Mistress Montaine
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Mistress Montaine
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
French author, philosopher, and statesman (1533–1592)
"Montaigne" redirects here. For other uses, see Montaigne (disambiguation) .
Château de Montaigne, Guyenne, Kingdom of France
^ Jump up to: a b c Foglia, Marc; Ferrari, Emiliano (18 August 2004). "Michel de Montaigne" . In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.).
^ Miner, Robert (2017). "Gay Science and the Practice of Perspectivism". Nietzsche and Montaigne . pp. 43–93. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-66745-4_3 . ISBN 978-3319667447 .
^ Robert P. Amico, The Problem of the Criterion , Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Montaigne, Essais , II, 12: " Pour juger des apparences que nous recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un instrument judicatoire; pour verifier cet instrument, il nous y faut de la demonstration; pour verifier la demonstration, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge of the appearances that we receive of subjects, we had need have a judicatorie instrument: to verifie this instrument we should have demonstration; and to approve demonstration, an instrument; thus are we ever turning round]" (transl. by Charles Cotton ).
^ Kurt Braatz, Friedrich Nietzsche: Eine Studie zur Theorie der Öffentlichen Meinung , Walter de Gruyter, 2011, p. 1.
^ FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago" . "Everything I’ve read has influenced me in some way. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."
^ "Montaigne" . Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur" . Collier's New Encyclopedia . New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
^ His anecdotes are 'casual' only in appearance; Montaigne writes: 'Neither my anecdotes nor my quotations are always employed simply as examples, for authority, or for ornament...They often carry, off the subject under discussion, the seed of a richer and more daring matter, and they resonate obliquely with a more delicate tone,' Michel de Montaigne, Essais , Pléiade, Paris (ed. A. Thibaudet) 1937, Bk. 1, ch. 40, p. 252 (tr. Charles Rosen)
^ Sophie Jama, L’Histoire Juive de Montaigne [ The Jewish History of Montaigne ], Paris, Flammarion, 2001, p. 76.
^ "His mother was a Jewish Protestant, his father a Catholic who achieved wide culture as well as a considerable fortune." Civilization, Kenneth Clark, (Harper & Row: 1969), p. 161.
^ Winkler, Emil (1942). "Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur" . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
^ Goitein, Denise R (2008). "Montaigne, Michel de" . Encyclopaedia Judaica . The Gale Group . Retrieved 6 March 2014 .
^ Introduction: Montaigne's Life and Times , in Apology for Raymond Sebond , By Michel de Montaigne (Roger Ariew), (Hackett: 2003), p. iv: "Michel de Montaigne was born in 1533 at the chateau de Montagine (about 30 miles east of Bordeaux), the son of Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne, and Antoinette de Louppes (or Lopez), who came from a wealthy (originally Iberian) Jewish family".
^ "...the family of Montaigne's mother, Antoinette de Louppes (Lopez) of Toulouse, was of Spanish Jewish origin...." – The Complete Essays of Montaigne , translated by Donald M. Frame , "Introduction," p. vii ff. , Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1989 ISBN 0804704864
^ Popkin, Richard H (20 March 2003). The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle . ISBN 978-0195107678 .
^ Green, Toby (17 March 2009). Inquisition: The Reign of Fear . ISBN 978-1429938532 .
^ Montaigne. Essays , III, 13
^ Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Hazlitt, W. Carew, eds. (1952). The Essays of Michel Eyquem de Montaigne . Great Books of the Western World. Vol. twenty–five. Trans. Charles Cotton. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. v. He had his son awakened each morning by 'the sound of a musical instrument'
^ Philippe Desan (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Montaigne , Oxford University Press, 2016, p. 60.
^ Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance: Travaux et documents , Volume 47 , Librairie Droz, 1985, p. 406.
^ Frame, Donald (translator). The Complete Essays of Montaigne. 1958. p. v.
^ Kramer, Jane (31 August 2009). "Me, Myself, And I" . The New Yorker . Retrieved 16 March 2019 .
^ St. John, Bayle (16 March 2019). "Montaigne the essayist. A biography" . London, Chapman and Hall . Retrieved 16 March 2019 – via Internet Archive.
^ Bertr, Lauranne. "Léonor de Montaigne – MONLOE : MONtaigne à L'Œuvre" . Montaigne.univ-tours.fr . Retrieved 16 March 2019 .
^ As cited by Richard L. Regosin, ‘Montaigne and His Readers', in Denis Hollier (ed.) A New History of French Literature , Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London 1995, pp. 248–252 [249]. The Latin original runs: 'An. Christi 1571 aet. 38, pridie cal. mart., die suo natali, Mich. Montanus, servitii aulici et munerum publicorum jamdudum pertaesus, dum se integer in doctarum virginum recessit sinus, ubi quietus et omnium securus (quan)tillum in tandem superabit decursi multa jam plus parte spatii: si modo fata sinunt exigat istas sedes et dulces latebras, avitasque, libertati suae, tranquillitatique, et otio consecravit.' as cited in Helmut Pfeiffer, 'Das Ich als Haushalt: Montaignes ökonomische Politik’, in Rudolf Behrens, Roland Galle (eds.) Historische Anthropologie und Literatur: Romanistische Beträge zu einem neuen Paradigma der Literaturwissenschaft , Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg, 1995 pp. 69–90 [75]
^ Desan, Philippe (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Montaigne . ISBN 978-0-19-021533-0 .
^ Edward Chaney , The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance , 2nd ed. (London, 2000), p. 89.
^ Cazeaux, Guillaume (2015). Montaigne et la coutume [ Montaigne and the custom ]. Milan: Mimésis. ISBN 978-8869760044 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2015.
^ Montaigne's Travel Journal , translated with an introduction by Donald M. Frame and a foreword by Guy Davenport, San Francisco, 1983
^ Treccani.it, L'encicolpedia Italiana, Dizionario Biografico . Retrieved 10 August 2013
^ Montaigne, Michel de, Essays of Michel de Montaigne , tr. Charles Cotton , ed. William Carew Hazlitt , 1877, "The Life of Montaigne" in v. 1. n.p., Kindle edition.
^ "The Autobiography of Michel De Montaigne", translated, introduced, and edited by Marvin Lowenthal, David R. Godine Publishing, p. 165
^ "Biographical Note", Encyclopædia Britannica "Great Books of the Western World", Vol. 25, p. vi "Montaigne"
^ Bakewell, Sarah. How to Live – or – A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer (2010), pp. 325–326, 365 n. 325.
^ "Titi Lucretii Cari De rerum natura libri sex (Montaigne.1.4.4)" . Cambridge Digital Library . Retrieved 9 July 2015 .
^ Bruce Silver (2002). "Montainge, Apology for Raymond Sebond: Happiness and the Poverty of Reason" (PDF) . Midwest Studies in Philosophy XXVI . pp. 95–110.
^ Bloom, Harold (1995). The Western Canon . Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1573225144 .
^ Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How to live : a life of Montaigne in one question and twenty attempts at an answer . London: Vintage. p. 280. ISBN 978-0099485155 .
^ Jump up to: a b King, Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William. A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context , 4th ed., Pearson Education, Inc. 2009, p. 112.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hall, Michael L. Montaigne's Uses of Classical Learning . "Journal of Education" 1997, Vol. 179 Issue 1, p. 61
^ Jump up to: a b Ediger, Marlow. Influence of ten leading educators on American education . Education Vol. 118, Issue 2, p. 270
^ Jump up to: a b c Worley, Virginia. Painting With Impasto: Metaphors, Mirrors, and Reflective Regression in Montagne's 'Of the Education of Children.' Educational Theory , June 2012, Vol. 62 Issue 3, pp. 343–370.
^ Friedrich, Hugo; Desan, Philippe (1991). Montaigne . ISBN 978-0520072534 .
^ Friedrich 1991 , p. 71. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFriedrich1991 ( help )
^ Billault, Alain (2002). "Plutarch's Lives " . In Gerald N. Sandy (ed.). The Classical Heritage in France . p. 226. ISBN 978-9004119161 .
^ Jump up to: a b Olivier, T. (1980). "Shakespeare and Montaigne: A Tendency of Thought". Theoria . 54 : 43–59.
^ Harmon, Alice (1942). "How Great Was Shakespeare's Debt to Montaigne?". PMLA . 57 (4): 988–1008. doi : 10.2307/458873 . JSTOR 458873 .
^ Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1958). Introduction to Pascal's Essays . New York: E. P. Dutton and Co. p. viii.
^ Quoted from Hazlitt's "On the Periodical Essayists" in Park, Roy, Hazlitt and the Spirit of the Age , Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971, pp. 172–173.
^ Kinnaird, John, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power , Columbia University Press, 1978, p. 274.
^ Nietzsche, Untimely Meditations , Chapter 3, "Schopenhauer as Educator", Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 135
^ Sainte-Beuve, "Montaigne", "Literary and Philosophical Essays", Ed. Charles W. Eliot, New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1938.
^ Powys, John Cowper (1916). Suspended Judgments . New York: G.A. Shaw. pp. 17 .
^ Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: Representations of Reality in Western Literature, Princeton UP, 1974, p. 311
^ "French museum has 'probably' found remains of philosopher Michel de Montaigne" . Japan Times . 21 November 2019.
^ " 'Mystery' endures in France over Montaigne tomb: archaeologist" . France 24 . 18 September 2020.
^ brigoulet#utilisateurs (27 February 2019). "Bordeaux's humanist university" . Université Bordeaux Montaigne . Retrieved 16 March 2019 .
Michel de Montaigne at Wikipedia's sister projects
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne ( / m ɒ n ˈ t eɪ n / mon- TAYN ; [6] French: [miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ] ; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592 [7] ), also known as Lord of Montaigne , was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance . He is known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre . His work is noted for its merging of casual anecdotes [8] and autobiography with intellectual insight. Montaigne had a direct influence on numerous Western writers; his massive volume Essais contains some of the most influential essays ever written.
During his lifetime, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation, and his declaration that "I am myself the matter of my book" was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognized as embodying, perhaps better than any other author of his time, the spirit of freely entertaining doubt that began to emerge at that time. He is most famously known for his skeptical remark, '' Que sçay-je ?" ("What do I know?", in Middle French ; now rendered as " Que sais-je? " in modern French).
Montaigne was born in the Aquitaine region of France, on the family estate Château de Montaigne in a town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne , close to Bordeaux . The family was very wealthy; his great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, had made a fortune as a herring merchant and had bought the estate in 1477, thus becoming the Lord of Montaigne. His father, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Montaigne, was a French Catholic soldier in Italy for a time and had also been the mayor of Bordeaux. [7]
Although there were several families bearing the patronym "Eyquem" in Guyenne , his father's family is thought to have had some degree of Marrano (Spanish and Portuguese Jewish) origins, [9] while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a convert to Protestantism. [10] His maternal grandfather, Pedro Lopez, [11] from Zaragoza , was from a wealthy Marrano ( Sephardic Jewish ) family that had converted to Catholicism. [12] [13] [14] [15] His maternal grandmother, Honorette Dupuy, was from a Catholic family in Gascony , France. [16]
During a great part of Montaigne's life, his mother lived near him and even survived him, but she is mentioned only twice in his essays. Montaigne's relationship with his father, however, is frequently reflected upon and discussed in his essays.
Montaigne's education began in early childhood and followed a pedagogical plan that his father had developed, refined by the advice of the latter's humanist friends. Soon after his birth, Montaigne was brought to a small cottage, where he lived the first three years of life in the sole company of a peasant family in order to, according to the elder Montaigne, "draw the boy close to the people, and to the life conditions of the people, who need our help". [17] After these first spartan years, Montaigne was brought back to the château. Another objective was for Latin to become his first language.
The intellectual education of Montaigne was assigned to a German tutor (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father hired only servants who could speak Latin, and they also were given strict orders always to speak to the boy in Latin . The same rule applied to his mother, father, and servants, who were obliged to use only Latin words he employed, and thus they acquired a knowledge of the very language his tutor taught him. Montaigne's Latin education was accompanied by constant intellectual and spiritual stimulation. He was familiarized with Greek by a pedagogical method that employed games, conversation, and exercises of solitary meditation, rather than the more traditional books.
The atmosphere of the boy's upbringing, although designed by highly refined rules taken under advisement by his father, created in the boy's life the spirit of "liberty and delight" that he later would describe as making him "relish... duty by an unforced will, and of my own voluntary motion...without any severity or constraint"; yet he would have everything to take advantage of his freedom. And so a musician woke him every morning, playing one instrument or another, [18] and an épinettier (with a zither ) was the constant companion to Montaigne and his tutor, playing tunes to alleviate boredom and tiredness.
Around the year 1539, Montaigne was sent to study at a highly regarded boarding school in Bordeaux, the College of Guienne , then under the direction of the greatest Latin scholar of the era, George Buchanan , where he mastered the whole curriculum by his thirteenth year. He finished the first phase of his educational studies at the College of Guienne in 1546. [19] He then began his study of law (his alma mater remains unknown since there are no certainties about his activity from 1546 to 1557) [20] and entered a career in the local legal system. He was a counselor of the Court des Aides of Périgueux and, in 1557, he was appointed counselor of the Parlement in Bordeaux, a high court. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier at the court of Charles IX and he was present with the king at the siege of Rouen (1562) . He was awarded the highest honour of the French nobility , the collar of the Order of Saint Michael , something to which he had aspired from his youth.
While serving at the Bordeaux Parlement he became a very close friend of the humanist poet Étienne de La Boétie , whose death in 1563 deeply affected Montaigne. It has been suggested by Donald M. Frame, in his introduction to The Complete Essays of Montaigne that because of Montaigne's "imperious need to communicate", after losing Étienne he began the Essais as a new "means of communication" and that "the reader takes the place of the dead friend". [21]
Montaigne married Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably in an arranged marriage . She was the daughter and niece of wealthy merchants of Toulouse and Bordeaux. They had six daughters, but only the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy. [22] Little is known about their marriage, he wrote very little about their relationship, however, he did write about his daughter Léonor, "All my children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only daughter, who has escaped this misfortune, has reached the age of six and more without having been punished, the indulgence of her mother aiding, except in words, and those very gentle ones." [23] His daughter married François de la Tour and later, Charles de Gamaches. She had a daughter by each. [24]
Following the petition of his father, Montaigne started to work on the first translation of the Catalan monk Raymond Sebond 's Theologia naturalis , which he published a year after his father's death in 1568 (in 1595, Sebond's Prologue was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum because of its declaration that the Bible is not the only source of revealed truth ). After this, he inherited the family's estate, the Château de Montaigne, to which he moved back in 1570; he thus became the Lord of Montaigne. Another literary accomplishment was Montaigne's posthumous edition of the works of his friend, Boétie .
Château de Montaigne , a house built on the land once owned by Montaigne's family; his original family home no longer exists, although the tower in which he wrote still stands
The Tour de Montaigne ( Montaigne's tower ), where Montaigne's library was located, remains mostly unchanged since the sixteenth century
In 1571, he retired from public life to the Tower of the château , his so-called "citadel", in the Dordogne , where he almost totally isolated himself from every social and family affair. Locked up in his library, which contained a collection of some 1,500 works, he began work on his Essais ("Essay
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