Mechanisms of Borrowing

1. Transcription, the rendering of the sound form of a foreign word by the characters of the alphabet of another language. 
E.g., samurai fr. Japanese; shekel fr. Hebrew sheqel

2. Transliteration, the rendering of a letter or letters of one alphabet by equivalents in another.
E.g., sputnik fr. Russian спутник

3. Transplantation, the transferring of a word from one language into another, without changing its graphic form.
E.g., pêche, a peach-flavoured alcoholic drink, especially sparkling wine (fr. French) … crowd which had turned up at Øvrevoll for the Norsk Grand National … (Francis. Slay…) (fr. Norwegian)

4. Loanshift (semantic calque), a change in the meaning of a word resulting from the influence of a corresponding word in a foreign language. E.g., collegium  
1. a collegiate church
2. an independent and self-governing ecclesiastical body uncontrolled by the state
3. a group of officials, headed by a commissar, who are in charge of a commissariat in Soviet Russia. fr. Russ. коллегия

5. Loan translation (calque), a word-for-word or morpheme-formorpheme translation from another language, without changing the word structure or sequence of elements. E.g., masterpiece fr. German Meister (master) + Stück (piece)     
decembrist fr. Russian декабрист   

6. Semi-calque, a combination of transliteration or transplantation with loan translation.
E.g., Third Reich fr. German Drittes Reich