Mock Private Method
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If you already read some other blog post about unusual mocking, you can skip prelude via this link.
I was asked to put together examples for how to mock Java constructs well known for their testability issues:
I am calling these techniques unusual mocking. I was worried that such examples without any guidance can be widely used by teammates not deeply experienced in mocking frameworks.
Developers practicing TDD or BDD should be aware of testability problems behind these constructs and try to avoid them when designing their tests and modules. That is the reason why you probably wouldn't be facing such unusual mocking often on project using these great programming methodologies.
But sometimes you have to extend or maintain legacy codebase that usually contains low cohesive classes. In most cases there isn't time in the current hectic agile world to make such classes easy to unit test the standard way. When you are trying to unit test such classes, you often realize that unusual mocking is needed.
That is why I decided to create and share refactoring considerations alongside with examples and workarounds for unusual mocking. Examples are using Mockito and PowerMock mocking frameworks and TestNG unit testing framework.
Private method that is needed to be mocked can be in:
Re-factoring techniques to consider:
This is my preferred technique when I need to mock private method. I believe that minor exposing of internal implementation in flavor to enhance testability of testing module is much lower risk for project than fall into bytecode manipulation mocking framework like PowerMock or JMockIt.
Before usage of this example, please carefully consider if it is worth to bring bytecode manipulation risks into your project. They are gathered in this blog post. In my opinion it should be used only in very rare and non-avoidable cases.
Test shows how to mock private method directly by PowerMock. Example covers:
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One of the challenges of unit testing is mocking private methods.
In this tutorial, we'll learn about how we can achieve this by using the PowerMock library – which is supported by JUnit and TestNG.
PowerMock integrates with mocking frameworks like EasyMock and Mockito and is meant to add additional functionality to these – such as mocking private methods, final classes, and final methods, etc.
It does that by relying on bytecode manipulation and an entirely separate classloader.
First, let's add required dependencies to use PowerMock with Mockito and JUnit into our pom.xml:
The latest versions can be checked here and here.
Let's get started with an example of a LuckyNumberGenerator. This class has a single public method for generating a lucky number:
For exhaustive unit testing of the method, we'd need to mock private methods.
As a simple example, let's mock the behavior of a private method with no arguments and force it to return the desired value:
In this case, we mock the private method getDefaultLuckyNumber and make it return a value of 300.
Next, let's mock the behavior of a private method with an argument and force it to return the desired value:
In this case, we mock the private method and make it return 1.
Notice that we don't care about the input argument and use ArgumentMatchers.anyInt() as a wildcard.
Our final strategy is to use PowerMock to verify the invocation of a private method:
Finally, although private methods can be tested using PowerMock, we must be extra cautious while using this technique.
Given the intent of our testing is to validate the behavior of a class, we should refrain from changing the internal behavior of the class during unit testing.
Mocking techniques should be applied to the external dependencies of the class and not to the class itself.
If mocking of private methods is essential for testing our classes, it usually indicates a bad design.
In this quick article, we showed how PowerMock could be used to extend the capability of Mockito for mocking and verification of private methods in the class under test.
The source code of this tutorial can be found over on GitHub.
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Mock Private Method
