Modal verbs

🎱obligation: should and ought to

Should is used for suggestions, advice and opinions. It is less strong than must' Compare:

AII drivers must have adequate insurance, it's the law.

You should insure your computer against accidental damage - it's sensible.

🥏Orders and instructions can be made more polite by using should instead of must.

Applications should be sent before 30 June. Visitors should report to the office

🥏Ought is similar to should,but less common' It is followed by to

You ought to insure your computer

 People ought to smile more.

Note: Question forms of ought are

rather formal. In conversation people

prefer, for example,

Do you think I ought to . ..? or

Should we... ? (Not usually Ought I/ we to...?).

certainty: must, can't, will, should

must,can't: We say that something must be true if we are certain, not from direct experience,

out from deduction: from thinking about it logically. Compare:

she's at home- I saw her go in.

She must be at home - her car's outside and the lights are on.

🥏the usual negative of must,with this meaning, is cannot/can't.

She can't be at home- her car's gone and there are no lights on.

should: We use should (not) when we are not certain, but think that there are good reasons to

think that something is true or not

He left an hour ago. He should be home by now.

can I ask about the dates?' 'Try lessica - she should know.'

ought to is possible with the same meaning.

'Try lessica - she ought to know.'

🥏will

We can use will and will not / won't with a similar meaning to must/can't This is most common when we are certain of something because it's what is expected, or what is normal/typical.

'There's somebody coming up the stairs.' 'That'll be Mary.

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