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A child sniffs toxic glue from a plastic bottle on the streets of Mombasa, a coastal city in southeastern Kenya on the Indian Ocean. The high rate of youths using drugs has visibly affected their lives and the safety of the region. As he looks forward to his university graduation ceremony late this year, year-old Caleb Kanja can't forget his arduous journey toward his success. In , he was rescued from the streets of this coastal city in southeastern Kenya along the Indian Ocean by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Mombasa when he was using drugs, especially glue, cannabis, cocaine and heroin. Life was difficult on the street, and I would today be like other youths whose lives have been affected because of drugs. Kanja, who is pursuing economics at a local university in Kenya, said he began using drugs at a tender age due to peer pressure after his mother died and left him with his uncaring father. I used to beg for money so that I could buy glue, which is cheaper compared to other drugs. Caleb Kanja, 27, now pursuing a degree in economics at a local university in Kenya, is a beneficiary of the Grandsons of Abraham Rescue Centre in Mombasa. He is among thousands of youths whom the nuns have rescued from using drugs in the coastal region. With help from volunteers, the sisters find dazed youths in abandoned buildings and shanties dotting the shores of the Indian Ocean. They take them to the Grandsons of Abraham, a rescue center that works with the community to find, rehabilitate and educate youths to make them better citizens. The coastal region comprises six counties, which are also names of the region's main towns — Mombasa, Taita Taveta, Kwale, Kilifi, Lamu and Tana River. These towns are known as tourist destinations globally for their sun and beaches. But the tourism industry has not yielded job opportunities for many of the region's youth and young adults. Rather, tourism — and the free flow of drugs to Kenya's coast — has led to a culture that has trapped primarily boys and young men in a cycle they rarely escape. The numbers are low for addiction among local girls and women, whose adherence to cultural norms and fear of rejection by society make it unlikely they would end up on the streets. Findings from the country's National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse show that drug use is rife in the coastal regions and visibly affects the lives of youths. The report, which was released in , indicates that In a county-by-county breakdown, Mombasa led with The report by the national authority, which is mandated to coordinate a multisectoral effort to prevent, control and mitigate alcohol and drug abuse in Kenya, further explains that Joseph of Mombasa believes that the region's proximity to the seashore makes it a hub for narcotics, especially heroin from Southeast Asia and cocaine from Latin America destined for Europe and North America, as detailed in this research report , funded by the European Union, on 'the heroin coast. The youths always say that the drugs help them feel high and happy so that they forget about their problems. Gilbert Kitiyo, recent Mombasa County commissioner, admits that the number of people using drugs in the coastal region is high. Minors as young as have been swept into the drug menace, he said. Kitiyo led a multi-agency security team to smoke out drug barons, midlevel dealers and street sellers. In a recent reshuffling of 24 commissioners , Kitiyo was transferred to an eastern Kenya region away from the coast. It's a fight that is going on, and we are certain as a government we will end it,' Kitiyo told Global Sisters Report in an interview last month. Kitiyo blamed the judiciary for the slow pace of the regional war on drugs, saying thousands of cases involving drug trafficking were still pending before the Mombasa courts. Nevertheless, corruption by police and lack of political will have been cited as the main challenges facing the fight against drug abuse in the coastal region. In , for example, a report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime showed how Kenyan government officials were bribed for years by the Akasha family drug empire to shield them from legal consequences for trafficking drugs and even from extradition to the United States to face drug charges. It took the intervention of U. The detectives extradited them from Mombasa to New York to face charges for trying to import banned drugs. The two were later found guilty. In January , Ibrahim was sentenced to 23 years in prison for trafficking heroin and methamphetamine in the U. His brother, Baktash, had been sentenced to 25 years in prison in August Yet, those who aided them in Kenya remain free after authorities failed to charge them in court. Along the streets of the coastal towns, gaunt youths can be seen seated on stones in neglected structures and shanties. Most of the youths here are a pale shadow of their former selves. Their blemished faces and skin and bloodshot eyes are the ravaged features that exaggerate their age due to constant drug abuse. Youths meet for their daily dose of heroin, cocaine and other drug substances in Kenya's coastal region on the Indian Ocean. Addiction has become rife and is visibly affecting the lives of youths in the tourist region. However, the Sisters of St. Joseph of Mombasa are rescuing some youths from the streets, rehabilitating them before reuniting them with their families. Festus Modali, one of the youths, who rolls up heroin into cigarettes or injects it directly into his veins, said his brother introduced him to drugs. I will die,' he said. Pure heroin is sold to the youths and schoolchildren on every corner of these coastal region towns. The drug is smoked or snorted, but most addicts prefer injecting. Veronica Wanjiru, a doctor who is the medical director at Mother Amadea Mission Hospital in a Mombasa suburb, said people who inject themselves with drugs were most vulnerable to HIV and viral infections such as hepatitis C. Other adverse public health consequences from those who inject drugs include risk of transmitting tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B, and several sexually transmitted infections. Joseph Sr. Wanjiru treats patients who struggle with substance abuse once they reach the Grandsons of Abraham Rescue Centre. Health experts in the coastal region have said that drug abuse and depression are the leading causes of mental illness. Recent Mombasa County Commissioner Kitiyo noted that the illicit drug business has contributed to lawlessness in the region, adding that youths were also dropping out of school to concentrate on consuming drugs. They are busy on the streets engaging in drugs, and they are a threat to security as some engage in theft and pickpocketing,' he said. However, with the help of social workers, religious sisters are battling to end the drug menace in the coastal region. They believe that victims of drug abuse, especially youths, could still be productive in society if they are helped and rehabilitated. The Sisters of St. They rescue addicts from the streets and drug dens and assist them in recovering from addiction before providing them with education and life skills. Malika, the St. Joseph sister who is leading the fight against drug abuse in the coastal region, visits the dens, abandoned structures, alleys and huts where the addicts hide to smoke, sniff or inject drugs. She talks to the youths about the dangers of drug abuse and its likely consequences. Jane Frances Kamanthe Malika puts on music from her radio to entertain children from the streets and encourage them to come to the Grandsons of Abraham Rescue Centre. Joseph of Mombasa are rescuing youths addicted to drugs from the streets, then rehabilitate them before remitting them back to their families or relatives. Once off the streets, the youths are given a week to rest before they begin counseling sessions and treatment. The sisters said that those who have been on drugs for a long time or are sick are taken to hospitals for treatment. Malika said that after recovery, the youths are made aware of the dangers of using drugs. They provide educational scholarships to the children who are still young and willing to go back to school and complete their education. Those who can't go back are enrolled in vocational training in farming, welding, plumbing, masonry and computer skills. The center works with the community to rescue drug-addicted street children and rehabilitate and reunite them with their families. Those who don't have families stay at our center,' she said, citing challenges with the children they reintegrate into the communities. The sisters have also been conducting campaigns on drugs and substances across the region's towns to educate youths on their effects and remind parents of their responsibilities. They also have engaged them in sports such as beach soccer and basketball. Most of them are influenced by their peers to engage in drugs because they are idle,' said Malika. In the meantime, Kanja, the current college student the sisters pulled from the streets of Mombasa, is appealing to well-wishers to continue rescuing drug addicts, as many do not even recall how they began using drugs. Jane Frances Kamanthe Malika advises youths in the streets of Mombasa, Kenya, about the effects of abusing drugs. A youth sniffs toxic glue and smokes marijuana on the streets of Mombasa, Kenya. Youths carrying plastic bottles from which they sniff glue meet in a neglected structure in Mombasa, Kenya. Children and youths from the streets enjoy the music from a radio that has been given to them by St. Jane Frances Kamanthe Malika. Select any of the newsletters below, then enter your email address and click 'subscribe'. Join the Conversation. Government struggles Gilbert Kitiyo, recent Mombasa County commissioner, admits that the number of people using drugs in the coastal region is high. Bloodshot eyes, blemished faces Along the streets of the coastal towns, gaunt youths can be seen seated on stones in neglected structures and shanties. Sisters intervene However, with the help of social workers, religious sisters are battling to end the drug menace in the coastal region. Most Read Stories. Latest News Science. Brian Roewe. Vatican News. Carol Glatz Catholic News Service. Christopher White. Subscribe to GSR's Free Newsletters Select any of the newsletters below, then enter your email address and click 'subscribe'. Global Sisters Report: Latest news and columns a few times a week. Horizons: Young sisters speak sent each Friday. Notes from the Field sent each Wednesday. GSR in the Classroom sent occasionally. Enter your email. Leave this field blank.

Drug addicts at the Kenyan Coast turn to Ecstasy

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The relationship between commercial sex work and drug use is complex and the two exacerbate each other. In Kenya, Mombasa County has one of the highest populations of drug users and commercial sex workers. Despite documentation of drug use among sex workers, most of the studies are based on self-reported history which is prone to social desirability and memory recall biases. It is in this context that we sought to establish actual drug use is this sub-population. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine self-reported and confirmed drug use among commercial sex workers accessing services at Mvita Drop-in. Actual drug use was determined qualitatively using 6 panel plus alcohol Saliva Test kit. Regardless of the technique used, alcohol and tobacco products were the most consumed substances. Almost every commercial sex worker is a poly-drug user. We recommend targeted interventions for commercial sex workers. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Commercial sex refers to selling sex or purchasing of sex which includes but is not limited to exchanging sex for money, drugs, food, shelter, gifts or other items \[ 1 , 2 \]. Drug use among commercial sex workers CSWs is a public health problem and the two exacerbate each other. This is partly due to their shared epidemiological and environmental predictive factors. These factors include low socio-economic status, a history of child abuse, unstable housing, unemployment, frequenting entertainment venues and being single or separated \[ 3 — 10 \]. People who use drugs PWUDs are likely to engage in sex for money, sex for drugs and sex for police protection \[ 11 , 12 \]. On the other hand, sex workers are more likely to use drugs as they wait for clients, to gain courage to approach clients and to boost energy to serve clients \[ 13 — 15 \]. In addition, they are likely to use opiates or depressants in order to relax after sex work or as a relief from associated trauma \[ 15 , 16 \]. In Mexico, most female sex workers FSWs use alcohol. Factors that predicted hazardous drinking in this sub-population were any drug use in the past month, being a barmaid or dance hostess, alcohol use before or during sex with clients and working in a city with a higher marginalization index \[ 17 \]. In this city, smoking methamphetamine daily was associated with living in the red-light district, perceived homelessness, having a high income and age \[ 19 \]. A study among Iranian at-risk women in Tehran reported sex work as the main source of income in almost half of the sample. In this study, Findings from a nationwide bio-behavioural survey in Iran reported history of drinking alcohol to be positively associated with lifetime history of drug injection and younger age at sex work debut \[ 21 \]. In Kenya, the coastal region has had longer documented history of drug use. For example, by heroin was reported to have been available in the streets of Mombasa for over 25 years \[ 22 \]. Mombasa County has one of the highest populations of drug users and commercial sex workers in Kenya \[ 23 , 24 \]. Mombasa being a cosmopolitan city and a tourist destination it creates an opportune environment for both drug use as well as sex work. Its proximity to neighbouring countries with porous borders makes it a convenient route for drugs on transit \[ 25 \]. Even though drug use among sex workers is documented, the documentation process is based on self-reported history which is prone to social desirability bias and memory recall bias. It is for this reason that this study sought to determine drug use patterns based on self-reported history, actual drug use and social-demographic features associated with drug use among sex workers in Mombasa. The study was conducted according to the Helsinki declarations. Informed written consent was obtained from each participant. Participant assisted questionnaires and consent forms were prepared in both English and Swahili. No name was recorded on the participant assisted questionnaire or used anywhere in the study. Participants benefitted from health promotion messages on effects of drug use on their health and safe sex. This centre is managed by a non-governmental organization that offers sexual reproductive services; HIV counseling, testing and care; and addiction counseling. The study recruited both male and female sexual commercial workers aged above 18 years accessing services at the drop in Centre for a period not less than a month. Upon obtaining written informed consent, participants were enrolled using convenience and snowball sampling methods. However, thirty one 31 participants declined to provide a saliva sample and were excluded. In the end only participants completed the process of study participation and their data analyzed. Social demographic characteristics and self-reported drug use history were documented using a participant assisted questionnaire. These kits utilize monoclonal antibodies to detect high levels of illicit drugs in human oral fluids. We assessed use of cocaine, opiates, tetrahydrocannabinol, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, cotinine and alcohol. Study participants characteristics and drug use were summarized as proportions. Only participants who reported ever using drugs and consented for saliva test were included N reported in each table. Combinations of drugs used were presented using quadrilaterals Venn diagrams plotted using the VennDiagram package in R statistical software. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata version A total of commercial sex workers were successfully recruited and included in the analysis. The most commonly used condoms were the male condoms at The combinations of four most commonly used drugs were alcohol, cigarette, khat and shisha Fig 1A. Of the participants who reported drug use 8 5. Venn diagram showing combinations of four most self-reported used poly-drugs A and drugs detected by saliva test B among transactional sex workers. The proportion of participants who tested positive for poly drug use was: two drugs 5. Among these positive participants only 2. There was a moderate agreement between self-reported alcohol use and confirmed use at a Kappa coefficient of 0. Similarly, nine participants reported use of cocaine and tested positive for it at a Kappa coefficient of 0. A vast majority of the participants in the present study were female, youthful, unemployed or in informal unstable employment and single by the virtue of having never been married, separated, divorced or widowed. These findings were consistent with existing literature \[ 10 , 12 , 16 , 29 — 31 \]. Globally most sex workers are more likely to be women partly due social inequities which double as predictors of both CSW and drug use. For example in Eastern Nepal in India poverty was the most frequent It also is possible that the number of men who sell sex for money or goods MSW worldwide could be higher but underreported. Most studies and reports include MSW as either a subset of men who have sex with men MSM or as a subgroup of sex workers. Additionally, since this was a cross-sectional study it is not possible to know whether the separated, divorced or widowed participants joined CSW before or after marital separation. This deviates from most studies in Mombasa County and worldwide that report low levels of educational attainment among CSWs. This could be attributed to exchequer funded free primary and subsidized secondary education from that has increased enrollment as well retention in schools. Mombasa County has also undergone rapid socio-economic growth steered by increase in number of tertiary educational institutions. Due to limited government funding at tertiary level, some college students may be engaging in commercial sex to raise tuition fees and complement their upkeep. Alternatively, the deviation could be due to sampling method as the respondents were from one site. Regardless of the technique used to assess drug use, alcohol was the most consumed substance and most participants were poly-drug users. The risk of alcohol use increased significantly with age. In Uganda, a study focusing on alcohol use within the context of sex work in Kampala city reported that clients to FSWs encouraged the later to consume alcohol \[ 26 \]. An integrative review of global literature on alcohol use among female sex workers and male clients identified multilevel contexts of alcohol use in the sex work environment worldwide \[ 13 \]. This high frequency of alcohol usage in this sub-population could be due to its effects as a depressant. Most CSWs are likely to use alcohol in order to gain courage to approach clients, engage in sex and to self-medicate traumatic episodes like sexual violence \[ 15 , 16 , 34 \]. In view of the fact that alcohol use among FSWs has also been identified as a contributor to risky sexual behavior \[ 35 \] there is need to upscale targeted interventions for all CSWs, their clients and the social venues operators. In this study, tobacco products were prevalently consumed with cigarettes and shisha being the most preferred substances. This was supported by the respondents testing positive for cotinine which is a metabolite of nicotine. Use of tobacco products however decreased with age. These findings were consistent with a survey that reported shisha use to be popular among the youth and commercial sex workers \[ 36 \]. In Brazil, In Kenya, shisha has been projected in the public mind as trendy thus making it appealing to the youth who were the majority respondents in this study. This argument is strengthened with a survey that sought to establish the status of shisha and kuber use in Kenya \[ 36 \]. The survey reported that shisha was popular among the youth and CSWs. Additionally, tobacco is a cash crop in Kenya and the usage of tobacco products other than shisha is not illegal but regulated \[ 38 \]. This makes it easily accessible and affordable thus increasing its demand. Regardless of the existence of clear legal framework on tobacco use, the execution process has been feeble and slow. The present study reports regular use of marijuana by FSWs in Mombasa. This deviation can be attributed to the fact that this study focused on current use of marijuana while the previous study was reporting a lifetime use. These findings differ with results in South Africa that assessed depression, anxiety symptoms and substance use amongst sex workers. The study reported a very high Overall marijuana use among FSWs was relatively low considering it is one of the most consumed illicit drugs in the world with over million users \[ 39 \]. Nevertheless, marijuana usage among CSW in Mombasa cannot be ignored. The practice can be attributed to the associated violent behaviour \[ 40 \] which CSWs exhibit especially when dealing with clients who are unwilling to pay or abusive. The respondents also commonly used khat which is structurally related to amphetamine. Cathinone is the main active ingredient in khat and its synthetic derivatives form a part of the new psychoactive substances list. These substances are collectively known amphetamine-type stimulants \[ 41 , 42 \]. In Phnom Penh, Cambodia, young female sex workers used amphetamine-type stimulants ATS to enable them to work longer hours; increase strength and endurance thus making possible women to serve more customers; and to change their demeanour, making them more comfortable as well as friendlier with customers \[ 42 \]. This reduction in khat use could signify change in drug use patterns. Khat might have been replaced by more trendy drugs. The risk of opiate use was associated with being younger, male gender, formal employment and having unprotected sex. Heroin, an opioid has been available in the streets Mombasa for over 40 years \[ 43 \] and its use in Mombasa is progressively raising. For example, only six percent of FSWs in Mombasa reported a lifetime use of heroin in \[ 42 \]. Additionally, a significant number of female IDUs reported engaging in unprotected sex \[ 12 \]. In Kisumu, majority of the FSWs used heroin to engender morale and courage to engage in sex work as well as fight potentially abusive clients \[ 12 \]. Use of heroin by CSW could be a coping strategy employed to deal with work related stress and physical trauma due to its analgesic properties. A small proportion of participants used cocaine and its use was associated with being male and in formal employment. In the current study only 7. This could be attributed to the fact that cocaine is a very expensive drug and is regarded as a high-end drug thus its demand is relatively low. Cocaine use before or during sex increases sexual desire at the same time it triggers sexually compulsive behaviours \[ 44 \]. Current use of rohypnol and diazepam was also reported by a small proportion of participants who also tested positive for benzodiazepines. Divergent findings were reported in Pretoria, South Africa where a randomized controlled trial reported 1. The usage of these tranquillizers and sedatives could be a form of self-meditation to relieve substance-induced depression or work related stress \[ 46 \]. Based on self-reported history alcohol tobacco products and khat were frequently used; while saliva tests indicated alcohol, cotinine, THC and opioids to be the most preferred combinations. Peers in form of friends and colleagues played a major role in initiating participants into drugs use with a vast majority attributing drug use to work related pressure as they reported inability to transact business while sober. This could be the one of the contributors to the reported daily high frequency of drug use. Congruent to these results are findings of a study carried out in Kisumu city Kenya. Participants attributed substance use to the need to gain courage in order to hold a conversation; ask for fair prices and demand condom use; and strength to contend with the potential for sexual assault \[ 49 \]. Having explored drug use among CSWs we conclude that drug use and use of multiple substances is indeed a problem in this sub-population. Regardless of the technique used to assess drug use, alcohol and tobacco products were the most consumed substances. Risk of alcohol use increased significantly with age while the odds of using tobacco products were correlated with younger age. Sex work related pressure and peer influence played a major role in initiation as well as continued use of drugs. A vast majority of the respondents reported that they cannot transact sex related business without drugs. Drug use among CSWs is therefore a complex problem that requires multi-dimensional interventions. This may include economic empowerment through vocational training as well as user friendly harm reduction services. The strength of this study is anchored on confirmed drug use using oral fluids which is more reliable than self-reported drug use. The first limitation is the cross-sectional design which precludes causal reasoning. Secondly all the sex workers were from one site and this could have introduced a selection bias. Finally, we tested for only seven drugs using a six 6 panel plus alcohol test kit. It is possible we might have missed to detect some drugs. Future studies may have to consider a wider panel like seventeen 17 plus alcohol test kit. We thank the study participants, management and staff of the Mvita Drop in Service Centre for their cooperation and support during the study. Abstract The relationship between commercial sex work and drug use is complex and the two exacerbate each other. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Introduction Commercial sex refers to selling sex or purchasing of sex which includes but is not limited to exchanging sex for money, drugs, food, shelter, gifts or other items \[ 1 , 2 \]. Material and methods Ethics statement The study was conducted according to the Helsinki declarations. Study design A cross-sectional study conducted between February and April Study participants and sample size determination The study recruited both male and female sexual commercial workers aged above 18 years accessing services at the drop in Centre for a period not less than a month. Variables and data measurement Social demographic characteristics and self-reported drug use history were documented using a participant assisted questionnaire. Statistical methods Study participants characteristics and drug use were summarized as proportions. Results Socio-demographic characteristics of participants A total of commercial sex workers were successfully recruited and included in the analysis. Download: PPT. Table 1. Socio- demographic characteristics of commercial sex workers visiting a drop in centre in Mombasa, Kenya. Table 2. Self-reported drug use and saliva drug tests of commercial sex workers visiting a drop in centre in Mombasa, Kenya. Table 3. Self-reported drug use based on various demographics sub-groups among commercial sex workers visiting a drop in centre in Mombasa, Kenya. Table 4. Saliva-positive drug use based on various demographics sub-groups among commercial sex workers visiting a drop in centre in Mombasa, Kenya. Table 5. Table 6. Reported drugs consumption history and practices among commercial sex workers visiting a drop in centre in Mombasa, Kenya. Discussion A vast majority of the participants in the present study were female, youthful, unemployed or in informal unstable employment and single by the virtue of having never been married, separated, divorced or widowed. Conclusion Having explored drug use among CSWs we conclude that drug use and use of multiple substances is indeed a problem in this sub-population. Supporting information. S1 Data. Acknowledgments We thank the study participants, management and staff of the Mvita Drop in Service Centre for their cooperation and support during the study. References 1. Journal of urban health , ; 86 1 , pp 32— Sexual and relationship therapy , ; 34 3 , — Budambula V and Budambula L M. Chasing the Dragon: Drug use and abuse. View Article Google Scholar 4. Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran. Addictive behaviors , ; 90, 40— Psychology of violence , ; a Journal Urban Health , ; 95 , pp 91—8. Journal of research on adolescence , ; 20 1 , — View Article Google Scholar Journal of community health , ; 42 1 , 90— Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users. BMC public health , ; 18 1 , Alcohol use among female sex workers and male clients: n integrative review of global literature. Alcohol and alcoholism , ; 45 2 , Pp — Lindquist J. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power , ; —3, — Drug and alcohol dependence , ; , — Depression, anxiety symptoms and substance use amongst sex workers attending a non-governmental organisation in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Structural factors associated with methamphetamine smoking among female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico. Drug and Alcohol Review , ; S—S Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences , ; 9 2 , e Injection drug use among female sex workers in Iran: Findings from a nationwide bio-behavioural survey. International Journal of Drug Policy , ; 44 , Pp 86— Mugenda O and Mugenda A. Research methods. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. African centre for technology studies. Nairobi, Kenya. Cohen J. A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, ; 20 1 , 37— AIDS care , ; 26 12 , Pp— Transactional relationships and sex with a woman in prostitution: prevalence and patterns in a representative sample of South African men. BMC Public Health , ; Transactional sex among men who have sex with men in Latin America: economic, sociodemographic, and psychosocial factors. American Journal of Public Health , ; 5 :e95—e Violence, HIV risk behaviour and depression among female sex workers of eastern Nepal. BMJ open, 3 6 , e Early sex work initiation and condom use among alcohol-using female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya: a cross-sectional analysis. Sexually Transmitted Infections , ; 92 8 , — Alcohol consumption and high risk sexual behaviour among female sex workers in Uganda. HIV and syphilis prevalence and associated risk factors among fishing communities of lake Victoria, Uganda. Sexually Transmitted Infections , ; — Smoking among female sex workers: prevalence and associated variables. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia , ; 43 1 , 6— World Drug Report United Nations publication, Sales No. A Review of Cases of Marijuana and Violence. International journal of environmental research and public health , ; 17 5 , Patel NB. Khat Catha edulis Forsk —And now there are three. The Brain Research Bulletin ; ; — The International journal on drug policy , ; 22 3 , — Cocaine administration dose-dependently increases sexual desire and decreases condom use likelihood: The role of delay and probability discounting in connecting cocaine with HIV. Psychopharmacology , ; 4 , — Substance abuse, treatment needs and access among female sex workers and non-sex workers in Pretoria, South Africa. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy , ; 4 Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking pattern among brothel-based female sex workers in two local government areas in Lagos state, Nigeria. 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