Mitragyna speciosa

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Common minor side effects may include nausea, vomiting, and constipation. As of , there was a growing international concern about a possible threat to public health from kratom use. Mitragyna speciosa was first formally described by the Dutch colonial botanist Pieter Korthals in , who named it as such; it was renamed and reclassified several times before George Darby Haviland provided the final name and classification in In , kratom was reported to be used as an opium substitute in Malaysia. Kratom was also used as an opium substitute in Thailand in the 19th century. Data on how often it is used worldwide are lacking as it is not detected by typical drug screening tests. In cultures where the plant grows, it has been used in traditional medicine. The leaves are chewed to relieve musculoskeletal pain and increase energy, appetite, and sexual desire in ways similar to khat and coca. Extracts and leaves have been used to treat coughs, diarrhea, and intestinal infections. It is a mix of kratom leaves, cough syrup, Coca-Cola, and ice; as of , people who consumed this were often viewed more negatively than users of traditional kratom, but not as negatively as users of heroin. In the US, as of , kratom was available in head shops and over the internet; prevalence of use was unknown as of that time. At relatively low doses 1—5 g of raw leaves at which there are mostly stimulant effects, side effects include contracted pupils and blushing; adverse effects related to stimulation include anxiety and agitation, and opioid-related effects like itching, nausea, loss of appetite, and increased urination begin to appear. Serious toxicity is relatively rare and generally appears at high doses or when kratom is used with other substances. Medical outcomes associated with kratom exposure were reported as minor minimal signs or symptoms, which resolved rapidly with no residual disability for Overdose of kratom is managed similar to opioid overdose , and naloxone can be considered to treat an overdose that results in a reduced impulse to breathe, despite mixed results for its utility, based on animal models. Respiratory depression is a major risk with opioids, especially those that have activity at the mu-opioid receptor. This is the leading cause of death from opioid use. A CDC report on kratom exposures did not list respiratory depression as a risk of kratom, \\\\\\\\\\\\\[11\\\\\\\\\\\\\] nor did a DEA report. In rare cases, chronic use of kratom has been linked to acute liver injury with associated symptoms of fatigue, nausea, itching and jaundice. Kratom has become a subject of concern in many countries because of the rising number of hospital visits and reports of deaths associated with its use. In this last case, levels of mitragynine were higher than those of other drugs, and there was pulmonary edema and other signs of opioid toxicity , and kratom was declared the possible cause of death. In an additional case, there were high levels of mitragynine and signs of opioid toxicity on autopsy. The key psychoactive compounds in M. The chemical structure of mitragynines incorporates the nucleus of the tryptamine , and these may be responsible for the molecules observed in the serotonin and adrenergic systems. As of , much of the pharmacology of kratom was not well understood. Mitragynine is metabolized in humans via phase I and phase II mechanisms with the resulting metabolites excreted in urine. Detection in body fluids is typically by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. As of January , neither the plant nor its alkaloids were listed in any of the Schedules of the United Nations Drug Conventions. Possession of kratom leaves is illegal in Thailand. The Thai government passed the Kratom Act , effective August 3, , which made planting the tree illegal, \\\\\\\\\\\\\[8\\\\\\\\\\\\\] in response to a rise in its use when opium became very expensive in Thailand and the Thai government was attempting to gain control in the opium market. The government considered legalizing kratom in , , and The FDA started working with other US agencies to seize shipments of imported kratom in , as the product was being marketed as a dietary supplement but had never been shown to be part of the US diet nor to be Generally Recognized as Safe. On 30 August , the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA announced its intention to place the active materials in the kratom plant into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act as a warning about an imminent hazard to public safety, citing over calls to poison control centers between and and 15 kratom-related deaths between and We have to rely upon science. As of October , it was not legal to market kratom for any use in which it was ingested, but could be marketed for other uses, such as incense. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mitragyna speciosa Scientific classification Kingdom: Synonyms \\\\\\\\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\\\\\\\] Nauclea korthalsii Steud. Nauclea luzoniensis Blanco Nauclea speciosa Korth. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. Bio Med Research International. Archived from the original PDF on 11 June Retrieved 29 March Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. In Raffa, Robert B. Kratom and other mitragynines: Retrieved 4 October SE Asian drug is imminent hazard to public safety'. US Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 15 September Retrieved 31 August Page last updated 8 January Retrieved 12 September The Botany of Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom and Other Mitragynines: Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. A survey of the literature'. Decriminalisation and Community Control? Young people feel the need to drink 4x in hidden settings due to fears of arrest by law enforcement. In one district, 21 of 39 villages reported the presence of 4x users in their community. Compared to traditional use, 4x users are subject to some measure of community discrimination, though community perceptions are far milder than for yaba or heroin users. The New York Times. A review of herbal marijuana alternatives K2, Spice , synthetic cathinones bath salts , kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines'. Journal of Medical Toxicology. In Smith, Silas W. Kava, Kratom and Khat. International journal of molecular sciences. Mar 25 Pt 1: The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Discovery of an orally active opioid analgesic from the Thai medicinal herb Mitragyna speciosa. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. Retrieved September 12, Retrieved 31 May Drug and Alcohol Review. Retrieved 18 April Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 14 February Agonists abridged; see here for a full list: Retrieved from ' https: Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. This page was last edited on 6 October , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitragyna speciosa.

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