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Commentary by Natalie Tecimer. Back to Issue This piece was originally published in The Diplomat. The opioid crisis continues to claim thousands of lives every month across the United States, driven in part by use of fentanyl, a powerful opioid primarily manufactured in China. But it is another opioid, tramadol, that threatens to wreak global havoc, and another Asian giant that is pouring it into the world. In the most recent year with full data , Some expect these numbers to have tripled for , and six U. In October, President Trump declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency. Fentanyl is at the center of the opioid crisis in the United States. It is used as a direct substitute for heroin, but it is 50 times more powerful than heroin. Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid, meaning it requires precursor chemicals to manufacture, and it is prescribed as a pain medication. In the past two years, however, illicit manufacturing and importing of fentanyl has skyrocketed. The death rate from synthetic drug use reflects this trend. China is the number one supplier of fentanyl to the United States. China is also the main supplier to Canada and Mexico. Cartels in the latter usually then smuggle it into the United States. After years of persistent efforts, the U. In mid- October, two Chinese nationals were indicted for running a large illicit fentanyl distribution network and their three American accomplices were arrested. Fentanyl exported from China to the United States comes in several different forms: fentanyl, its precursor chemicals, fentanyl variants, and fentanyl-laced counterfeit prescription opioids. India exports many controlled and prescription drugs to the United States, including fentanyl. Indian fentanyl exports to the United States are a fraction of those from China, but India does export tramadol, which is a growing issue for the United States. However, unlike China, which has now designated over fentanyl variants and precursors on its list of controlled substances, India has not placed fentanyl, or most other opioids, on its controlled substances list, easing production and export. India only regulates 17 of the 24 basic precursor chemicals for fentanyl as listed by the UN Convention against Drugs. In the Middle East and Africa, the less potent opioid tramadol, not fentanyl, is responsible for the opioid crisis. India is the biggest supplier. Tramadol is a less powerful opioid, though more potent if taken orally than injected due to its chemical makeup, and it is not regulated by international conventions nor in many countries. This combination is dangerous: cities with high tramadol abuse have reported increasingly high rates of traffic accidents. In Garoua, Cameroon, hospitals can trace 80 percent of all traffic accidents resulting in hospital visits to tramadol, suggesting that at least half of adults in the city use tramadol. To make it even more apparent how dire tramadol addiction has become, hospital staff reported that people waiting for patients outside of the hospital gates would start convulsing, the sign of a tramadol overdose. In the past year, U. Southeast Asian countries, which also do not regulate tramadol, are frequently used as transit countries, with tramadol repackaged in creative ways. Often, the tramadol is not seized until it reaches the Middle East. There have been several instances of seizures of tramadol from India destined for Islamic State territory. The group has been involved in both the trafficking and consumption of tramadol, and the quantity of drugs being purchased by ISIS is so great that it can be assumed the group is selling a significant portion for profit. Neither India nor many Southeast Asian countries regulate tramadol, and since tramadol is not on the international drug schedule, it is only regulated if individual countries decide to classify it. But, if only one country classifies the drug and places it under regulation, it will not necessarily affect the supply. This was a problem for Egypt, which scheduled tramadol in hope of curbing abuse. Despite this, Indian tramadol exports to Egypt continued to rise and tramadol is the most abused drug in Egypt today. For example, Egypt first scheduled tramadol in because of growing tramadol use, but since tramadol was not on the international drug schedule, India was not obligated to notify Egypt of an upcoming tramadol export. Thus, Indian exports to Egypt continued to rise and tramadol is the most abused drug in Egypt today. One potential reason India does not regulate tramadol, or other opioids, is the lack of domestic concern about addiction. Yet, the government acknowledgement has not been sufficient; government corruption plays a role with the pharmaceutical corporations, wholesale exporters, and internet companies responsible for the illicit flow of opioids out of India. In their report on corruption, Transparency International found that India had the highest bribery rates across the Asia Pacific region. The lack of international regulations also contributes to the problem. The WHO used the case of Egypt scheduling tramadol in and up-scheduling labeling it as a greater threat in , presented by a German pharmaceutical company, as evidence that when tramadol is scheduled, consumption for legitimate medical use declines. Although the WHO acknowledges that tramadol is widely abused and that there have been huge seizures of the drug, it decided against critical review and international controls. The United States finally added tramadol to its drug schedule in , as a Schedule IV drug, out of five classes, meaning it is regulated less than other drugs like heroin, fentanyl, methadone, or oxycodone. Not only does the United States need to work closely with India to ensure tramadol misuse does not escalate at home, but more critically the U. The National Security Strategy advocated a stronger U. Tramadol is cheap, widely available, and extensively abused. As the world pays closer attention to fentanyl from China, there is room for another major supplier to the United States. India has been slow to regulate precursor chemicals and does not regulate fentanyl or tramadol. Indian traffickers have developed the worldwide networks. The drug threat from India requires a greater level of U. Natalie Tecimer is a program manager and research associate with the Wadhwani Chair in U. Commentary by Natalie Tecimer Published March 23, Full citations available in PDF.
Largest shipment of cocaine Large shipment of drugs seized in Misrata port. by Libyan Customs: Drugs trade turning from import smuggling to manufacturing in.
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Sebha is the capital of the Libyan Fezzan, the southern region bordering the Sahel, below the Tropic of Cancer. With over , inhabitants, Sebha is in the middle of the Libyan desert and is the hub of all the shady dealings that lead from Africa to Europe and vice versa. Its desert roads are full of robbers who kidnap, plunder and kill people. The city is experiencing a dramatic moment, torn by clashes and at the center of a dispute between the several governments, but also among the criminal gangs from middle Africa, that have their tentacles here. We met Hamid al-Hayali, its elected mayor, one of the few legitimate authorities in the chaos of a country with 3 governments, desperately seeking funds and projects to restart the city, even more isolated by the closure of the airport. A river of millions of Euros and US dollars passes every day through the city of Sebha, its deposits, its logistics, its criminal networks. Prisons must be defended. Who do it? This is also a matter of resources. In the province of Sebha there are 75 tribes that, in the vacuum of political power, occupied most of the space, limited only by the military presence of the Third Force of Misrata, further strengthened after the victory against ISIS in Sirte. The Third Force is the only permanent military element of interposition to prevent chaos in the most acute moments of conflict. The Balance between the tribes, in constant conflict with each other, is guaranteed by the municipality, but also by the elderly assemblies, which intervene in the event of inter-tribal armed conflicts. There are good tribes and others bad, and criminal individuals from all sides, as well as good people from all sides. Some tribes are, then, directly involved in trades. Furthermore, there are militias, autonomous and armed. The majority of them are foreigners. Then, there are the locals, who join together and these are among the causes of this violence. Most traffickers are Chadians, then there are the Nigerians. They are all criminals, like the gangs of Gambia and Ghana. They are like organized networks, part of the great international crime. Whereas the Nigeriens are workers, they stay here a couple of years, they work and then go back home. Yes, they commit some small crimes, but nothing compared to the Chadians and the Nigerians. A security source, then, explains us that, since some time, Nigerian clans perform transfers towards Italy, especially of women, under reserve, ie they get a fee upon arrival at the Italian reception centers or with money transfers that come directly by relatives or other traffickers in Italy. Traders receive on phones the financial transfer numbers and, after checking the regularity of the transaction, embark the migrants. The price can get up to 5, Euros for the arrival in Italy, while another thousand Euros then are spent on running away from Centers, reaching other destinations, or being put to work in the streets, by mixed Italian and Nigerian organizations. To the south, all the products subsidized by the Libyan government. First of all petrol, diesel, oil and oil derivatives, but also food, rice and pasta. These are the goods that from Libya, through Sebha, go to the south, Sudan and Chad. What do they bring on in addition to immigrants? They carry drugs, hashish, pills and cocaine. But there are also mercenaries who the various parties enlist. They are thousands. The African cocaine route, which passes through Sebha and the Sahel and is supplied by cartels in South America, is one of the most interesting new researches. By security sources, who have made several arrests and seizures on the coast, we learned that the cocaine passing from Sebha opens a new route across the north-south traffics axis. The African market for cocaine is North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt, following both paths through Kufra and the coastal ones that give access to Tunisia. Agenfor Chairman from until Arabist specialized in the field of Muslim minorities, Dr. Bianchi has carried out in-depth research on security issues and geopolitics, supporting the idea that Islam may be a resource to counter the terrorist threats. Among his recent books 'Is Islamism a Threat? His articles and video productions regarding a wide range of topics from politics to breaking news have been featured in national and internationally published newspapers and TVs over the years. Privacy policy.
Misrata buy cocaine
Second, with security in flux, the purchase, sale, and use of drugs became less risky. as one young person explained,. Smoking hashish has gone way up. It's.
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Tripolitania is connected to the Fezzan region in the south-west, an important entry point for hashish, cocaine, heroin and prescription drugs. There are three.
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