crop. Evidence suggests that growth in the cannabis trade has led to an escalation of violence in Jamaica. There seems to be a connection between organizations that traffic cannabis and those that traffic arms and cocaine, a drug that is prevalent in the country. Jamaica has become a trans-shipment and storage point for Mexican and Colombian organizations transporting cocaine to the US and Europe. Cocaine shipments tend to be dropped offshore by ships or small planes, and then picked up by boats to be taken to their final locations by foreign tourists not always knowingly. Cocaine production within Jamaican borders remains negligible. Heroin and synthetic drugs are prevalent in the country, although to a much lesser extent than cocaine. They are used as commodity drugs, traded with marijuana, and then shipped in small quantities to overseas markets through immigrant networks. The local market is believed to be very small. Since the onset of the COVID pandemic, Jamaican criminal groups have reportedly taken advantage of cyberspace to conduct malicious attacks through the dark web. Jamaican public sectors experienced significant data security breaches, but the market appears not to have experienced major growth yet. Lucrative lottery scams are very common in Jamaica, often used by criminal gangs seeking funding to expand territorial control, purchase lethal weaponry, and execute various other organized crime-related activities. They often target elderly Americans, and Jamaican nationals residing abroad facilitate these crimes. Jamaica suffers from multiple other finance-related criminal activities such as smishing and phishing fraud schemes. Moreover, tax evasion and fraud, as well as false reporting, allegedly cost the Jamaican government billions of Jamaican dollars in annual revenue. In addition to being fuelled by rampant poverty, financial fraud has increasingly been perceived as an attractive — and even morally justified — alternative for Jamaican youth struggling to secure legitimate employment in a constrained economic environment. Dozens of mafia-style gangs operate across Jamaica. The larger groups are involved mostly in international drug trafficking, while the smaller, more loosely organized ones engage in more violent crimes, particularly turf wars, to exert control over communities. Most of these criminal groups are believed to use extortion, particularly of informal sellers and small businesses, in exchange for protection, as a form of control and a way to finance their operations. In recent years, criminal gang membership among children and youth has been exacerbated by deteriorating living conditions attributed to the COVID pandemic. There are different categories of mafia-style groups in the country with varying levels of centralized power structures and leadership. These gangs are reported to have deep links to both corrupt state officials and transnational counterparts. Criminal networks in Jamaica tend to be loosely knit organizations made up of young people who engage predominantly in robberies and lottery scams. Reports indicate that these groups have been developing more sophisticated and organized structures in recent years. Foreign criminal organizations, most notably from Colombia and Mexico, use the country as a trans-shipment and storage point for drugs on their way to international markets, including the US. They are believed to benefit from state collusion. There are corrupt police officers who facilitate their activities and politicians who award them contracts in exchange for support, as well as pay them to carry out crimes for political gain. The involvement of private sector actors in organized criminal activity is negligible. Data regarding the extent of private sector involvement in money laundering in Jamaica remains relatively limited. Some professions, such as used-car dealers, hardware merchants, and real estate agents, among others, seem to be more prone to occasionally act as facilitators of money laundering, but their collaboration with groups engaged in organized and systemic criminal operations is currently rare. Jamaica has made efforts to improve accountability and transparency in recent years and has made fighting organized crime a priority, but its overall governance, high levels of violence, low public trust in authorities, and lack of accountability and transparency remain substantial challenges. Jamaica is not perceived as having successfully strengthened its capacity to combat organized crime and the government has been criticized for its failure to focus on combating the socio-economic roots of rampant criminal activity and violence across the country. Although the country has established institutions to fight corruption, persistent deep-seated corruption across the country — along with rampant misconduct among security officials — illuminates the inefficacy of these initiatives. Jamaica has ratified a number of international conventions and protocols on organized crime, including drug and human trafficking. Jamaica is also party to relevant wildlife protection agreements. It benefits from international cooperation in the form of financial support for community programmes, as well as from coordination with law enforcement agencies in other countries, particularly the US, to stop the transit of illegal drugs by sea. Although Jamaica possesses a relatively robust anti-organized crime legislative framework, the implementation of its related policies remains a notable challenge. Nonetheless, recent anti-gang legislation aimed at reducing high levels of gang-related violence across the country targets people responsible for criminal activities and those with whom they conspire. Although cannabis consumption has been partially legalized in recent years, police officials remain authorized to seize larger amounts. In addition, deep-rooted corruption — including allegations of police officers working directly with criminals and committing extra-judicial executions — overshadows some of the positive initiatives that have been put in place to try and tackle criminal markets involving human trafficking, gang recruitment, and scamming. Nevertheless, law enforcement in Jamaica is making efforts to root out internal corruption, in particular through the Major Organized Crime and Anti-Corruption Agency. Further efforts were made to tackle certain criminal markets through the establishment of specialized units and divisions. At present, Jamaica benefits from two EU-funded projects aimed at combating trade-based money laundering and cash smuggling, primarily through efforts to strengthen Jamaican law enforcement capacity to prevent, detect, investigate, and contribute to the prosecution of such crimes, as well as to ensure financial compliance and asset recovery within the bounds of international financial regulations. Informal savings mechanisms among the Jamaican population are prevalent, and many people have been excluded from basic financial services including credit. Nevertheless, the country continues to work with the Word Bank to strengthen its private sector business environment by addressing critical business competition and regulatory problems. Victim and witness support in Jamaica remain significant challenges. In terms of witness support, the Jamaican government maintains a witness protection programme. Prevention programmes, however, are active across the country and focus on issues such as human trafficking and drug use, although funding remains a challenge. Other initiatives have been implemented in recent years, such as the National Consensus on Crime, which aim to transform the country into a safe, secure, and investment-friendly society through the dismantling of criminal gangs and the combating of corruption. Although civil society is highly active, cooperation initiatives between civil society and state actors on issues such as crime prevention and victim support nonetheless remain limited. However, NGOs have cooperated with state agencies on several initiatives. Jamaica has one of the freest press environments globally. Media outlets in the country are considered fairly independent, and journalists are able to work free from threats of violence or censorship. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Kingston. Income group Upper middle income. Population 2,, Geography type Island. GINI Index Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 5. Human smuggling 3. Extortion and protection racketeering 6. Arms trafficking 9. Trade in counterfeit goods 6. Illicit trade in excisable goods 7. Flora crimes 1. Fauna crimes 2. Non-renewable resource crimes 1. Heroin trade 3. Cocaine trade 6. Cannabis trade 8. Synthetic drug trade 3. Cyber-dependent crimes 4. Financial crimes 7. Criminal actors 6. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 8. Criminal networks 8. State-embedded actors 8. Foreign actors 7. Private sector actors 2. Political leadership and governance 4. Government transparency and accountability 5. International cooperation 7. National policies and laws 5. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 6. Territorial integrity 6. Anti-money laundering 4. Economic regulatory capacity 4. Victim and witness support 5. Prevention 6. Non-state actors 6. Analysis Download full profile english. People Human trafficking in Jamaica is a highly organized criminal market linked to the drug trade, with mafia-style groups and foreign actors exploiting highly vulnerable populations. Environment Although instances of illegal logging and the illicit trade of rare species have been documented, the flora and fauna crime markets are negligible, and there is no evidence to suggest that a market for non-renewable resource crimes exists in Jamaica. Drugs The high quality and popularity of Jamaican marijuana has rendered the market highly lucrative and substantial in reach. Cyber Crimes Since the onset of the COVID pandemic, Jamaican criminal groups have reportedly taken advantage of cyberspace to conduct malicious attacks through the dark web. Financial Crimes Lucrative lottery scams are very common in Jamaica, often used by criminal gangs seeking funding to expand territorial control, purchase lethal weaponry, and execute various other organized crime-related activities. Criminal Actors Dozens of mafia-style gangs operate across Jamaica. Leadership and governance Jamaica has made efforts to improve accountability and transparency in recent years and has made fighting organized crime a priority, but its overall governance, high levels of violence, low public trust in authorities, and lack of accountability and transparency remain substantial challenges. Civil society and social protection Victim and witness support in Jamaica remain significant challenges. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

Jamaica: In the Drug Trade—Big and Getting Bigger

Montego Bay buying Heroin

Jamaican criminal organizations, working for dominant Mexican and Colombian DTOs, use the island as a key passageway and warehouse for drug smuggling to the U. As corruption and organized crime have become a serious impediment to judicial efforts aimed to curb the flow of illegal substances and laundered funds, Jamaican officials are working closely with their U. Even so, the efforts exerted by Jamaica and its regional allies in fighting the drug problem have not yielded entirely satisfactory results. In the recent past this may have meant supporting the U. Drug Enforcement Administration DEA has declared Jamaica a major transit location for illegal narcotics, transported either via way-stations located on Jamaica or moved up to the Bahamas, and then directly to U. DTOs usually conceal the merchandise in commercial shipments or private planes, but inhumane methods involving the use of couriers, known as mules, have become a common practice. Couriers board airlines or cruise ships having ingested as many as cocaine filled condoms for concealment. According to U. Customs, more than 63 percent of all arrests at U. The sluggish growth of the Jamaican economy and a high rate of unemployment allows DTOs—especially those from Colombia— to take advantage of impoverished Jamaican families. These economically marginalized islanders the majority of whom are women seeking quick money to feed their families , are lured by their potential earnings to be a courier. The Problem At Home Jamaican officials are better able to control those smuggling marijuana abroad as compared to exporting cocaine, due to a far more advanced international cartel system servicing the latter. Recently, this has translated to increased cocaine shipments from the island. In , local cocaine smugglers altered their methods of transportation to U. According to the Department of State, the volume of cocaine going to Jamaica from such locations was believed to be decreasing in , but turned around the following year. Seizures of cocaine within Jamaica fell from Jamaican cannabis production and export involves a home-grown product and a relatively less complex drug organization. Those involved have not been particularly successful in evading the government. Marijuana seizures sky rocketed from 19, kg in to 59, kg in , and areas of cultivation raided by the authorities have increased from hectares to hectares respectively. Although authorities have been somewhat successful, a prevalent problem continues to be the connection between Jamaican marijuana traffickers and those trafficking cocaine. The former often trade their product to cocaine traffickers in exchange for funds later used to finance their organizations and to buy weapons and inventory. With a population of approximately 2. In alone, there were 1, murders, which increased to 1, in , slightly decreasing to 1, in as a result of new legislation. The drugs smuggled to Jamaica from South America or Mexico guns often included in the cargo contributes to the eruption of violence. Weapons trafficking between islands is also very common. There are many reports of drug smugglers from Haiti trading sophisticated guns for marijuana and cocaine; such weaponry eventually finds its way to the streets and into the hands of criminals. The increasing use of drugs has raised many urban areas such as Kingston and Montego Bay to become places to avoid because of their violent atmosphere. The U. Embassy in Jamaica warns American tourists to stay away from inner-city locations as they may be in danger of falling victim to theft or violent confrontations with the local criminals. In a recent U. Violence became an element too closely linked with political life and that brought unsavory elements into the political process. Although Kingston has been relatively unsuccessful in aggressively carrying forth its battle against corruption, the Jamaica Constabulary Forces JCF has achieved a 16 percent reduction in crime through its zero-tolerance policy. Even with a percent increase in cannabis seizures in alone, the success of the JCF and Jamaica Defense Force JDF continues to be hampered by internal venality. In order for Kingston to be successful on the crime front, analysts believe that it would be wise for it to first clean up its internal affairs. Operation Kingfish, a multinational task force involving the governments of Jamaica, the U. From the 1, operations launched, 57 boats, 56 vehicles, firearms, and one aircraft have been seized by officials. The operation is also responsible for the interception of over 13 metric tons of cocaine and over 27, pounds of compressed marijuana, suggesting at least a small victory in the fight against the drug cartels. To further these efforts, the U. Along with participation in these anti-drug initiatives, the Joint Jamaica-United States Maritime Cooperation Agreement allows partner nations to share in monitoring maritime zones, providing more flexibility in fighting the drug war at sea. A Willing Government During , the U. According to the State Department, Washington now insists that, within the coming year, Jamaica must detain at least two major cocaine shipments, arrest at least one major figure within an international DTO, and take important steps in reforming the Jamaica Constabulary Force. The problem is that, despite all the anti-drug reforms, violence does not seem to be abating throughout the island, with Jamaica maintaining one of the highest murder rates in the world, hampering its economic and social growth. Skip to content Jamaica Press Releases.

Montego Bay buying Heroin