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Mephedrone Slovenia
Mephedrone Slovenia
HRB National Drugs Library
Mephedrone Slovenia
3-Methylmethcathinone
Mephedrone Slovenia
International Journal of Drug Policy, 23, 3 , pp. Background: Mephedrone injecting has recently been reported in Romania, Slovenia, Guernsey and Ireland. The research reported here aimed to describe the experiences of a group of Irish injecting drug users, who were injecting mephedrone based headshop products prior to the introduction of legislative controls in Ireland, with particular focus on pre- and post legislative use, effects of injecting mephedrone, settings and contexts for injecting, polydrug use and serial drug injecting, risk perceptions and harm reduction practises. Methods: Following a predevelopment phase with a Privileged Access Interviewer, in-depth interviews using a phenomenological approach were conducted with eleven attendees of a low threshold harm reduction service. Results: The findings describe the abuse potential of these mephedrone based headshop products when used by intravenous injection. Although participants were aware of risks and safe injecting practises, compulsive re injecting with excessive binge use over long periods of time was common. Multi and serial drug injecting with heroin was used in efforts to manage the intense rush and avoid unpleasant comedown. Participants reported limb abscesses, vein clotting, damage and recession resulting from product toxicity, crystallisation of the products when diluted and flushing practises. Seven participants were homeless, with groin and street injecting common. Following legislative changes use of mephedrone products declined due to closure of headshops, increased street prices, concerns around contamination and the emergence of new street stimulant drugs. Conclusion: Continued monitoring of drug displacement patterns in post legislative time frames is advised, alongside longitudinal ethnographic research to track the diffusion of mephedrone and other cathinone derivatives within injecting networks. Further investigation of the adverse health consequences of these drugs on injection is warranted. Click here to request a copy of this literature. Repository Staff Only: item control page. Item Type. Publication Type. Irish-related, Article. Drug Type. New psychoactive substance. Intervention Type. Harm reduction, Policy. Page Range. Related external link.
Mephedrone Slovenia
HRB National Drugs Library
Купить наркотики Среднеуральск
Mephedrone Slovenia
However, 3-MMC has still appeared on the recreational drug market as an alternative to mephedrone, and was first identified being sold in Sweden in It was sold as a research chemical, usually in powder form. There is no known or reported medical use of 3-MMC and it is being used for recreation. Some fatal intoxications have been reported although only a few involved 3-MMC only. Therefore two enantionmers exist, the R and S enantiomer. It is assumed that the S form is more potent due to its similarity to cathinone. But further research has to be done to confirm this. There are several ways to synthesize 3-MMC. One of ways to synthesize 3-MMC, which is adapted from Power et al, is to add ethyl magnesium bromide to 3-methylbenzaldehyde I. This bromo ketone is reacted with ethanolic methylamine to produce the 3-MMC free base V , which can be converted to the hydrochloride salt VI by addition of ethereal hydrogen chloride VI. There are no simple conversions into controlled substances. The most common form of 3-MMC is as a white crystalline powder or as white solid crystals. Sometimes however it is also sold as capsules filled with 3-MMC. There is no information available whether it is a racemate or enantiomerically pure. The metabolism pathway of 3-MMC is not yet fully known. From analysis of human pubic hair of a drug dealer it is known that 3-methylephedrine and 3-methylnorephedrine are metabolites of the drug. Generally, 3-MMC is taken via inhalation, injection, insufflation or oral administration. Repeated use of 3-MMC in a single session, often via different routes, has also been seen. Most self-reported doses range from 50 to mg or even up to mg. Furthermore, most users report repeated usage in order to extend their euphoric experience often leading to 0. The drug lasts from hours with its peak being hours long. In a questionnaire-based study of self-reported 3-MMC users in Slovenia, it was found that The study did not find any instances of users injecting 3-MMC. The desired effects of 3-MMC are stimulation, spontaneous bodily sensations, euphoria, enhancement of empathy, affection and sociability, happiness, awareness and an increased appreciation of music which are similar effects of other amphetamines and drugs of abuse. Since the concentration range is quite high in the literature, defining the concentration at which impairment or fatality occurs is very difficult. No correlation between the measured concentration and the type of intoxication was found. The most likely cause for this is the chemical instability of the drug. In animals, 3-MMC has a rather high absorption rate with the peak concentration being achieved within 5 to 10 minutes after oral ingestion and a plasma half-life of 0. Moreover, 3-MMC caused a significant change in the feeding behaviour of animals often resulting in weight gain over time. Caution is needed when applying the data for human safety from the extrapolated animal data because of low sample size, lack of data and low dosage. However, the Dutch government is going to add 3-MMC to the banned substance list in the 2nd half of for it to be considered as illegal hard drug. This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. IUPAC name. Interactive image. London: KIng's College. ISBN Journal of Psychopharmacology. PMID S2CID The novel psychoactive substance 3-methylmethcathinone 3-MMC or metaphedrone : A review. Power, P. McGlynn, K. Clarke, S. McDermott, P. Kavanagh, J. The analysis of substituted cathinones. Part 1: chemical analysis of 2-, 3- and 4-methylmethcathinone. Forensic Sci. Pharmacological profile of mephedrone analogs and related new psychoactive substances. Neuropharmacology, Pt A , 4— Schmidt, D. Weinshenker, Adrenaline rush: the role of adrenergic receptors in stimulant-induced behaviors, Mol. Frison, S. Frasson, F. Zancanaro, G. Tedeschi, L. Characteristics of the use of 3-MMC and other new psychoactive drugs in Slovenia, and the perceived problems experienced by users. Int J Drug Policy. Determination of a threshold fatal 3-MMC concentration in human: mission impossible. Psychopharmacology, 3 , — Shimshoni, M. Britzi, E. Sobol, U. Willenz, D. Nutt, N. Edery, 3-Methyl-methcathinone: Pharmacokinetic profile evaluation in pigs in relation to pharmacodynamics, J. China Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 1 October Retrieved 1 October Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Retrieved 7 December Retrieved 27 May Drugs en Uitgaan in Dutch. Retrieved 25 February Substituted amphetamine Sub. PEA Sub. Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine. Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide. ATC code : N06B. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version.
Mephedrone Slovenia
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