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Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. United States Bureau of Reclamation. Michelle Chapman Katherine Benko. Reverse osmosis RO and nanofiltration NF were tested using microfiltered municipal wastewater for producing water for irrigation and wetlands habitat. NF concentrate had the best quality for irrigation. Product water from both NF and RO would be pure enough for wetland augmentation. Commercial samples of cellulose acetate and polyamide reverse osmosis RO and nanofiltration NF membranes were treated with an homologous series of polyethylene-oxide based surfactants to improve fouling resistance. Various characterization methods were used to quantify membrane surface changes with treatment and fouling with a vegetable broth solution. Streaming potential was used to characterize changes in zeta potential. Atomic force microscopy was used to evaluate changes in surface topography. Fouling layer thickness was evaluated using acoustic time domain reflectometry. Results from these methods were compared with performance changes. The fouling solution degraded the untreated cellulose acetate CA blend membrane. Therefore any surface protection provided by the surfactant was dramatically illustrated. Triton Xl00 and Pluronic P84 provided significant protection. Polyamide PA membranes treated with surfactant experienced a severe flux decline. A similar decline was caused by fouling of the untreated PA membrane. The treated PA membrane did not have further flux decline with fouling. These results suggest a need for further studies on whether or not a surfactant pretreatment will result in improved membrane flux and rejection over many operating and cleaning cycles when exposed to fouling waters. The Bureau of Reclamation, in cooperation with the GRIC Gila River Indian Community and the cities of Avondale and Chandler, Arizona, performed this field study to determine the suitability of several water treatment processes on ground water that contains high levels of nitrate, chloride, and total dissolved solids. This report provides general discussion of three water treatment processes-ED electrodialysis , RO reverse osmosis , and NF nanofiltration. Pilot scale testing of ED and RO reduced concentrations of nitrate, total dissolved solids, and chloride. This report recommends the use of NF or ED membranes for ground water typical of the study area. Cost projections presented in this report contain criteria to assist in the choice between ED and NF water treatment. The pressure-normalized permeate flow NPF and salt rejection were evaluated before and after fouling with a vegetable protein broth. Surface changes were characterized using atomic force microscopy and electro-kinetic analysis. The transport results from both the swatch and element testing were used in a simple economic model to assess operating costs. Results indicate that cost savings are possible based on the changes in NPF and salt rejection. Boegli Robert Jurenka Michelle Chapman. The Bureau of Reclamation and Lake Havasu City conducted a jointly funded research study to evaluate selected ground-water treatment options to assist the city in planning for water treatment expansion. The study included pilot testing at well S6, one of 14 city-owned wells. The ground water from this well, and others in the vicinity, is in full compliance with all EPA Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking water standards. However, the concentrations of other constituents, such as hardness, sulfate, TDS, and manganese, are in excess of secondary MCLs. High manganese levels are of particular concern to the community because precipitates, formed in the water from chlorination, accumulate in the distribution system and cause discoloration of tap water. Two processes were pilot tested: Process recommendations, cost estimates, and design considerations for scale-up are provided in the report based on the results of this testing. Inland Brackish Groundwater As a Resource: Federal Research, Issues, and Challenges. In many arid western communities, groundwater resources once regarded as unusable are under consideration for use in meeting future water needs for drinking and industry. Technology is available to treat any source of water. Challenges now are to determine the most efficient treatment solution for a particular situation. The situation includes the aquifer water chemistry, aquifer productivity, concentrate management options and power options. A sustainable treatment solution should encompass the entire water path from ground to ground for all streams. There are four outside test pads for medium to large pilot studies and six bays inside for test systems treating up to 20 gallons per minute. The facility has an evaporation pond for concentrate management studies, an agricultural research area and space for wind and solar powered process development. Projects tested at the facility so far address many aspects of brackish aquifer utilization. There are projects testing alternatives for desalination concentrate minimization, new membrane development, pretreatment membrane materials for produced water, a new method of electrodialysis, and a variety of brackish groundwater pretreatment processes, which have a role to play in the brackish water resource cycle for some situation. There are still gaps in knowledge of the evolution of brackish aquifers as they are withdrawn. A holistic approach to community water supply development in areas where brackish groundwater is the only or best solution is proposed in this presentation. The renewal of the water source and end disposition of all outgoing streams must be considered early in the planning process. Question - Would someone suggest some literature involving energy consumption of seawater desalination regarding different recovery ratios? The Bureau of Reclamation has funded many projects related to your objective. Browse our reports web site: You will find what you need in 78,. Question - How we can calculate current efficiency in electrodialysis at constant voltage? You can get at this quantity by measuring resistance over a range of voltages. Question - Is there a membrane to pass the liquid through the substance based on its permittivity properties? What is the liquid and what are you trying to separate? Many water sources are less desirable as a potable water source because they vary in quality over time, such as in tidal reaches on coastal rivers. In other situations water needs to be treated intermittently so that either water from several sources is treated at a common treatment location or equipment is moved to the source of contaminated water such as in centralized produced water treatment and small scale industrial waste treatment. Irrigation return flows vary with the amount of precipitation and irrigation and fertilization schedule. Over a longer scale of time, communities that use ground water may find the salinity increase due to seawater intrusion or declining aquifer levels. In all of these scenarios the treatment process and equipment needs to be adaptable to a wider range of source water qualities. Operability, ease of transition between designs, power requirements, and water quality were evaluated using a brackish groundwater feed source. Performance was compared to operation in the original configuration at three other sites with a wide range of salinity. Power use and water quality were as would be expected for the higher recovery. Options for building in design flexibility and cost impacts are discussed. Treatment of Variable Water Sources: Adaptations for a Flexible Desalination System. Jun Singapore International Water Week Michelle Chapman Frank Leitz. There are a number of locations where a utility might want to be able to treat multiple sources of water with one treatment system. A few that are of current interest at the Bureau of Reclamation Reclamation are: In each situation the composition of source water varies widely over the year, or even shorter periods in the case of irrigation drainage which changes with the irrigation cycle. It is not practical to build separate facilities to treat water at different times of the year. A system with built in flexibility to adapt to changing water composition would be preferable. In both cases the conversion from one source water to another can be accomplished with a few extra valves and a supplemental pump for the brackish water case. Brackish water is accommodated in the seawater system by converting one third of the system operating on concentrate pressure to a second stage operating at the residual pressure from the concentrate of the other two thirds of the system which then form the first stage of the brackish system. Michelle Chapman John Walp. Halfway wash is a bend in the Virgin River near Bunkerville, Nevada, with a current water supply of ground water sufficient to support a population of 50, people. The treatment issues are solids, iron, manganese, sulfate reducing bacteria, and sulfate. The subsurface collector provided filtered water from the high solids river flow. Potassium permanganate KMnO4 addition and ozonation 6 milligrams per liter were tested for oxidizing iron and manganese. Ozonation was chosen as most reliable and because it also provides disinfection prior to the desalting system. Nanofiltration NF and reverse osmosis RO were tested sequentially during the pilot test. The following two options for treatment were compared: Michelle Chapman Kim Linton. An extensive evaluation of potential integrity monitoring methods was carried out in cooperation with the City of McAllen Indirect Potable Reuse Pilot Study. Variance of streaming potential measurements. Aug Journal of Membrane Science. Two measurement methods were evaluated: Our study indicated that the kinetics of equilibration between electrolyte, electrodes, and membrane has the greatest impact on measurement uncertainty of any method used. An optimized protocol was developed for each method and the type A uncertainty standard deviation for the data collected using the optimized, modified procedure was one-third the value obtained using the optimized, standard procedure. Membranes are a human technology; water is life. Before we can discuss challenges for membrane technology in water separations we need to discuss a much larger issue. What are the challenges for humans and water? We have come to the point of accepting that, despite the cause, we are experiencing changes in our weather patterns. Communities that could always count on snowmelt are gazing up at dry winter mountaintops. Those who were certain spring rains would water their crops are still gazing out at dusty dry fields when June comes along. Other areas are being deluged in torrents of rain such that soil and crops are washed away. What is the role of the membrane industry in such a world? Over the past year we have been working with Texas Water Development Board and Texas Division of Emergency Management, and meeting with Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and small towns in severe drought situations to try to understand what technology can do to help in the event of a drought emergency. We were surprised by the answer: Some of the key roadblocks to membrane applications in drought emergency are 1. Traditional concepts of water supply and ownership, 2. Competition for water between municipal use, agriculture, power, industry, and energy extraction, 3. Utility managers unfamiliar with membrane processes, there cost, and operational issues, 4. Overworked regulators unfamiliar with membrane processes and how they should be handled within outdated regulations, and 5. ResearchGate is the professional network for scientists and researchers.

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