Mitragyna speciosa

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Mitragyna speciosa

Mitragyna speciosa commonly known as kratom \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] is a tropical evergreen tree in the coffee family native to Southeast Asia. Common minor side effects include nausea, vomiting, and constipation. As of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[update\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] , there is growing international concern about a possible threat to public health from kratom use. Its trunk may grow to a 0. Mitragyna speciosa was first formally described by the Dutch colonial botanist Pieter Korthals in , who named it as such; it was renamed and reclassified several times before George Darby Haviland provided the final name and classification in In cultures where the plant grows, kratom has been used in traditional medicine. The leaves are chewed to relieve musculoskeletal pain and increase energy, appetite, and sexual desire in ways similar to khat and coca. Extracts and leaves have been used to treat coughs, diarrhea, and intestinal infections. In , kratom was reported to have been used as an opium substitute in Malaysia. Kratom was also used as an opium substitute in Thailand in the nineteenth century. Data on how often it is used worldwide are lacking, as it is not detected by typical drug-screening tests. It is a mix of kratom leaves, cough syrup , Coca-Cola , and ice; as of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[update\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] , people who consumed this were often viewed more negatively than users of traditional kratom, but not as negatively as users of heroin. In the US, as of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[update\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] , kratom was available in head shops and over the Internet; the prevalence of its use was unknown as of that time. At relatively low doses 1—5 g of raw leaves , at which there are mostly stimulant effects, side effects include contracted pupils and blushing; adverse effects related to stimulation include anxiety and agitation, and opioid-related effects like itching, nausea, loss of appetite, and increased urination begin to appear. At moderate 5 to 15 g of raw leaves doses and higher, at which opioid effects generally appear, additional adverse effects include tachycardia increased stimulant effect as well as the opioid side effects of constipation, dizziness, hypotension, dry mouth, and sweating. Frequent use of high doses of kratom may cause tremors, anorexia, weight loss, seizures , and psychosis. Serious toxicity is relatively rare and generally appears at high doses or when kratom is used with other substances. In July , the Centers for Disease Control issued a report stating that between and , US poison control centers received reports of exposure to kratom. Medical outcomes associated with kratom exposure were reported as minor minimal signs or symptoms, which resolved rapidly with no residual disability for Overdoses of kratom are managed similarly to opioid overdoses , and naloxone can be considered to treat an overdose that results in a reduced impulse to breathe, despite mixed results for its utility, based on animal models. From October to February in the United States, 28 people in 20 different states were infected with salmonella , an outbreak occurring from the consumption of contaminated pills, powder, tea or unidentified sources of kratom. Respiratory depression is a major risk with opioids, especially those that have activity at the mu-opioid receptor. This is the leading cause of death from opioid use. A CDC report on kratom exposures did not list respiratory depression as a risk of kratom, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[17\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] nor did a DEA report. In rare cases, chronic use of kratom has been linked to acute liver injury with associated symptoms of fatigue, nausea, itching and jaundice. Kratom overdose is a subject of concern in many countries because of the rising number of hospitalizations and deaths from chronic kratom abuse. The key psychoactive compounds in M. Detection in body fluids is typically by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. As of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[update\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] , much of the pharmacology of kratom was not well understood, having stimulant effects at low doses, an opioid-like effect at higher doses, as well as sedative and sensory-suppressive effects. Mitragynine is metabolized in humans via phase I and phase II mechanisms with the resulting metabolites excreted in urine. In , kratom was designated a Schedule 1 illegal drug the highest level in the Republic of Ireland , under the names 7-Hydroxymitragynine and Mitragynine. Possession of kratom leaves is illegal in Thailand. The Thai government passed the Kratom Act , effective August 3, , which made planting the tree illegal, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[14\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] in response to a rise in its use when opium became very expensive in Thailand and the Thai government was attempting to gain control of the opium market. The government considered legalizing kratom in , , and Over the period from to , kratom-related reports of poisoning in the United States increased fold. On 30 August , the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA announced its intention to place the active materials in the kratom plant into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act as a warning about an imminent hazard to public safety, citing over calls to poison control centers between and and 15 kratom-related deaths between and We have to rely upon science. In November , the FDA cited serious concerns over the marketing and effects including death associated with the use of kratom in the United States, stating that 'There is no reliable evidence to support the use of kratom as a treatment for opioid use disorder ; there are currently no FDA-approved therapeutic uses of kratom In February , the commissioner of the FDA , Scott Gottlieb , released a statement describing further opioid-like properties of kratom and stating that it should not be used for any medical treatment or recreational use. On April 4, , the FDA issued the first mandatory recall in its history over concerns of salmonella contamination of several kratom-containing products. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 September Mitragyna speciosa Powdered kratom. Mitragynine \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] 7-hydroxymitragynine \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] Other alkaloids \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] Raubasine \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] More than 40 other compounds \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Indonesia \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] Thailand \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Not authorized for sale or use \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] US: Drug of Concern, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] sale is illegal \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] EU: Page last updated 8 January Retrieved 12 September Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. W; Vadivelu, R; Vicknasingam, B. I; Jayabalan, N; Hazim, A. Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction'. Retrieved 8 August Retrieved 7 March US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 6 February Archived from the original PDF on 11 June Retrieved 29 March Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Retrieved 15 February SE Asian drug is imminent hazard to public safety'. US Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 15 September Retrieved 31 August Food and Drug Administration. The Botany of Mitragyna speciosa Korth. In Raffa, Robert B. Kratom and Other Mitragynines: A survey of the literature'. Decriminalisation and Community Control? Young people feel the need to drink 4x in hidden settings due to fears of arrest by law enforcement. In one district, 21 of 39 villages reported the presence of 4x users in their community. Compared to traditional use, 4x users are subject to some measure of community discrimination, though community perceptions are far milder than for yaba or heroin users. The New York Times. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved 22 February Kratom and other mitragynines: A review of herbal marijuana alternatives K2, Spice , synthetic cathinones bath salts , kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines'. Journal of Medical Toxicology. In Smith, Silas W. Kava, Kratom and Khat'. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Mar 25 Pt 1: The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse'. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. Retrieved September 12, Retrieved 31 May Archived from the original on 14 February Retrieved 18 April Drug and Alcohol Review. Retrieved 14 November The FDA is aware of reports of 36 deaths associated with the use of kratom-containing products. There have been reports of kratom being laced with other opioids like hydrocodone. The FDA recommends that consumers not use these or any kratom products and dispose of any products currently in their possession. Retrieved 5 April United States Food and Drug Administration. Agonists abridged; see here for a full list: Retrieved from ' https: Views Read View source View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. This page was last edited on 12 September , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Nauclea luzoniensis Blanco Nauclea speciosa Korth. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitragyna speciosa. Scholia has a topic profile for Mitragyna speciosa.

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