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Мескалин вики

Mescaline 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin. It occurs naturally in the peyote cactus Lophophora williamsii , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] the San Pedro cactus Echinopsis pachanoi , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] the Peruvian torch Echinopsis peruviana , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and other members of the Cactaceae plant family. It is also found in small amounts in certain members of the Fabaceae bean family, including Acacia berlandieri. Peyote has been used for at least 5, years by Native Americans in Mexico. Other mescaline-containing cacti such as the San Pedro have a long history of use in South America, from Peru to Ecuador. In traditional peyote preparations, the top of the cactus is cut off, leaving the large tap root along with a ring of green photosynthesizing area to grow new heads. These heads are then dried to make disc-shaped buttons. Buttons are chewed to produce the effects or soaked in water to drink. However, the taste of the cactus is bitter, so contemporary users will often grind it into a powder and pour it in capsules to avoid having to taste it. The usual human dosage is — milligrams of mescaline sulfate or — milligrams of mescaline hydrochloride. Though the recording was deemed too controversial and ultimately omitted from the show, Mayhew praised the experience, calling it 'the most interesting thing I ever did'. Mescaline has a wide array of suggested medical usage, including treatment of alcoholism \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[11\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and depression. Mescaline is biosynthesized from tyrosine or a hydroxylated phenylalanine. In Lophophora williamsii Peyote , dopamine converts into mescaline in a biosynthetic pathway involving m - O -methylation and aromatic hydroxylation. Tyrosine and phenylalanine serve as the metabolic precursors to synthesis of mescaline. Tyrosine can either undergo a decarboxylation via tyrosine decarboxylase to generate tyramine and subsequently undergo an oxidation at carbon 3 by a monophenol hydroxylase or first be hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase to form L-DOPA and decarboxylated by DOPA decarboxylase. The resulting intermediate is then oxidized again by a hydroxylase enzyme, likely monophenol hydroxylase again, at carbon 5, and methylated by COMT. The product, methylated at the two meta positions with respect to the alkyl substituent, experiences a final methylation at the 4 carbon by a guaiacol-O-methyltransferase, which also operates by a SAM-dependent mechanism. This final methylation step results in the production of mescaline. Phenylalanine serves as a precursor by first being converted to L -tyrosine by L-amino acid hydroxylase. Once converted, it follows the same pathway as described above. Notable examples include the following:. Tolerance builds with repeated usage, lasting for a few days. Mescaline causes cross-tolerance with other serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin. About half the initial dosage is excreted after 6 hours, but some studies suggest that it is not metabolized at all before excretion. Mescaline induces a psychedelic state similar to those produced by LSD and psilocybin , but with unique characteristics. Subjective effects may include altered thinking processes, an altered sense of time and self-awareness, and closed- and open-eye visual phenomena. Prominence of color is distinctive, appearing brilliant and intense. Recurring visual patterns observed during the mescaline experience include stripes, checkerboards, angular spikes, multicolor dots, and very simple fractals that turn very complex. Aldous Huxley described these self-transforming amorphous shapes as like animated stained glass illuminated from light coming through the eyelids. Like LSD, mescaline induces distortions of form and kaleidoscopic experiences but they manifest more clearly with eyes closed and under low lighting conditions. As with LSD, synesthesia can occur especially with the help of music. The object can appear flattened and distorted, similar to the presentation of a Cubist painting. Mescaline elicits a pattern of sympathetic arousal, with the peripheral nervous system being a major target for this substance. In plants, this compound may be the end-product of a pathway utilizing catecholamines as a method of stress response, similar to how animals may release compounds such as cortisol when stressed. The in vivo function of catecholamines has not been investigated, but they may function as antioxidants , as developmental signals, and as integral cell wall components that resist degradation from pathogens. The deactivation of catecholamines via methylation produces alkaloids such as mescaline. Mescaline acts similarly to other psychedelic agents. Difluoromescaline and trifluoromescaline are more potent than mescaline, as is its amphetamine homologue trimethoxyamphetamine. In , the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Oregon could ban the use of mescaline in Native American religious ceremonies. While mescaline-containing cacti of the genus Echinopsis are technically controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act , they are commonly sold publicly as ornamental plants. In the United Kingdom, mescaline in purified powder form is a Class A drug. However, dried cactus can be bought and sold legally. Mescaline is considered a schedule 9 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard October These poisons should be available only to specialised or authorised users who have the skills necessary to handle them safely. Special regulations restricting their availability, possession, storage or use may apply. The peyote cacti and other mescaline-containing plants such as San Pedro are illegal in Western Australia , Queensland , and the Northern Territory , whilst in other states such as Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales, they are legal for ornamental and gardening purposes. In Canada, France, The Netherlands and Germany, mescaline in raw form and dried mescaline-containing cacti are considered an illegal drug. However, anyone may grow and use peyote, or Lophophora williamsii , as well as Echinopsis pachanoi and Echinopsis peruviana without restriction, as it is specifically exempt from legislation. In Russia mescaline, its derivatives and mescaline-containing plants are banned as narcotic drugs Schedule I. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with mezcal , mesclun , or mexamine. C Risk not ruled out. Anlage I Authorized scientific use only UK: Lloydia and the Journal of Natural Products. Retrieved 13 December Cactaceae 'San Pedro' and their relevance to shamanic practice'. Archived from the original PDF on 15 May Retrieved 7 September Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY.: Medical Examination Publishing Company. Retrieved 9 January Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 5 October Australian Journal of Pharmacy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. A Chemical Love Story. Japanese Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Retrieved 20 June Neue Darstellung von Mescalin'. A Laboratory Guide 2nd Ed. Retrieved 6 April Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. How Drugs Influence Behavior. James; Slaby, Andrew E. The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Drug Testing and Analysis. Retrieved 2 November International Narcotics Control Board. Archived from the original PDF on 5 December Retrieved 27 January Trichocereus Cacti Legal Case Regina v. The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society , chapter VI. Drugs of Abuse Second ed. Practice Management Information Corp. Laurence King Publishing, Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine. Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan. Apomorphine Aporphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride Memantine Nuciferine Pergolide Phenethylamine Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine Salvinorin A Also indirect D 2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors cocaine , methylphenidate , releasing agents amphetamine , methamphetamine , and precursors levodopa. Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Pukateine. AR-A Beta blockers e. Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics e. Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics e. Alosetron Arazasetron AS Atypical antipsychotics e. ABT Atypical antipsychotics e. Retrieved from ' https: CS1 German-language sources de All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from January ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January Articles with unsourced statements from August Articles with unsourced statements from October Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 10 September , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mescaline.

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