Medical Latin

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This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymologies. Most of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary. There are a few general rules about how they combine. First, prefixes and suffixes, most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o-. As a general rule, this -o- almost always acts as a joint-stem to connect two consonantal roots (e.g. arthr- + -o- + -logy = arthrology), but generally, the -o- is dropped when connecting to a vowel-stem (e.g. arthr- + -itis = arthritis, instead of arthr-o-itis). Second, medical roots generally go together according to language, i.e., Greek prefixes occur with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes. Although international scientific vocabulary is not stringent about segregating combining forms of different languages, it is advisable when coining new words not to mix different lingual roots.
The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes, along with their meanings, origins, and English examples.
Greek ἀ-/ἀν- (a-/an-), not, without
Latin abdōmen, abdomen, fat around the belly
Greek ἀκούειν (akoúein), ἀκουστικός (akoustikós), of or for hearing
Greek ἄκρον (ákron), highest or farthest point
Greek ἀκουστικός (akoustikós), of or for hearing
Greek ἀδήν, ἀδέν-, (adḗn, adén-), an acorn; a gland
of or relating to fat or fatty tissue
of or relating to the adrenal glands
Greek ἀναιμία (anaimía), without blood
denoting something as different, or as an addition
Greek ἄλλος (állos), another, other
denoting something as positioned on both sides; describing both of two
Latin (ambi-, ambo), both, on both sides
Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac (amnion)
Greek ἀνήρ, ἀνδρ- (anḗr, andr-), male
denoting something as crooked or bent
Greek ἀγκύλος (ankúlos), crooked, curved
describing something as positioned in front of another thing
describing something as 'against' or 'opposed to' another
of or pertaining to a male; masculine
Greek ἀρτηρία (artēría), a wind-pipe, artery (used distinctly versus a vein)
of or pertaining to the joints, limbs
Greek ἄρθρον (árthron), a joint, limb
from Greek διάστασις (δια- (dia-, part, apart) + στάσις (stásis, stand)), division
imperfect or incomplete development
Greek ἀτελής (atelḗs), without end, incomplete
fatty deposit, soft gruel-like deposit
Autoimmune, autograph, autobiography, automobile, automatic
Auxocardia: enlargement of the heart, auxology
of or pertaining to the armpit (uncommon as a prefix)
French azote, nitrogen; from Greek άζωτικός (ázōtikós) ἀ- (a-, no, without) + ζωή (zōḗ, life)), mephitic air
azothermia: raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood
Latin (bacterium; Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion), small staff
Greek βάλανος (bálanos), acorn, glans
Greek βάσις (básis), foundation, base
Latin (bracchium), from Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn), arm
Indicating 'short' or less commonly 'little'
Greek βραχύς (brakhús), short, little, shallow
Latin (bronchus); Greek βρόγχος (brónkhos), windpipe
bursa (fluid sac between the bones)
Latin (bursa), purse; Greek βύρσα (búrsa), hide, wine-skin
Latin (carpus) < Greek καρπός (karpós), wrist; NOTE: This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp(o)- meaning fruit.
carpal, carpopedal spasm, metacarpal
of or pertaining to the head (as a whole)
of or pertaining to the cornu; a horn
Greek κέρας, κερατ- (kéras, kerat-), a horn
of or pertaining to the neck or the cervix
Latin cervix, cervīc-), neck, cervix
Greek χεῖλος (kheîlos), lip, mouth, beak
Greek χείρ, χειρο- (kheír, kheiro-), hand
Greek χλωρός (khlōrós), green, yellow-green
of or pertaining to the gallbladder
Greek χοληκύστις (kholēkústis), gallbladder < χολή (kholḗ), bile, gall + κύστις (kústis), bladder
cartilage, gristle, granule, granular
of or pertaining to the cilia, the eyelashes; eyelids
denoting something as 'around' another
Greek κλωστήρ (klōstḗr), spindle, thread
Greek κόλπος (kólpos), bosom, womb; hollow, depth
of or pertaining to the eye's pupil
Greek κόρη (kórē), girl, doll; pupil of the eye
of or pertaining to the heart (uncommon as a prefix)
applied to describing processes and parts of the body as likened or similar to horns
of or relating to the hip, haunch, or hip-joint
belonging or relating to the cranium
Latin cranium, from Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon), cranium, skull, bones enclosing the brain
Greek κρίνω (krínō), separate, divide, discern
Greek κύανος, κυάνεος (kúanos, kuáneos, blue, of the color blue)
denotes something as bent (uncommon as a prefix)
Greek κυφός (kuphós), bent, hunchback
of or pertaining to the urinary bladder
Greek κύστις (kústis), bladder, cyst
Greek κύτος (kútos), a hollow, vessel
Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos), finger, toe
Greek δέρμα, δέρματος (dérma, dérmatos), skin, human skin
dermatology, epidermis, hypodermic, xeroderma
Greek διά (diá), through, during, across
of or pertaining to the finger [rare as a root]
hand strength dynamometer, dynamics
bad, difficult, defective, abnormal
denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part; resection, excision
of or pertaining to the brain; see also cerebro-
Greek ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos), the brain
denotes something as inside or within
Greek ἔνδον (éndon), inside, internal
Greek ἠώς (ēṓs), dawn, daybreak, morning red, goddess of the dawn (Ἠώς, Ēṓs)
Greek ἐπι- (epi-), before, upon, on, outside, outside of
of or pertaining to the pubic region, the loins
Greek ἐπίσιον (epísion), the pubic area, loins; vulva
Greek αἴσθησις (aísthēsis), to perceive
denotes something as "outside" another
Greek ἔξω (éxō), outside of, external
extradural hematoma extraordinary, extreme
Latin faciēs, the face, countenance
Latin fibra, fiber, filament, entrails[2]
hole, opening, or aperture, particularly in bone
used to form adjectives indicating "having the form of"
Old English fōr(e)-, before, in front of
a hollow or depressed area; a trench or channel
Greek γάλα, γαλακτ- (gála, galakt-)
Greek γαστήρ, γαστρ- (gastḗr, gastr-), stomach, belly
Greek -γενής (-genḗs), from γεν-νάειν (gen-náein), to be born
Having a grey or bluish-grey colour
Greek γλαυκός (glaukós), grey, bluish-grey
Greek γλῶσσα, γλῶττα (glôssa, glôtta), tongue
Greek γνῶσις (gnôsis), inquiry, knowledge
Greek γόνος (gónos), fruit, seed, procreating
Greek γράμμα (grámma), picture, letter, writing
instrument used to record data or picture
Greek -γραφία (-graphía), written, drawn, graphic interpretation
Greek -γραφία (-graphía), written, drawn, graphic interpretation
gyno-, gynaeco- (BrE), gyneco- (AmE)
Latin hæma[citation needed], from Greek αἷμα, αἱματ- (grc), blood
Greek αἷμα, (grc), blood, + ἀγγεῖον (angeîon), vessel, urn
Greek ἧπαρ, ἠπᾰτ- (hêpar, ēpat-), the liver
denotes something as "the other" (of two), as an addition, or different
Greek ἕτερος (héteros), the other (of two), another; different
Greek ἱδρώς, ἱδρωτ- (hidrṓs, hidrōt-), sweat, perspiration
Greek ὅμοιος (homoios), like, resembling, similar
denotes something as "the same" as another or common
Greek ὁμός (homós), the same, common
of or pertaining to the shoulder (or [rarely] the upper arm)
Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), over, above; beyond, to the extreme
Greek ὑπό, ὑπο- (hupó), below, under
of or pertaining to the womb or the uterus
condition, formation, or presence of
Latin -iasis, pathological condition or process; from Greek ἴασις (íasis), cure, repair, mend
of or pertaining to medicine or a physician (uncommon as a prefix but common as a suffix; see -iatry)
Greek ἰατρός (iatrós), healer, physician
denotes a field in medicine emphasizing a certain body component
Greek ἰατρός (iatrós), healer, physician
Latin -icus, collection of related things, theme; cognate with Greek -ικός (ikós), of, pertaining to
Greek εἰλεός (eileós), to shut in, intestinal obstruction
Latin īrīs, rainbow; from Greek ἶρις (îris), rainbow
Greek ἴσχω (ískhō), hold back, restrain
of or pertaining to the ischium, the hip-joint
Greek ἰσχίον (iskhíon), hip-joint, ischium
Greek -ισμός (-ismós), suffix forming abstract nouns of state, condition, doctrine
Greek -ιστής (-istḗs), agent noun, one who practices
Latin -ītēs, those belonging to, from Greek -ίτης (-ítēs)
Greek -ῖτις (-îtis) fem. form of -ίτης (-ítēs), pertaining to, because it was used with the feminine noun νόσος (nósos, disease), thus -îtis nósos, disease of the, disease pertaining to
Latin -ium, aggregation or mass of (such as tissue)
Greek κινέω (kinéō), to move, to change
Greek κυφός (kuphós), bent forward, stooping, hunchbacked
of or pertaining to the abdominal wall, flank
of or pertaining to the larynx, the lower throat cavity where the voice box is
Greek λᾰ́ρυγξ, (lárunx), throat, gullet
Latin laterālis, lateral, of or belonging to the side
Greek λευκός (leukós), white, bright, pale
Latin lingua, tongue, speech, language
denotes someone who studies a certain field (the field of _____-logy); a specialist; one who treats
Greek λογιστής (logistḗs), studier, practitioner (lit., accountant)
denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field; the study of
Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logíā) base noun for the study of something
of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis.
Greek λῠ́σῐς (lúsis), loosen, release, + -ic
Greek λῠ́σῐς (lúsis), loosen, release
Greek μαλακία (malakía), soft, weak, self-indulgent
Greek μαστός (mastós), breast, woman's breast, man's pectoral muscle
Greek μέγᾰς (mégas), big, large, great, mighty
Greek μέλᾱς, μελανο- (mélās, melano-), black, dark
Greek μέλος (mélos), part of a body, limb, member
Greek μέρος (méros), part, component, region
Greek μέσος (mésos), middle, between, half
Greek μετᾰ́ (metá), with, among, along with, in common with
instrument used to measure or count
Greek μέτρον (métron), measure or property, something used to measure
process of measuring, -meter + -y (see -meter)
pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus
millionth; denoting something as small, relating to smallness
Latin mūsculus, muscle (lit. mouse-like, due to mouse-shaped appearance of some muscles; loanword from Greek μῦς (mûs), mouse, + Latin -culus, diminutive suffix)
Greek μῦς, μυ- (mûs, mu-), muscle, mouse, mussel
of or relating to bone marrow or the spinal cord
Greek μυελός (muelós), marrow, bone-marrow
of or relating to molar teeth or the lower jaw
Greek μῠ́λη (múlē, mill, grind, molars
Greek μῡρῐ́ος (mūríos), innumerable, countless, infinite
Greek μύξᾰ (múxa), mucus, nasal discharge
Greek νάρκη (nárkē), numbess, torpor
Greek νεκρός (nekrós), dead body, corpse, dying person
Greek νέος (néos), young, youthful, new, fresh
of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system (uncommon as a root: neuro- mostly always used)
Latin nervus, tendon, nerve; cognate with Greek νεῦρον (neûron), tendon, string, nerve
of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system
Greek νεῦρον (neûron), tendon, sinew, nerve
Latin nōrma, norm or standard; lit. carpenter's square
Greek ὀδούς, ὀδοντ- (odoús, odont-, tooth
Greek -ειδής (-eidḗs), like, connected to, pertaining to
Latin -olus, suffix to form a diminutive of the noun
Greek -μα (-ma), suffix added to verbs to form nouns indicating the result of a process or action; cf. English -tion
of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus
Greek ὀμφαλός (omphalós), navel, belly-button
of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe)
Greek ὄνυξ, ὀνυχο- (ónux, onukho-), nail; claw; talon
of or pertaining to an (egg), a woman's egg, the ovum
Greek ᾠόν, ᾠο- (ōión, ōio-), egg, ovum
of or pertaining to the woman's (ovary)
Neoclassical Greek ᾠοφόρον (ōiophóron), ovary, egg-bearing
Greek ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós), the eye
Greek ὄπῐσθεν (ópisthen), behind, at the back
of or relating to chemical properties of the eye
Middle French optique; from Greek ὀπτῐκός (optikós); cognate with Latin oculus, relating to the eye
generally appended where Latin would do it—to the root of a Latin-type perfect passive participle. Cf. -er
Greek ὄρχις (órkhis), testicle, ovary
denoting something as straight or correct
Greek ὀρθός (orthós), straight, correct, normal
Greek -ωσις (-ōsis), state, abnormal condition, action
of or pertaining to the eggs, the ovum
borrowed from French oxygène (originally principe oxigine, 'acidifying principle', referring to oxygen's role in the formation of acids, from Greek ὀξύς (oxús), sharp, pointed + γένος (génos), birth)
Greek πᾰχῠ́ς (pakhús), thick, large, stout
Indicates conjoined twins, with the first part denoting the organs fused
Greek πάγος (págos), fixed, set, fastened
of or pertaining to the eyelid (uncommon as a root)
denoting something as 'complete' or containing 'everything'; "all"
Greek πᾶς, παν- (pâs, pan-), all, every
panophobia, panopticon, pancytopenia (deficiency in all blood cell types - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)[9]
of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast)
Latin papilla, nipple; diminutive of papula (see below)
Indicates papulosity, a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling
Latin papula, pimple, pustle; a small elevation or swelling in the skin
Latin parvus, small, little, unimportant
Greek πᾰ́θος (páthos), pain, suffering, condition
denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder
Greek πᾰ́θος (páthos), suffering, accident
of or pertaining to the foot; -footed
Greek παῖς, παιδός (paîs, paidós), child
denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract.
Greek πεπτός (peptós), cooked, digested < πέσσω (péssō), I boil, cook; digest
denoting something with a position 'surrounding' or 'around' another
Greek περῐ́ (perí), around, about, concerning
Greek πῆξις (pêxis), fixing in place, fastening
phacolysis, phacometer, phacoscotoma
Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion
Greek φαγία (phagía) eating < φᾰγεῖν (phageîn), to eat
Greek -φᾰ́γος (-phágos), eater of, eating
Forms nouns that denote a person who 'feeds on' the first element or part of the word
Greek φαγιστής (phagistḗs) eater; see -phagia
Forms nouns that denotes 'feeding on' the first element or part of the word
Greek φαγία (phagia) eating; see -phagia
Greek φάρμᾰκον (phármakon), witchcraft, drug
of or pertaining to the pharynx, the upper throat cavity
Greek φᾰ́ρῠγξ, φαρυγγ- (phárunx, pharung-), throat, windpipe; chasm
Greek φῐλῐ́ᾱ (philíā), friendship, love, affection
of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein
Greek φλέψ, φλεβ- (phléps, phleb-), blood-vessel, vein
exaggerated fear, sensitivity, aversion
Greek φόβος (phóbos), terror, fear, flight, panic
of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties, now historic and used rarely. See the common root phot- below.
Greek φῶς, φᾰ́ος, φωτ- (phôs, pháos), light
Greek φωτω- (phōtō-), < φῶς (phôs), light
Greek φρήν (phrḗn), intellect, wits, mind
Greek φῠ́λλον (phúllon), leaf, foliage, plant
Medieval Latin pia mater, tender mother, from Latin pia, pius, pious, dutiful, good
Latin pirum, cognate with Greek ἄπιον (ápion), pear
Greek πλᾰ́σῐς (plásis), moulding, conformation
Greek πλαστός (plastós), molded, formed
Greek πληγή (plēgḗ), stroke (from a sword), from πληγή (plēgḗ), to strike or smite
Greek πλευρᾱ́ (pleurā́), rib, side of the body
Greek πλήσσω, πλήσσειν (plḗssō, plḗssein), to strike or smite
Greek πνεῖν (pneîn), πνεῦμα, πνεύματος (pneûma, pneúmatos), πνεύμων (pneúmōn)
of or pertaining to the foot, -footed
Greek πούς, ποδ- (poús, pod-), foot
Greek ποίησις (poíēsis), poetry, poem, creation
Greek πολῐός (poliós), grey, grizzled
Greek πολῠ́ς (polús), many, a lot of, large, great
Greek πορφύρα (porphúra), Tyrian purple, royal purple
denotes something as 'after (time)' or 'behind (space)' another
denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)
Middle English pre-, from Medieval Latin pre- < (Classical) Latin prae-, before, in front of
Greek πρέσβυς (présbus), old man, elder
denotes something as 'first' or 'most-important'
Latin prīmus, first, most important
denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)
Greek πρό- (pró-), before, in front of
Greek πρόσωπον (prósōpon), face, visage, mask
denotes something as 'first' or 'most important'
Greek πρωτος (prōtos), first; principal, most important
Greek ψεύδω (pseúdō), to lie or deceive
Greek ψώρα (psṓra), itch, mange, scurvy
Greek ψυχή (psukhḗ), breath, life, soul
Pertaining to a wing; 'pterygo-', wing-shaped
Greek πτερόν (pterón), wing, feather
falling, drooping, downward placement, prolapse
Greek πτῡ́ω (ptū́ō), to spit up, disgorge; + -σις (-sis), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process
hemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes
Greek πύελος (púelos), pelvis, wash basin
to thicken (as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death)
Greek πύκνωσις (púknōsis), thickening
Greek πυλωρός (pulōrós), gate keeper; lower orifice of the stomach
Greek πῦρ, πυρετός (pûr, puretós), fire, heat, fever
Latin radiō, I radiate, emit beams; from radius, ray of light, spoke of a wheel
referring to the beginning, or the root, of a structure, usually a nerve or a vein
abbr. of New Latin rectum intestinum ('straight intestine') < Latin rēctus, straight
Greek ῥᾰ́βδος (rhábdos), wand, stick, stripe
Greek ῥάχις (rhákhis), spine or backbone
rachial, rachialgia, rachidian, rachiopathy
Greek ῥίς, ῥῑνο- (rhís, rhīno-), nose
burst forth, rapid flow (of blood, usually)
Greek -ραγία (-ragía), to break, to burst
Greek ῥῆξῐς (rhêxis), breaking, bursting, discharge
of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain
of or pertaining to tubes, e.g. Fallopian tubes
Greek σᾰ́λπῐγξ, σαλπιγγ-, (sálpinx, salping-), trumpet
Greek σχῐστός (skhistós), cloven, divided
denoting something "split" or "double-sided"
Greek σχῐ́ζω (skhízō), I split, cleave, part; irregular formation of the verb σχῐ́ζειν (skhízein), to cut, split
Greek σκληρός (sklērós), hard, harden; + -σῐς (-sis), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process
Greek σκολιός (skoliós), curved, bent
Greek σκοπέω (skopéō), to look at, behold, examine
Greek σιγμοειδής (sigmoeidḗs), crescent-shaped, lunate sigma-shaped
Latin sinus, a curve, bend, hollow cavity, bosom
Greek σπλᾰ́γχνον (splánkhnon), bowels, guts
Greek σπλήν, σπλην- (splḗn, splēn-), spleen, milt
of or pertaining to the spine, the vertebra
Greek σφόνδῠλος / σπόνδυλος (sphóndulos, spóndulos), the spine
denoting something as "full of scales" or "scaly"
Latin squāmōsus, full of scales, scaly
Greek στέλλω (stéllō), I dispatch, place, set
Greek στᾰ́σῐς (st
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