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Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user. When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an intoxicating effect. Generally, recreational drugs are divided into three categories: depressants drugs that induce a feeling of relaxation and calmness ; stimulants drugs that induce a sense of energy and alertness ; and hallucinogens drugs that induce perceptual distortions such as hallucination. In popular practice, recreational drug use generally is a tolerated social behaviour, rather than perceived as the medical condition of self-medication. Many people also use prescribed and controlled depressants such as opioids , along with opiates , and benzodiazepines. Recreational drugs include alcohol , commonly found in beer , wine , and distilled spirits ; weed and hashish. Many researchers have explored the etiology of recreational drug use. Some of the most common theories are: genetics, personality type, psychological problems, self-medication, sex, age, instant gratification, basic human need, curiosity, rebelliousness, a sense of belonging to a group, family and attachment issues, history of trauma, failure at school or work, socioeconomic stressors, peer pressure, juvenile delinquency, availability, historical factors, or sociocultural influences. Instead, experts tend to apply the biopsychosocial model. Any number of these factors are likely to influence an individual's drug use as they are not mutually exclusive. According to addiction researcher Martin A. Plant, many people go through a period of self-redefinition before initiating recreational drug use. They tend to view using drugs as part of a general lifestyle that involves belonging to a subculture that they associate with heightened status and the challenging of social norms. Plant says, 'From the user's point of view there are many positive reasons to become part of the milieu of drug taking. The reasons for drug use appear to have as much to do with needs for friendship, pleasure and status as they do with unhappiness or poverty. Becoming a drug taker, to many people, is a positive affirmation rather than a negative experience'. Anthropological research has suggested that humans 'may have evolved to counter-exploit plant neurotoxins '. The ability to use botanical chemicals to serve the function of endogenous neurotransmitters may have improved survival rates, conferring an evolutionary advantage. A typically restrictive prehistoric diet may have emphasised the apparent benefit of consuming psychoactive drugs , which had themselves evolved to imitate neurotransmitters. Severity and type of risks that come with recreational drug use vary widely with the drug in question and the amount being used. There are many factors in the environment and within the user that interact with each drug differently. Overall, some studies suggest that alcohol is one of the most dangerous of all recreational drugs; only heroin, crack cocaine, and methamphetamines are judged to be more harmful. However, studies which focus on a moderate level of alcohol consumption have concluded that there can be substantial health benefits from its use, such as decreased risk of cardiac disease, stroke and cognitive decline. Researcher David Nutt stated that these studies showing benefits for 'moderate' alcohol consumption lacked control for the variable of what the subjects were drinking, beforehand. These drugs are not without their own particular risks. The concept of 'responsible drug use' is that a person can use drugs recreationally or otherwise with reduced or eliminated risk of negatively affecting other aspects of one's life or other people's lives. Advocates of this philosophy point to the many well-known artists and intellectuals who have used drugs, experimentally or otherwise, with few detrimental effects on their lives. Responsible drug use becomes problematic only when the use of the substance significantly interferes with the user's daily life. Responsible drug use advocates that users should not take drugs at the same time as activities such as driving, swimming, operating machinery, or other activities that are unsafe without a sober state. Responsible drug use is emphasized as a primary prevention technique in harm-reduction drug policies. Harm-reduction policies were popularized in the late s, although they began in the s counter-culture, when cartoons explaining responsible drug use and the consequences of irresponsible drug use were distributed to users. For example, people who take drugs intravenously cocaine, heroin can minimize harm to both themselves and members of the community through proper injecting technique, using new needles and syringes each time, and proper disposal of all injecting equipment. In efforts to curtail recreational drug use, governments worldwide introduced several laws prohibiting the possession of almost all varieties of recreational drugs during the 20th century. The West's ' War on Drugs ' however, is now facing increasing criticism. Evidence is insufficient to tell if behavioral interventions help prevent recreational drug use in children. One in four adolescents has used an illegal drug and one in ten of those adolescents who need addiction treatment get some type of care. Studies have also shown that home intervention is also effective in decreasing the appeal of drugs. Alcohol is the most widely used drug in Australia. In the s, the counterculture movement introduced the use of psychoactive drugs, including cannabis. Many movements and organizations are advocating for or against the liberalization of the use of recreational drugs , notably cannabis legalization. Subcultures have emerged among users of recreational drugs, as well as among those who abstain from them, such as teetotalism and ' straight edge '. The prevalence of recreational drugs in human societies is widely reflected in fiction, entertainment, and the arts, subject to prevailing laws and social conventions. In video games , for example, drugs are portrayed in a variety of ways: including power-ups cocaine gum replenishes stamina in Red Dead Redemption 2 , obstacles to be avoided such as the Fuzzies in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island that distort the player's view when accidentally consumed , items to be bought and sold for in-game currency coke dealing is big part of Scarface: The World Is Yours. In 's Fallout , drugs 'chems' in the game can fill the role of any above mentioned. The following substances are used recreationally: \\\\\\\\\[28\\\\\\\\\]. Drugs are often associated with a particular route of administration. Many drugs can be consumed in more than one way. For example, marijuana can be swallowed like food or smoked, and cocaine can be 'sniffed' in the nostrils, injected, or, with various modifications, smoked. Many drugs are taken through various routes. Intravenous route is the most efficient, but also one of the most dangerous. Nasal, rectal, inhalation and smoking are safer. The oral route is one of the safest and most comfortable, but of little bioavailability. Depressants are psychoactive drugs that temporarily diminish the function or activity of a specific part of the body or mind. Examples of these kinds of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension. Depressants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances. Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include potentiation of GABA or opioid activity, and inhibition of adrenergic , histamine or acetylcholine activity. Some are also capable of inducing feelings of euphoria. The most widely used depressant by far is alcohol i. Stimulants or 'uppers', such as amphetamines or cocaine , which increase mental or physical function, have an opposite effect to depressants. Depressants, in particular alcohol, can precipitate psychosis. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Murrie et al. Antihistamines or 'histamine antagonists' inhibit the release or action of histamine. Antihistamines are used as treatment for allergies. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to allergens , such as the pollen released by grasses and trees. An allergic reaction causes release of histamine by the body. Other uses of antihistamines are to help with normal symptoms of insect stings even if there is no allergic reaction. Their recreational appeal exists mainly due to their anticholinergic properties, that induce anxiolysis and, in some cases such as diphenhydramine , chlorpheniramine , and orphenadrine , a characteristic euphoria at moderate doses. Antihistamines are also consumed in combination with alcohol, particularly by youth who find it hard to obtain alcohol. The combination of the two drugs can cause intoxication with lower alcohol doses. Hallucinations and possibly delirium resembling the effects of Datura stramonium can result if the drug is taken in much higher than therapeutic doses. Antihistamines are widely available over the counter at drug stores without a prescription , in the form of allergy medication and some cough medicines. They are sometimes used in combination with other substances such as alcohol. The most common unsupervised use of antihistamines in terms of volume and percentage of the total is perhaps in parallel to the medicinal use of some antihistamines to extend and intensify the effects of opioids and depressants. The most commonly used are hydroxyzine , mainly to extend a supply of other drugs, as in medical use, and the above-mentioned ethanolamine and alkylamine-class first-generation antihistamines, which are — once again as in the s — the subject of medical research into their anti-depressant properties. For all of the above reasons, the use of medicinal scopolamine for recreational uses is also observed. Analgesics also known as 'painkillers' are used to relieve pain achieve analgesia. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol also known in the US as acetaminophen , the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs such as the salicylates e. Some further examples of the brand name prescription opiates and opioid analgesics that may be used recreationally include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco hydrocodone , Avinza, Kapanol morphine , Opana, Paramorphan oxymorphone , Dilaudid, Palladone hydromorphone , and OxyContin oxycodone. The following are examples of tranquilizers GABAergics :. Stimulants, also known as 'psychostimulants', \\\\\\\\\[56\\\\\\\\\] induce euphoria with improvements in mental and physical function, such as enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion. Stimulants are also occasionally called 'uppers'. Depressants or 'downers', which decrease mental or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites. Stimulants enhance the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects may include increased alertness , awareness , wakefulness , endurance , productivity , and motivation , arousal , locomotion , heart rate , and blood pressure , and a diminished desire for food and sleep. Use of stimulants may cause the body to significantly reduce its production of endogenous compounds that fulfill similar functions. Once the effect of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and dysphoric. This is colloquially termed a 'crash' and may promote reuse of the stimulant. Amphetamines are a significant cause of drug-induced psychosis. Hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics , dissociatives , and deliriants. They can cause subjective changes in perception , thought , emotion and consciousness. Unlike other psychoactive drugs such as stimulants and opioids , hallucinogens do not merely amplify familiar states of mind but also induce experiences that differ from those of ordinary consciousness, often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as trance , meditation , conversion experiences, and dreams. Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants have a long worldwide history of use within medicinal and religious traditions. When used in religious practice, psychedelic drugs, as well as other substances like tobacco , are referred to as entheogens. Hallucinogen-induced psychosis occurs when psychosis persists despite no longer being intoxicated with the drug. Starting in the midth century, psychedelic drugs have been the object of extensive attention in the Western world. They have been and are being explored as potential therapeutic agents in treating depression , post-traumatic stress disorder , obsessive-compulsive disorder , alcoholism , and opioid addiction. Yet the most popular, and at the same time most stigmatized, use of psychedelics in Western culture has been associated with the search for direct religious experience , enhanced creativity , personal development, and 'mind expansion'. The use of psychedelic drugs was a major element of the s counterculture , where it became associated with various social movements and a general atmosphere of rebellion and strife between generations. Inhalants are gases , aerosols , or solvents that are breathed in and absorbed through the lungs. While some 'inhalant' drugs are used for medical purposes , as in the case of nitrous oxide, a dental anesthetic, inhalants are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled, including organic solvents found in cleaning products, fast-drying glues, and nail polish removers , fuels gasoline petrol and kerosene , and propellant gases such as Freon and compressed hydrofluorocarbons that are used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly, such as anesthetics ether and nitrous oxide and volatile anti- angina drugs alkyl nitrites , poppers. The most serious inhalant abuse occurs among children and teens who '\\\\\\\\\[ The effects of inhalants range from an alcohol-like intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid hallucinations , depending on the substance and the dosage. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases, or due to other chemicals used in the products inhaled. As with any recreational drug, users can be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated, such as driving under the influence. Computer cleaning dusters are dangerous to inhale, because the gases expand and cool rapidly upon being sprayed. In many cases, users have died from hypoxia lack of oxygen , pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest, \\\\\\\\\[64\\\\\\\\\] or aspiration of vomit. Minimally psychoactive plants which contain mainly caffeine and theobromine :. Solanaceae plants—contain atropine , hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Cacti with mescaline :. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Use of a drug with the primary intention to alter the state of consciousness. Main article: Evolutionary models of human drug use. Main article: Responsible drug use. Main article: Drug culture. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. September Learn how and when to remove this template message. Further information: Depressant. Further information: Antihistamine. Further information: Analgesic. Further information: Tranquilizer. Further information: Stimulant. Further information: Euphoriant. Further information: Hallucinogen. See also: List of psychedelic drugs. Further information: Inhalant. See also: Smoking. See also: List of psychedelic plants. The Motley Fool. World Drug Report United Nations. ISBN Retrieved 9 June Retrieved 10 August Retrieved 30 May PMC PMID Sullivan; E. Hagen Addiction Abingdon, England. Retrieved 25 January S2CID N Engl J Med. The Guardian. The Lancet. Faupel; Alan M. Horowitz; Greg S. The Sociology of American Drug Use. McGraw Hill. The Economist. Retrieved 10 March Preventive Services Task, Force 6 May Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement'. Annals of Internal Medicine. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. Retrieved 26 November Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. History of Education. ISSN X. The Sixties Chronicle. Legacy Publishing. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 8 October Alcohol Health and Research World. Retrieved 29 January Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic to midbrain dopamine neurons. Eric Jonathan , Molecular neuropharmacology : a foundation for clinical neuroscience. Hyman, Steven E. OCLC Chemical Research in Toxicology. Tobacco Induced Diseases. BMC Public Health. ISSN Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Retrieved 19 April Retrieved 20 June Retrieved 8 September Trends in Neurosciences. Retrieved 20 September Zululand Observer. Retrieved 14 July Retrieved 8 July Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 1 January Schizophrenia Bulletin. Badawy Alcohol and Alcoholism. A field guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Cuthbert 'stimulants' The Oxford Companion to the Body. Colin Blakemore and Sheila Jennett. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Philip's, World Encyclopedia. Recreational drug use. Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis. Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Teahouse. Abuse Addiction Date rape drug Dependence Opioid replacement therapy Prevention Rehabilitation Responsible use Driving impaired Drug checking Reagent testing Drug harmfulness Effects of cannabis Drug-related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Long-term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Passive smoking of tobacco or other substances. Arguments for and against drug prohibition Capital punishment for drug trafficking Cognitive liberty Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Narc Politics of drug abuse War on drugs Mexican drug war Plan Colombia Philippine drug war Zero tolerance. Alcohol legality Alcohol consumption Anabolic steroid legality Cannabis legality Annual use Lifetime use Tobacco consumption Cocaine legality Cocaine use Methamphetamine legality Opiates use Psilocybin mushrooms legality Salvia legality. Drugs which induce euphoria. See also: Recreational drug use. Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine. Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan. Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Galantamine. Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Pukateine. Authority control Microsoft Academic 2. Categories : Drug culture. Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September Articles needing additional references from September All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with MA identifiers Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Recreational drug use. Microsoft Academic 2.
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