Methods for the expression of comparison in modern English - Иностранные языки и языкознание курсовая работа

Главная

Иностранные языки и языкознание
Methods for the expression of comparison in modern English

Adjectives and comparatives in modern English. Definition, grammatical overview of the term adjectives. Expression and forms of comparative in the language. Morphological, lexical ways of expressing. Features and basic principles of their expression.


посмотреть текст работы


скачать работу можно здесь


полная информация о работе


весь список подобных работ


Нужна помощь с учёбой? Наши эксперты готовы помочь!
Нажимая на кнопку, вы соглашаетесь с
политикой обработки персональных данных

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.


Methods for the expression of comparison in modern English
adjectives comparativ language lexical
The relevance of the research . It is useful to examine these forms and structures from the point of view of what makes them difficult to acquire for language learners and then move into effective methods and techniques to help learners to acquire these important forms and structures.
Сomparison can be expressed by a certain class of adjectives and adverbs. In both types of comparison there must be a standard of reference in order to state that one thing is superior, equal, or inferior in quantity or quality, or likeness. A comparison can be made using any major part of speech. However, a good place to start, when teaching learners' comparison, is by means of adjectives and adverbs in their comparative form. Specifically, in English, the forms of degree comparatives are the inflectional morpheme {-er}, or a quantifier word form such as more or less before an adjective or adverb. In utterances, comparison indicates how a main clause is similar to or different from a subordinate (complementary) clause. Syntactically, comparative clauses and phrases commonly contain the complementizer as to express similarity, and the complementizer than to express difference.
In linguistics, the comparative is a syntactic construction that serves to express a comparison between two (or more) entities or groups of entities in quality, quantity, or degree; it is one of the degrees of comparison, alongside the positive and the superlative. The comparative is signaled in English by the suffix - e r or by a word of comparison ( as , more , less ) and the conjunction - or preposition-like word as or than . The comparative is frequently associated with adjectives and adverbs because these words take the - e r suffix or modifying word more or less (e.g., fast er , more intelligent , less wasteful ); it can also, however, appear when no adjective or adverb is present, for instance with nouns (e.g., more men than women ). The syntax of comparative constructions is poorly understood due to the complexity of the data. In particular, the comparative frequently occurs with independent mechanisms of syntax such as coordination and forms of ellipsis (gapping, pseudogapping, null complement anaphora, stripping, verb phrase ellipsis). The interaction of the various mechanisms complicates the analysis. Most if not all languages have some means of forming the comparative, although these means can vary significantly from one language to the next.
The object of the research is the comparative on advanced semantic theory.
The subject of the research is the expression, forms of comparative in the language.
The purpose of the research is to identify expression and forms of comparative in the language.
The method of the research is descriptive method is based on advanced semantic theory, which allows functionality and identification comparative constructions.
1. Adjectives and comparatives in modern English
Opposites referred to as having positive and negative polarity (high-low, good-bad). In English, positive polarity adjectives are unmarked and negative polarity adjectives are marked. Gradable adjectives in English can be modified by an intensifier, such as very as their properties exist on a scale or continuum. There are adjectives that do not readily permit degree modification, they are referred to as non-gradable and generally denote categorical properties as opposed to scalar properties. For example, perfect, impossible, and dead are adjectives which do not have degrees of the quality that they denote, i.e. something or someone cannot be more or less perfect, impossible, or dead. Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman say of the distinction between the use of absolute adjectives and their relative forms used in comparative and equative constructions. The absolute use of an adjective makes an absolute assertion about the referent of the adjective (e.g. tall, small). [1]
The relative forms, e.g. tall(er), small(er), are used in comparison because they make no absolute assertion about the referents tallness or smallness. However, according to Jovanoviж, the dichotomy that an adjective is either absolute or relative can be slightly misleading. Jovanoviж points out that many adjectives that have a denotative absolute sense can also have a relative figurative sense. An example of this can be seen in the use of dead in a figurative statement such as: Fred feels more dead after eating a big lunch than after eating a big breakfast. This type of use of an adjective has implications for learners, in that, many non-gradable adjectives can have and gradable senses when their meaning is extended, such as in a metaphor. Although, every major part of speech in English will permit comparison, adjectives, present a good starting point to teach the comparative forms. The phonological explanation employed by many textbooks, in order to teach the choice distinction between the {-er} inflection and the periphrastic form, is based on syllable count and stress. If an adjective or adverb has one syllable, or if the adjective has two syllables and ends in a final unstressed it takes the inflectional {-er} endings. Many other twosyllable words which have a stressed first syllable and an unstressed second syllable ending in - ly, - ow, or - le most often take the inflectional ending. It is important to note that two syllable adjectives that add a derivational prefix still take the same inflection as the base form would without the prefix. The rules or tendencies of two syllable adjectives are not as rigid as the prior explanations make it seem. The choice of form may depend on, for example, dialect, register (i.e. informal/formal), pragmatic reasons, or may be discourse or discipline specific. This creates some fuzziness for the learner and a teacher would be well informed to explicitly have learners practice with suppleted forms and forms which do not follow the syllable tendencies outlined above or can readily alternate their forms. Use and meaning issues Doetjes states that it is generally the case that morphological inflections for degree combine most readily with adjectives while the periphrastic degree forms tend to have a larger distribution among lexical words found that the periphrastic more is used in many cases where the {-er} form would be expected. According to her study, the reasons include, a speakers desire to emphasize a positive comparison, to maintain a parallel structure to a preceding clause which utilized more, and collocational reasons. [2]
Less and fewer are the negative degree forms which are the counterparts of more. There are use issues which occur with these forms that learners should be made aware. First, less occurs most frequently with non-count nouns but can also occur with count nouns and countable plural nouns. The double marked comparative form lesser can occur in attributive function, but worser is no longer an acceptable form. Fewer is a suppletive form which can only occur with countable and plural nouns. The construction of negative equatives in place of a comparative structure also presents the learner with a use issue that should be formally addressed by a teacher. The use of a negative structure is often much more tactful than a comparative structure when the adjective has negative polarity or meaning that could be perceived in context as pejorative. In the following statements, the first marked negative equative seems much less rude to a native speaker than the second comparative example with a negative polarity adjective or even the semantically identical third comparative example with a negative polarity degree quantifier which is more marked than the first example. According to Mitchell, the third form is also a cognitively more demanding form than the first example. Dustin is not as tall as Fred. Dustin is shorter than Fred. Dustin is less tall than Fred According to Schwarzschild and Wilkinson, the bare equative construction (e.g. x is as tall as y) is vague in terms of height. This construction only makes reference to the individuals' heights as overlapping but does not describe the heights of the individuals within the whole domain of height. Therefore, equative constructions than can be fairly vague if the speaker and interlocutor do not have shared knowledge. In light of this, a learner needs to know that the equative construction says little or nothing, from a meaning standpoint, without shared knowledge.
The structure types of degree comparatives and equatives. Beyond the forms, and uses, four types of comparative constructions can be distinguished as: scalar, non-scalar, expressing equality, and expressing inequality. As was mentioned in a previous paragraph, gradable adjectives can be modified by an intensifier, such as somewhat, quite, very, or extremely, because they name a semantic notion which can be placed on a continuum of intensity. Scalar comparisons, then, are concerned with the position on some continuum or scale and are one type of grading. Adjectives and adverbs which can be inflectionally marked are scalar. Non-scalar comparisons are not concerned with grading but instead deal with issues of identity or likeness. Huddleston and Pullum uses the following examples to contrast scalar and non-scalar comparison: Scalar: Kim is as old as Pat. Non-scalar: I took the same bus as last time. From the scalar example we could also say: Kim's age is at least equal to Pat's. Kim's age is not equal to Pat's. (Kim could be older) The notions of equality and inequality can be applied to scalar comparisons, however the same is not true if applied to the non-scalar comparison: *» The bus I took equals the bus I took last time.» *»
The bus I took does not equal the bus I took last time.» The meaning is not retained in the non-scalar comparisons because non-scalar comparison is concerned with identity vs. non-identity and likeness vs. unlikeness, both of which are nongradable concepts. I took a different bus than last time. This example gives a nice representation of the four types of construction and the grammatical markers depending on the gradability of the notion being compared. Two other structures learners should understand are term comparisons and set comparisons. A term comparison makes a comparison between a primary term and secondary term where the secondary term is syntactically subordinate to the primary term. A set comparison is a comparative construction where members of a set are compared. For example, one member of a set may be compared to the other members of the same set where the one member is at the top of the scale of what is being compared.
1.2 Definition of the Term Adjectives
An adjective is a word which acts to modify a noun in a sentence. While adjectives play a large role in many languages - such as English - many other languages have no adjectives at all. In English the set of adjectives is fairly well understood, though some people include other parts of speech - such as articles like the - in the class of adjectives.
There are two main roles an adjective may take in a sentence, and with a few exceptions each adjective is able to take either role just as easily. The first role is to act as a predicative adjective, in which the adjective modifies a preceding noun as a predicate, linked by a verb. An example of a predicative adjective can be found in the sentence: A zebra is striped. in which the adjective striped is linked the subject of the sentence, zebra, by use of the copula verb to be in the «is» form.
The second role an adjective may take is as an attributive adjective, in which it modifies a noun by being linked directly to the noun as part of the noun phrase. An example of an attributive adjective may be seen in the sentence: `The striped zebra pranced.' in which the adjective striped is directly connected to the subject of the sentence, zebra. In English, most attributive adjectives precede the noun they are going to modify, while in many Romance languages the adjective comes after the noun. So while in English we might say `The beautiful woman.' in French we would say `Le femme jolie.' which may be literally translated as `The woman beautiful.'[6]
While most adjectives in English are able to be used just as easily either in an attributive or a predicative sense, there are some which are restricted to one role or the other. For example, the adjective sole can be used grammatically only as an attributive adjective, as can be seen in the sentence: This is the sole survivor. On the other hand, trying to use the adjective sole in the predicative role would result in the ungrammatical sentence: This survivor is sole. Other English adjectives, such as alone, may be used only as a predicative adjective, while attempts to use them attributively result in ungrammatical sentences.
Adjectives may be modified by adverbs or adverbial clauses, but not by other adjectives. Many adjectives, however, can easily translate into corresponding adverbs simply by adding the ending to them. This can be seen in pairs such as quick/quickly and happy/happily.
In English and many other languages, adjectives also have a correct and incorrect order, depending on the type of adjectives used. Most native speakers learn this order instinctively, and related mistakes are one of the most obvious signs of a non-native speaker. For example, using the adjectives red, little, and two with the noun books, most native English speakers would intuitively order the adjectives to form the sentence `The two little red books.' To non-native speakers, however, it might seem just as intuitive to say `The two red little books.' or even `The red two little books.' both of which are immediately obvious as incorrect to a native English speaker.
As mentioned earlier, not all languages use adjectives; some use other parts of speech instead to fill this role. Many Native American languages, for example, use verbs to fill the role that adjectives play in English, so that rather than `The woman is short.' we are faced with something like `The woman is shorting.' Languages that use nouns as adjectives are often more comprehensible to speakers of English, since our sentence formations can easily allow for metaphoric description using only nouns, with a verb perhaps to flavor it, such as `The sun was a blazing inferno.' instead of `The sun was hot.' English also uses abstract nouns, for example to turn `An important statement.' into `A statement of import.
Usually the modifying adverb is an intensifier (very, rather, awfully, so, terribly, extremely, most, utterly, unusually, delightfully, unbelievably, amazingly, strikingly, highly, that, etc.) The same applies to composite adverbs, such as (kind of, sort of, a good bit of, a lot of, a hell of, a great deal of, etc.):
It is terribly important for parents to be consistent [38].
This new program is unbelievably good [41].
It made me feel kind of awkward [41].
Some adverbs - still, yet, far, much, any combine with comparative adjectives (much worse, not any better, still greater, etc.)
Adverbs of degree can modify certain kinds of prepositional phrases:
They lived nearly on the top of the hill [40].
His remarks were not quite to the point [40].
Comparative adverbs are used in clauses of proportional agreement, that is, parallel clauses in which qualities or actions denoted in them increase or decrease at an equal rate [25, 177]:
The longer I think about it the less I understand your reasons [41].
To express the idea that a quality or action decreases or increases at an even rate the comparative may be repeated, the two identical forms being connected by and:
He cried louder and louder [25, 177].
There are some adverbs which may modify nouns or words of nominal character, functioning as attribute, as in: the way ahead, the trip abroad, the journey home, his return home, the sentence above (below), the day before. A few adverbs can premodify nouns without losing their adverbial character: the then president, in after years, the above sentence, the now generation.
As adverbs modify words of different classes, they accordingly occupy different positions in the sentence. In comparison with other words, adverbs may be considered as the most movable words. However, adverbs are not identical in their ability to be moved to another position in the structure. There are generally four possible positions for adverbs in the sentence [18, 397]:
2) between the subject and predicate or, if the predicate is a complicated form, the adverb appears after the first auxiliary verb, link-verb or a modal verb;
3) before the word the adverb modifies;
1.3 Grammatical overview of English Adjectives
There is not much to be said about the English adjective from the grammatical point of view. As is well know, it has neither number, nor case, nor gender distinctions. Some adjectives have, however, degrees of соmparisоn, which make part of the morphological system of a language. Thus, the English adjective differs materially not only from such highly inflected languages as Russian. Latin, and German, where the adjectives have a rather complicated system if forms, but even fгоm Modern French, which h as preserved number and gender distinctions to the present day (сf. masculine singular grand, masculine plural grands, feminine singular grande, feminine plural grandes 'large').
By what signs do we then, recognize an adjective as such in Modern Eng1ish? In most cases this сan be dоne оn1у bу taking into account semantic and sуntасtiсal phenomena. But in some cases, that is for certain adjectives, derivative suffixes are significant, too. Among these are the suffix - less (as in useless), the suffix - like (as in ghostlike), and a few others. Occasionally, however, though a suffix often appears in adjectives, it cannot be taken as a certain proof of the word being an adjective, because the suffix may also make part of a word belonging to another part of speech. Thus, the suffix - full would seem to be typically adjectival, as is its antonym - less. In faсt we find the suffix - full in adjectives often enough, as in beautiful, useful, purposeful, meaningful, etc. But alongside of these we also find spoonful, mouthful, handfu1, etc., which are nouns. [4]
Оn the whole, the numbeг оf adjectives which сan be recognized, as such by their suffix seems to be insignificant as compared with the mass of English adjectives. B. Ilyish, the Structure of Modern English, p. 58 all the adjectives are traditionally divided into two large subclasses: qualitative and relative.
Relative adjectives express such properties of a substance as are determined by the direct relation of the substance to some other substance.
E.g.: wood - a wooden hut; mathematics - mathematical precision; history - a historical event; table - tabular presentation; colors - colored postcards; surgery - surgical treatment; the Middle Ages - mediaeval rites.
The nature of this «relationship» in adjectives is best revealed by definitional correlations. Cf.: a wooden hut - a hut made of wood; a historical event - an event referring to a certain period of history; surgical treatment - treatment consisting in the implementation of surgery; etc.
Qualitative adjectives denote various qualities of substances which admit of a quantitative estimation, i.e. of establishing their correlative quantitative measure. The measure of a quality can be estimated as high or low, adequate or inadequate, sufficient or insufficient, optimal or excessive. Cf.: an awkward situation - a very awkward situation; a difficult task - too difficult a task; an enthusiastic reception - rather an enthusiastic reception; a hearty welcome - not a very hearty welcome.
In this connection, the ability of an adjective to form degrees of comparison is usually taken as a formal sign of its qualitative character, in opposition to a relative adjective which is understood as incapable of forming degrees of comparison by definition. Cf.: a pretty girl - a prettier girl; a quick look - a quicker look; a hearty welcome - the heartiest of welcomes.
However, in actual speech the described principle of distinction is not at all strictly observed, which is noted in the very grammar treatises putting it forward. Two typical cases of contradiction should be pointed out here. [12]
In the first place, substances can possess such qualities as are incompatible with the idea of degrees of comparison. Accordingly, adjectives denoting these qualities, while belonging to the qualitative subclass, are in the ordinary use incapable of forming degrees of comparison. Here refer adjectives like extinct, immobile, deaf, final, fixed, etc.
In the second place, many adjectives considered under the heading of relative still can form degrees of comparison, thereby, as it was transforming the denoted relative property of a substance into such as can be graded quantitatively. Cf.: a mediaeval approach-rather a mediaeval approach - a far more mediaeval approach; of a military design - of a less military design - of a more military design; a grammatical topic ~ a purely grammatical topic - the most grammatical of the suggested topics.
Comparative constructions in English and other languages are well studied in degree semantics. We mostly focus on English but crosslinguistic variation is very interesting in this domain.
There are two main types of comparative sentences in English:
a . Nathan is taller than Daniel . (Phrasal comparative)
b. Nathan is taller than Daniel is . (Clausal comparative)
A phrasal comparative involves a DP (or some other non-clausal material) as the complement of than, while a clausal comparative involves something that looks like a clause. Notice that (1b) has a missing item after is in the than-clause. In this example, this seems to be (almost) obligatory.
(2) Nathan is taller than Daniel is tall. But the following is fine :
(3) This desk is wider than the bed is long. One way to understand (1b) is that it is underlyingly (2) but undergoes obligatory ellipsis of the adjective
According to this analysis, (2) and (3) are structurally isomorphic.
There is a lot of debate in the literature about whether phrasal and clausal comparative are syntactically related. [6]
- Phrasal comparatives are underlyingly clausal but just have more missing parts
- Phrasal comparatives cannot be reduced to phrasal comparatives.
Some arguments for the existence of phrasal comparatives:
b. *Nathan is taller than her is. - Anaphor binding:
b. No one is taller than himself is
b. Who is Nathan taller than t is? - Scopal difference:
b. Nathan is taller than nobody is. (Why (7b) is bad is an interesting question. We'll come back to this next week.)
- There are languages that seem to only have phrasal comparatives. These differences between phrasal and clausal comparatives are unexpected if phrasal comparatives are underlyingly clausal.
Although the debate is not settled completely yet, we'll develop separate analyses for phrasal and clausal comparatives.
Digression: The following type of sentence can be used to talk about comparisons but they need not involve comparative forms of the gradable adjectives (and the comparative version degrades somewhat). [14]
a . Compared to Andrew, Nathan is tall.
b. Compared to Andrew, Nathan is taller. This construction is different from canonical comparatives in that it exhibits vagueness, as illustrated by the following example from Kennedy (2010) cited in Nouwen (2011) (Some facts: the radius of Uranus is 25,362 km, the radius of Venus is 6,052 km, and the radius of Neptune is 24,622 km).
a. Uranus is big, compared to Venus.
a. Uranus is big, compared to Neptune.
b. Uranus is bigger than Neptune. For the semantics of this construction, see Beck, Oda & Sugisaki (2004), Kennedy (2010) and Fults (2006, 2010).
2.1 The Syntax of Clausal Comparatives
Let us analyse the following simple sentence:
(11 ) Nathan is taller than Daniel is.
The standard analysis of clausal comparatives postulates two phonologically null items in the than-clause:
- An invisible occurrence of the gradable adjective tall
- An operator-movement. Let's call this operator Op
In the so-called `subcomparative deletion' construction, there is no invisible adjective:
(13) The desk is wider than the bed is long. The standard analysis says (11) and (13) have isomorphic structures, and the semantics works in exactly the same way.
Evidence for the operator movement:
- In some languages you see a wh-phrase:
(14) Ja I lublju Ivana bol'љe иem [jego ljubit Maљa]
I love Ivan more what [him loves Masha]
`I love Ivan more than Masha does.' Russian (Pancheva 2007)
- The operator-movement is island sensitive in the same way as wh-movement and other A-bar movements, although there are some exceptions. As a baseline, (15) shows that both the operator movement and wh-movement are unbounded. [9]
a . Which language does Jamie think that Daniel speaks t?
b. Nathan is taller than Jamie thinks Daniel is t tall. The following show that these movements are sensitive to the same island constraints.
a. Which language did Jamie meet [a man who speaks t]?
b. *Nathan is taller than Jamie met [a man who is t tall].
a. *Which language will Ad be excited [if someone speaks t]?
b. *Nathan is smarter than Ad will be excited [if someone is t smart].
But there is one crucial difference: The operator movement violates the socalled the Left-Branch Condition.
(18) How is Daniel t tall? See Kennedy & Merchant (2000) for more on this.
The Semantics of Clausal Comparatives
Take a gradable adjective and combine it with more or - er, whichever is appropriate. The resulting comparative adjective is generally not vague, even if the positive form is vague.
b. Nathan is taller than Daniel is. NB:
(19b) has an `imprecise' use, perhaps unexpectedly: You might say it's false if Nathan is 182.5 cm tall and Daniel is 182 cm tall. But whenever it is used precisely (which you can force to some extend by using phrases like strictly speaking), (19b) is not vague. * Recall our analysis of (19a):
(20) Nathan is [POS C] tall. (20) is true if the degree to which Nathan is tall is greater than or equal to the standard of tallness with respect to the degree C on the scale of tallness.
* We analyse the truth-conditions of (19b) to be
(21) There is a degree to which Nathan is tall and to which Daniel is not tall. * We will assume the same type-xd, ety semantics for tall. [8]
We analyse (23) to be denoting a function of type xd, ty. Specifically:
0 than Op Daniel tOp tall8a, M = лd P Dd.
Daniel is d-tall in M Recall that `Daniel is d-tall in M' means the degree to which Daniel is tall is equal to or exceeds d. So if Daniel is 180 cm tall, it maps any degree on the tallness scale that is equal to or smaller than 180 cm to 1. * How do we derive this compositionally?
2.2 Lexical way of expressing comparative Adjectives and Adverbs
Lexical paradigm of nomination forms the basis for the formation of corporate syntagmatic paradigms of the various parts of speech. On the syntactic level of correlation function in which the degrees of comparison of adjectives or adverbs with other significant parts of speech, such as nouns or verbs. At the same nouns and verbs are involved in syntagmatic correlations degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs, although no morphological categories of degrees of comparison. Comparative juxtaposition in which the degrees of comparison of adjectives or adverbs in one dicteme occur with nouns or verbs belong «far» the periphery of the field. Depending on the context, many nouns and verbs can enter into comparative correlation with other parts of speech, if the act of the evaluation functions.
In addition to the instrumental and genitive comparative value may be expressed form the accusative with the preposition in (bent in an arc, each board). The form of the accusative with the preposition with the name as a means of expression of the comparative values (with nail, a mile Kolomna). Lexica means of expression of the comparative figures are the words of the semantics of comparison, a similar (like) like (similar to), such as recalls, like in compared with, in the form, and others. The lexical component indicates not only the fact of the comparison, but at the same time on the result.
The only pattern of morphological change for adverbs is the same as for adjectives, the degrees of comparison [25, 94]. With regard to the category of the degrees of comparison adverbs (like adjectives) fall into comparables and non-comparables. The number of non-comparables is much greater among adverbs than among adjectives. Only adverbs of manner and certain adverbs of time and place can form degrees of comparison. The three grades are called positive, comparative, and superlative degrees.
Adverbs vary in their structure. In accord with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple, derived, compound and composite [25].
Simple adverbs are rather few, and nearly all of them display functional semantics, mostly of pronominal character: here, there, now, then, so, quite, why, how, where, when.
Practical consciousness, says Nicholas Ryabtsev, uses less precise digital data as, in some way, their estimated counterparts: the number of «objectified» and not counted, estimated, not measured. As a result of the quantitative parameters being developed through the formation of human attitudes toward them and based on the following procedures:
1) a comparison between subjects and quantitative grading;
2) a comparison with its own dimensions (Wed grass foot bush with my height) and their use in the measuremen
Methods for the expression of comparison in modern English курсовая работа. Иностранные языки и языкознание.
Стационарное Социальное Обслуживание Курсовая Работа
Конспект Урока Сочинение Сказки
Сочинение Евгения Онегина 9 Класс
Реферат: Методы коррекции осанки и телосложения
Курсовая работа: Розробка організаційних заходів системи охорони праці в сільськогосподарському підприємстві
Реферат: Военно морской флот, история возникновения и прочие, форма боевая техника
Реферат по теме Административно-правовой статус государственных служащих
Курсовая работа по теме Делопроизводство в бухгалтерии
Реферат: Бионеорганическая химия. Скачать бесплатно и без регистрации
Реферат: Модели эпитермальной минерализации: критические сопоставления
Доклад по теме Роль лексических данных в диалектном членении болгарского языка
Дипломная работа по теме Административная реформа в программе преобразований П.А. Столыпина
Сочинение Дубровский В Семье Троекуровых Сравнение Троекуров
Реферат: Італія економіко-географічна характеристика країни
Топик: Irkutsk State University
Система Планирования На Предприятии Курсовая
Курсовая работа: Нормы труда и методика их определения. Скачать бесплатно и без регистрации
Курсовая Работа На Тему Виды Пособий
Курсовая работа по теме Налогообложение прибыли обособленного подразделения
Инвестиции Курсовая Пдф
Трудовые права работников - Государство и право дипломная работа
Кассовые операции - Бухгалтерский учет и аудит контрольная работа
Розрахунок природної вентиляції - Безопасность жизнедеятельности и охрана труда лекция