Methylenedioxypyrovalerone

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Products labeled as bath salts containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States , similar to the marketing for Spice and K2 as incense. The hydrochloride salt exists as a very fine, hygroscopic , crystalline powder that tends to clump to itself, resembling something like powdered sugar. Its color can range from pure white to a yellowish-tan and has a slight odor that strengthens as it colors. Impurities are likely to consist of either pyrrolidine or alpha-dibrominated alkylphenones from either excess pyrrolidine or incomplete amination, respectively, during synthesis. These impurities likely account for its discoloration and fishy pyrrolidine or bromine-like odor, which worsens upon exposure to air, moisture, or bases. Methylenedioxypyrovalerone has no record of FDA approved medical use. MDPV is the 3,4- methylenedioxy ring - substituted analog of the compound pyrovalerone , developed in the s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and as an anorectic , but caused problems of abuse and dependence. MDPV acts as a stimulant and has been reported to produce effects similar to those of cocaine , methylphenidate , and amphetamines. The primary psychological effects have a duration of roughly 3 to 4 hours, with after effects such as tachycardia , hypertension , and mild stimulation lasting from 6 to 8 hours. Reported modalities of intake include oral consumption, insufflation , smoking , rectal and intravenous use. Although there is no experience about the long-term effects of MDPV in humans, its has been reported that mice treated with MDPV during adolescence show reinforcing behavior patterns to cocaine which are higher than the control group. Also, these behavioural changes are related to alterations of factor expression directly related to addiction. All this suggests an increased vulnerability to cocaine abuse \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[12\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Molecularly, this is seen as demethylenation of methylenedioxypyrovalerone CYP2D6 , followed by methylation of the aromatic ring via catechol-O-methyl transferase. Then hydroxylation of both the aromatic ring and side chain takes place followed by an oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring to the corresponding lactam , with subsequent detachment and ring opening to the corresponding carboxylic acid. MDPV may be quantified in blood, plasma or urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. Therefore, anyone caught with MDPV can be charged with possession, selling, supplying or intent to sell or supply. Schedule I status is reserved for those substances with a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted use for treatment in the United States and a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision. Prior to the Federal ban being announced, it was already banned in Louisiana and Florida. It also makes it a Class A misdemeanor to sell the drug, and a Class B misdemeanor to possess it. On May 5, , Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam signed a law making it a crime 'to knowingly produce, manufacture, distribute, sell, offer for sale or possess with intent to produce, manufacture, distribute, sell, or offer for sale' any product containing 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV. On July 6, , the governor of Maine signed a bill establishing fines for possession and penalties for trafficking of MDPV. It also specifically includes MDPV, misspelling the full name as 'methyenedioxypyrovalerone'. In April , two weeks after they went missing, two men in northwestern Pennsylvania were found dead in a remote location on government land. The official cause of death of both men was hypothermia , but toxicology reports later confirmed that both Troy Johnson, 29, and Terry Sumrow, 28, had ingested MDPV shortly before their deaths. MDPV containers were found in their vehicle along with spoons, hypodermic syringes and marijuana paraphernalia. One person was reported dead on arrival at the ED. Associates of the dead person reported that he had used bath salts. His toxicology results revealed high levels of MDPV in addition to marijuana and prescription drugs. The primary factor contributing to death was cited as MDPV toxicity after autopsy was performed. A total of non-fatal intoxications and 99 analytically confirmed deaths related to MDPV between September and August were reported by nine European countries. Physicians often treat MDPV overdose cases with anxiolytics , such as benzodiazepines , to lessen the drug-induced activity in the brain and body. If this is not effective, haloperidol is an alternative treatment. It has been found that the use of any beta blockers to treat hypertension in these patients can cause an unopposed peripheral alpha-adrenergic effect with a dangerous paradoxical rise in blood pressure. This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by authors here. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses. British Journal of Pharmacology. Identification and formation of novel cathinones'. Drug Testing and Analysis. Chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online'. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. Control of mephedrone and other cathinone derivatives'. Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved January 25, Government of Western Australia. Beshear signs law banning new synthetic drugs' Press release. Ohio General Assembly Archives. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Michigan Department of Community Health.

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone