Met Art Teen In The Desert

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Aruz, Joan, with contributions by Waleed Khaled al-Asa‘ad, Eleonora Cussini, Dr. Lucinda Dirven, Michał Gawlikowski, Maura K. Heyn, Ted Kaizer, Michel Al-Maqdissi, Eva Ishaq, Jørgen Christian Meyer, Dr. Rubina Raja, Andreas Schmidt-Colinet, and Judith Weingarten (2018)
In response to the catastrophic destruction of Syria’s ancient city of Palmyra, a UNESCO world heritage site, a group of major international scholars gathered to focus on the art, archaeology, and history of the beleaguered site and present their latest findings. Their papers, given at a symposium at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in May 2016, have been collected in this fascinating and important publication. They are accompanied by a moving tribute by Waleed Khaled al-Asa‘ad to his father, Khaled al-Asa‘ad, the Syrian archaeologist and head of antiquities for the ancient city of Palmyra who was brutally murdered in 2015 while defending the site.
Palmyra: Mirage in the Desert, published simultaneously in English and Arabic, is the latest volume in the Metropolitan Museum symposium series. It is a major contribution to the knowledge and understanding of this multicultural desert city— located at the crossroads of the ancient world— that will help preserve the memory of this extraordinary place for generations to come.
Date: ca. 2nd–3rd century A.D.
Accession Number: 02.29.1
Date: ca. 150–200
Accession Number: 02.29.5
Date: ca. 148
Accession Number: 02.29.3
Date: ca. 172
Accession Number: 02.29.6
Date: ca. 181
Accession Number: 02.29.4
Date: ca. 150–200
Accession Number: 01.25.5
Date: ca. 125–150
Accession Number: 2012.454
Date: ca. 50–150
Accession Number: 01.25.1
Date: ca. 1st–2nd century A.D
Accession Number: 55.109
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On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 803

This picture, shown at the Salon of 1835, is the earliest of four large, ambitious biblical paintings that Corot exhibited in the 1830s and 1840s. Like the Museum’s The Burning of Sodom, it illustrates the story of the family of Abraham. Because his wife, Sarah, was elderly and barren, Abraham fathered a son, Ishmael, with their servant, Hagar. Later, when Sarah bore her own son, Isaac, Hagar and Ishmael were driven away into the desert of Beersheba. For this painting, Corot chose the moment of their divine salvation.


The largely arid landscape is Corot’s invention, but is partially based on nature studies including the Museum’s Fontainebleau: Oak Trees at Bas-Bréau.
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https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435962
Artist: Camille Corot (French, Paris 1796–1875 Paris)

Dimensions: 71 x 106 1/2 in. (180.3 x 270.5 cm)
Inscription: Signed and dated (lower left): COROT / 18[35]; stamped? (lower right): VENTE / COROT
the artist, Paris (until d. 1875; his sale, Hôtel Drouot, Paris, première partie, May 26–28, 1875, no. 85, as "Agar," for Fr 3,500 to Fauché); Prince Nicholas J. Soutzo (1875; his? sale, [Hotel Drouot], Paris, November 9, 1875, for Fr 2,900 to Doria); marquis Arthur Doria, Paris (1875–at least 1895); Paul Gallimard, Paris (by 1900–at least 1908); Mlle Diéterle (by 1914–at least 1929); M. Simon; [Wildenstein, Paris and New York, 1937–38; sold to MMA]
Paris. Salon. March 1–?, 1835, no. 440 (as "Agar dans le désert; paysage," lent by the artist).

Paris. Galerie Martinet. "Tableaux de l'école moderne tirés de collections d'amateurs," August 15–?, 1861 [see Mantz 1861, Pantazzi 1996].

Paris. Galerie Martinet. "Première exposition des sociétaires fondateurs de la Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts," June 15–?, 1862 [see Courrier Artistique 1862, Robaut 1905].

Paris. École Nationale des Beaux-Arts. "Exposition de l'œuvre de Corot," May 1875, no. 226 (as "Agar dans le désert," lent by M. le prince N.-J. S*** ).

Paris. Exposition Internationale Universelle. "Exposition Centennale de l'art français (1800–1889)," May–November 1900, no. 129 (as "Agar dans le désert, grand paysage," lent by M. Gallimard).

Copenhagen. Musée Royal de Copenhague. "Exposition d'art français du XIXe siècle," May 15–June 30, 1914, no. 34 (lent by Mlle Diéterle).

Philadelphia Museum of Art. "Corot, 1796–1875," May 11–June 16, 1946, no. 18 (as "Agar dans le désert").

Detroit Institute of Arts. "Thirty-Eight Great Paintings from The Metropolitan Museum of Art," October 2–28, 1951, no catalogue.

Art Gallery of Toronto. "Thirty-Eight Great Paintings from The Metropolitan Museum of Art," November 14–December 12, 1951, no catalogue.

City Art Museum of St. Louis. "Thirty-Eight Great Paintings from The Metropolitan Museum of Art," January 6–February 4, 1952, no catalogue.

Seattle Art Museum. "Thirty-Eight Great Paintings from The Metropolitan Museum of Art," March 1–June 30, 1952, no catalogue.

Art Institute of Chicago. "Corot, 1796–1875," October 6–November 13, 1960, no. 39 (as "Hagar in the Wilderness").

Edinburgh International Festival. "Corot," August 14–September 12, 1965, no. 33.

London. National Gallery. "Corot," October 1–November 7, 1965, no. 33.

New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Barbizon: French Landscapes of the Nineteenth Century," February 4–May 10, 1992, no catalogue.

Ottawa. National Gallery of Canada. "Corot 1796–1875," June 21–September 22, 1996, no. 61.

New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Corot," October 29, 1996–January 19, 1997, no. 61.


Le Charivari (May 29, 1835), ill. (lithograph by Célestin Nanteuil) [excerpt reprinted in Ref. Robaut 1905, vol. 4, p. 353], praises this picture, but observes that it only attracted a small group of connoisseurs at the Salon.

Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps. "Salon de 1835." Revue Républicaine 5 (April 10, 1835), pp. 82, 84 [excerpt reprinted in Ref. Robaut 1905, vol. 4, p. 353], writes with admiration of this picture.

"Salon de 1835 (IIIe article). Les peintres et les poètes." L'Artiste 9 (1835), pp. 90, 150, praises this picture.

V[ictor]. Schoelcher. "Salon de 1835. Dernier article." Revue de Paris 17 (May 1835), pp. 165–66, considers it the most beautiful landscape in the exhibition.

A.-D. Vergnaud. Petit pamphlet sur quelques tableaux du Salon de 1835 et sur beaucoup de journalistes qui en ont rendu compte. Paris, 1835 [see Ref. Robaut 1905], expresses dislike for this painting.

L[ouis]. V[iardot]. "Salon de 1835." Le National de 1834 (April 5, 1835), unpaginated, criticizes the execution of this picture, noting, for example, that the rocks should be better grouped and that the angel is too far away.

Critique du Salon de 1835, par une société d'artistes et d'hommes de lettres. 2nd ed. Paris, [1835], p. 11.

Charles Lenormant. "De l'école française en 1835: Salon annuel." Revue des deux mondes, 4th ser., 2 (April 1, 1835), p. 167 [[reprinted in Lenormant, "Beaux-arts et voyages," Paris, 1861, p. 114], praises the expressive quality of the setting, in which Corot has used details of the Italian landscape.

Théophile Gautier. L'Ariel (March 19, 1836) [excerpt reprinted in Gautier, "Critique d'Art: Extraits des Salons (1833–1872)," Paris, 1994, p. 123], praises this picture.

Théophile Gautier. "Variétés. Beaux-arts. Topographie du Salon." La Presse (March 8, 1837), p. 4, mentions this picture in relation to Corot's "Saint Jerome" (1837; R366; Church of Saint-Nicolas-Saint-Marc, Ville-d'Avray).

[Louis Batissier?]. "Salon de 1837." L'Artiste 13 (1837), pp. 146–47, calls it an estimable but incomplete work.

Louis Viardot. "Beaux-Arts. Salon de 1837. -Septième article." Le Siècle (April 17, 1837), p. 1.

Jules Janin. "Salon de 1839 (cinquième article)." L'Artiste, 2nd ser., 2 (1839), p. 271.

Ad[olphe]. Desbarrolles. "Notes sur la vie d'artiste (5e article)." Bulletin de l'ami des arts 2 (1844), p. 17, states that this picture was poorly hung at the Salon in the dark galleries known as the Catacombes.

Théophile Silvestre. Histoire des artistes vivants: Français et étrangers. Paris, 1856, pp. 94, 102, 104, quotes Corot's criticism of the model for Hagar; compares this picture to a landscape by Aligny.

Paul Mantz. "Artistes contemporains: Corot." Gazette des beaux-arts 11 (November 1, 1861), p. 422, states that this picture was recently exhibited at the boulevard des Italiens [see Exh. Paris 1861].

"Société nationale des beaux-arts." Le Courrier artistique 2 (June 15, 1862), p. 2, lists it among the pictures marked for sale in an exhibition at the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts [Exh. Paris 1862].

Camille Corot. Letter to Auguin. January 15, [1873] [excerpt published in Ref. Robaut 1905, vol. 4, p. 345], mentions that this picture is not in current fashion.

Edouard Daliphard. "Exposition des œuvres de Corot." L'Art 2 (May 30, 1875), p. 159, notes that it was purchased a few days ago by prince Soutzo.

Jean Rousseau. "Corot." L'Art 1 (March 14, 1875), p. 246.

Charles Bigot. Peintres français contemporains. Paris, 1888, p. 51.

L[éon]. Roger-Milès. Les artistes célèbres. Vol. 32, Corot. Paris, [1891], pp. 26–28, 32, 82, suggests that the landscape in this picture is based on studies of the Italian Tyrol.

A. Larthe-Ménager. "Corot (1796–1875)." Les Contemporains 3 (October 7, 1894), p. 14, states erroneously that Corot left this picture to the Louvre in his will.

L[éon]. Roger-Milès. Album classique des chefs-d'œuvre de Corot. Paris, 1895, pp. 35–36, 56, ill., locates it in the collection of Doria.

John W. Mollett. The Painters of Barbizon: Millet, Rousseau, Diaz, Corot, Daubigny, Dupré. London, 1895, pp. 14, 31.

André Michel. Notes sur l'art moderne (peinture). Paris, 1896, pp. 18–19, 24, states that Corot used a study of trees in Fontainebleau (The Met 1979.404) for the group of trees to the left of the angel; asserts that he worked from a live model for this picture .

Gustave Geffroy in "Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot." Corot and Millet. Ed. Charles Holme. New York, 1903, pp. cxi, cxiii, states that Corot made studies for this picture in the town of Volterra in Tuscany.

Ethel Birnstingl and Alice Pollard. Corot. London, 1904, pp. 25–26, 62, 166, 177, call it "Hagar in the Wilderness" in the text and "Hagar in the Desert" in the list of works; note the classical influence in this picture.

Alfred Robaut. L'Œuvre de Corot: Catalogue raisonné et illustré. [reprint 1965]. Paris, 1905, vol. 2, pp. 98, 126–27, no. 362, ill.; vol. 4, pp. 96, 167, 171, 202, 277, 295, 345, 353, calls it "Agar dans le désert" and dates it 1834–35; identifies the first study for this painting in a notebook dated about 1833 (R3097).

Maurice Hamel. Corot et son œuvre. Paris, 1905, vol. 1, pp. 15, 18, pl. 7.

Julius Meier-Graefe. Corot und Courbet: Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Modernen Malerei. Leipzig, 1905, pp. 21–22, 29–31, 50 [English translation published in Ref. Meier-Graefe 1908; reprinted in Ref. Meier-Graefe 1913].

Emile Michel. Les artistes célèbres. Vol. 57, Corot. Paris, [1905], p. 24, tentatively dates it before Corot's second trip to Italy; recognizes the Roman countryside, possibly at Castel Sant' Elia, in the background and the rocks at Fontainebleau in the foreground.

Etienne Moreau-Nélaton in Alfred Robaut. L'Œuvre de Corot: Catalogue raisonné et illustré. [reprint 1965]. Paris, 1905, vol. 1, pp. 62, 73, 79, 82 [reprinted in Ref. Moreau-Nélaton 1924], comments that Corot began this picture in 1833, but abandoned it until his return from his second trip to Italy; states that it was intended as a pendant to Corot's "Saint-Jerome" (R366; Ville-d'Avray).

Julius Meier-Graefe. Modern Art, Being a Contribution to a New System of Aesthetics. London, 1908, vol. 1. pp. 164–65, 167–68, 173, 182, remarks that this picture's "superficial conventionality tempts us to overlook all there is of Corot in the picture"; locates it in the Gallimard collection.

Raymond Bouyer. "Corot, peintre de figures." Revue de l'art ancien et moderne 26 (October 1909), p. 300.

Julius Meier-Graefe. Camille Corot. 3rd ed. Munich, 1913, pp. 28, 31, 34, ill. p. 23.

Léon Rosenthal. Du Romantisme au réalisme: essai sur l'évolution de la peinture en France de 1830 à 1848. Paris, 1914, p. 285.

Karl Madsen. Corot og Hans Billeder, I Nordisk Eie. Copenhagen, 1920, pp. 18–20, ill.

Etienne Moreau-Nélaton. Corot raconté par lui-même. 2nd rev. ed. [1st ed., 1905]. Paris, 1924, vol. 1, pp. 32, 39–40, 43–44, fig. 58; vol. 2, p. 158, notes that the young women who worked for Corot's mother posed for his figures of Hagar and Rebecca (R382; Norton Simon Foundation, Pasadena, Calif.).

Marc Lafargue. Corot. London, 1926, pp. 39–41, places it in Corot's classical period, between his Italian paintings and those of the Mortefontaine period.

"Jean-Baptiste Corot (1796–1875): Compositions Classiques." Documents 1 (April–December 1929), ill. p. 89, as "Agar," in the collection of Mlle Dieterle.

C. Bernheim de Villers. Corot: Peintre de figures. Paris, 1930, p. 31, observes that this was the first picture exhibited by Corot in which the figure plays an important role.

Julius Meier-Graefe. Corot. Berlin, 1930, p. 48, comments on the influence of Bertin in this picture; questions whether the drawing (Musée du Louvre, Paris) of one of his mother's dressmakers, later identified by Corot as "my Hagar," is actually related to this painting [see Ref. Moreau-Nélaton 1905, pp. 54–55].

"Activity." Magazine of Art 31 (December 1938), pp. 716–17, ill.

"An Early Corot Masterpiece for the Metropolitan: 'Hagar in the Wilderness'." Art News 37 (November 19, 1938), p. 8, ill.

"From Corot's Youth." Art Digest 13 (December 1, 1938), p. 9, ill.

Harry B. Wehle. "Hagar in the Wilderness by Corot." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 33 (November 1938), pp. 246–49, ill., remarks that although this picture was painted in Paris, the head of Hagar resembles sketches from Corot's first trip to Italy in 1825–28 and the landscape is based on studies made in the Sabine mountains near Narni and Terni.

James W. Lane. "Notes from New York." Apollo 29 (January 1939), pp. 35–37, ill., compares the execution of the trees and the "tawniness of the colours" with Derain.

Art News Annual (1945–46), p. 90, ill., calls it a landscape in the tradition of Poussin.

Henri Marceau. Corot 1796–1875. Exh. cat., Philadelphia Museum of Art. Philadelphia, 1946, pp. 17, 30, no. 18, ill. [includes reprint of Ref. Venturi 1947], calls it "Hagar in the Desert"; states that the landscape was created from sketches or recollections of the Tuscan countryside; comments that this picture was the first to bring Corot success.

Lionello Venturi. Modern Painters. Vol. 1, New York, 1947, p. 148.

Joseph C. Sloane. French Painting Between the Past and the Present: Artists, Critics, and Traditions, from 1848 to 1870. [reprint 1973]. Princeton, 1951, pp. xi, 125, fig. 3.

Josephine L. Allen and Elizabeth E. Gardner. A Concise Catalogue of the European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1954, p. 20.

Daniel Baud-Bovy. Corot. Geneva, 1957, pp. 45, 85, 121–22, 187, 202–4, identifies the sitter in the Louvre drawing of a young woman (R2652) as Alexina Legoux, Corot's favorite of his mother's employees, calling her the inspiration for our painting; criticizes the lack of unity in the composition of the painting and the theatricality of the studio model who actually posed for the figure of Hagar.

François Fosca. Corot, sa vie et son oeuvre. Brussels, 1958, pp. 23, 145, 190, relates it to the historic landscape tradition of Poussin and Claude, and compares its austerity and simplicity to Puvis de Chavannes.

André Coquis. Corot et la critique contemporaine. Paris, 1959, pp. 18–20, 22–23, 25, 46, 71.

Denys Sutton. Corot. Exh. cat., Marlborough Fine Art Ltd. London, 1963, p. 8, discusses it in the context of historical landscapes.

Cecil Gould. Corot. Exh. cat., Edinburgh International Festival. London, 1965, unpaginated, no. 33, pl. 24.

Charles Sterling and Margaretta M. Salinger. French Paintings: A Catalogue of the Collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, XIX Century. New York, 1966, pp. 48–50, ill., remark that although this composition was based on sketches made in Cività Castellana during Corot's first Italian trip as well as studies of the Fontainebleau forest, "the general character of the whole landscape... was surely inspired by memories of his more recent trip to central Italy"; mention the first notebook sketch (R3097), several studies (R135–40, 246A, 278), the drawing of a young woman (Louvre), a painted sketch [see Ref. Bazin 1973], and an engraving on glass (R3207).

Anne Reverdy. L'École de Barbizon: Évolution du prix des tableaux de 1850 à 1960. Mouton, [1967], p
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