Mature Older Sperm

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University of East Anglia. "'Old' sperm produces healthier offspring." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 February 2019. .
University of East Anglia. (2019, February 14). 'Old' sperm produces healthier offspring. ScienceDaily . Retrieved September 7, 2022 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190214084646.htm
University of East Anglia. "'Old' sperm produces healthier offspring." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190214084646.htm (accessed September 7, 2022).

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'Old' sperm produces healthier offspring https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190214084646.htm
Research shows that sperm that live for longer before fertilizing an egg produce healthier offspring. What's more, these offspring go on to have longer, healthier lifespans -- and in turn produce more and healthier offspring themselves. It was assumed that it doesn't matter which sperm fertilizes an egg. But this shows that there are massive differences between sperm and how they affect offspring. The research was carried out in zebrafish but may have implications for human fertility.
Sperm that live for longer before fertilising an egg produce healthier offspring -- according to new research from the University of East Anglia and Uppsala University in Sweden.
New research published today shows that longer-lived sperm in an ejaculate of a zebrafish male produce offspring with longer and healthier lifespans -- who in turn produce more and healthier offspring themselves -- than the shorter-lived sperm in the same ejaculate.
The findings may have important implications for human reproduction and fertility, particularly in the context of assisted fertilisation technologies.
Lead researcher Dr Simone Immler, from UEA's School of Biological Sciences, said: "One male produces thousands to millions of sperm in a single ejaculate but only very few end up fertilizing an egg.
"The sperm within an ejaculate vary not only in their shape and performance, but also in the genetic material that each of them carries.
"Until now, there was a general assumption that it doesn't really matter which sperm fertilises an egg as long as it can fertilise it.
"But we have shown that there are massive differences between sperm and how they affect the offspring."
The research team performed in vitro fertilisations by collecting gametes from males and females. They then split the ejaculate of a male into two halves.
In one half, they selected for shorter-lived sperm and in the other for longer lived sperm. They then added the sperm to two half clutches from a female to fertilise the eggs and reared the offspring into adulthood.
They then monitored their lifespan and their reproductive output for two years.
Dr Immler said: "We found that when we select for the longer-lived sperm within the ejaculate of male zebrafish, the resulting offspring is much fitter than their full siblings sired by the shorter-lived sperm of the same male.
"More specifically, offspring sired by longer-lived sperm produce more and healthier offspring throughout their life that age at a slower rate.
"This is a surprising result, which suggests that it is important to understand how sperm selection may contribute to the fitness of the next generations."
The researchers are currently in the process of identifying the genes underlying their findings.
"This research has important implications for evolutionary biology and potentially beyond into areas that use assisted fertilization technologies, for example in livestock rearing or IVF in humans," added Dr Immler.
The research was funded by the European Research Council.
Materials provided by University of East Anglia . Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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Nov. 3, 2000 -- Men holding off on making a commitment to fatherhood could end up dealing with a diminished arsenal. The question is, does age matter for the gander like it does for the goose? You bet. Two studies released at a meeting of reproductive medicine specialists in San Diego show that age does affect sperm .
The first study, conducted jointly by Kentucky fertility experts at centers in Louisville and Lexington, found that sperm count diminishes steadily with age -- and quality goes down, as well. The researchers looked at four groups -- about 800 men in all from 20 to 60 years of age -- all of whom were undergoing fertility treatments with their partners. They found that sperm count dropped from about 107 million for men in their 20s to about 35.5 million for those in their 50s.
The second study, done by French researchers, seemed to partly answer the logical next question: What effect does this actually have on egg fertilization? In about 300 attempts at in vitro fertilization using donor eggs, they found a fertilization rate of about 60% in men less than 39 years old, with the rate falling to about 51% in those older than 39.
The message to women has been they're more likely to get pregnant at a younger age. For men, it's far less clear. "What we do know already is that ovarian aging very much affects the pregnancy rate," says Steven Sondheimer, MD, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. "In males, ... the studies probably don't translate as dramatically into a decrease in pregnancy rates."
Pamela Madsden of the American Infertility Association agrees that the onus is still on women. "It's not surprising that men's fertility declines as well. But I think it's still different than what happens with women. Their eggs deteriorate to the point of not being able to be fertilized. Between 40 and 44 for most women -- but even as early as 37 -- they may not ever be able to get pregnant again. And here you're talking about a reduction in count. We do have techniques today where we can take one sperm and insert it into a viable egg."
Still, Madsden says it's useful information because men can at least plan to keep what sperm they have as healthy as possible by not smoking or excessively drinking. "In my mind, the men are still the winners, because we've figured out that the issue with men tends to be the count."
But Larry I. Lipshultz, MD, professor of urology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, says a sperm evaluation study also was presented at the meeting, and it did not show a significant decline for older men.
All that aside, there's still the issue of quantity vs. quality, he says. "If sperm density is greater than 20 million with good quality and motility, you're not going to see an effect." Lipshultz points out that 20 million is the point between fertile and subfertile. But even then, it's not that simple. "You can't look [just] at numbers. They're the least important parameter. You have to look at quality.
"There's nothing new here," Lipshultz says. "[It's been] shown sperm counts do decline with age." But he says healthy men shouldn't worry about a decline to zero. "Men never stop producing sperm," he says.
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For pregnancy to occur, sperm must find its way inside a woman’s vagina while she’s fertile—but can sperm survive outside of the body? Can you get pregnant from semen on hands? What if you wash your hands? Your bed? A toilet?!? Given that pregnancy is a pretty big deal, these are pretty important questions to know the answers to, and all the above hinge on the viability or lifespan of sperm in various situations.

Too long? Don’t want to read all that? Below you’ll find the quick answer for each situation. Note that on all surfaces outside the body, semen should be considered capable of causing pregnancy until dry. The time frames given below are estimates based on probable drying times. Dry semen can’t cause pregnancy.
Inside the male body: 42 to 76 days, 3 to 5 days of which sperm is mature, and up to 4.5 hours in the urethra.
Inside the female body: Up to 5 days, with the first 48 hours being the most viable.
On skin near genitals: Around an hour.
On skin elsewhere (such as hands): Around 30 to 40 minutes.
After washing hands, rinsing, or in water: Water will destroy sperm when outside the body.
On fabric: A few minutes.
On hard surfaces: Depends on the surface temp, a few minutes to hours.
This is actually a trickier question than you’d expect. It takes between 42 and 76 days for a single sperm to mature , and the average male makes about 1,500 sperm per second. However, mature sperm only live for 2 to 5 days before they’re broken down and recycled by the body, so to speak.
This means, technically, sperm live in the male body for months, but they are only viable in the body for a few days. Regardless, sperm are produced at a constant rate, meaning there are always viable sperm in a male’s body, assuming functional reproductive health.
Also note that while age slows down the rate of sperm production, it doesn’t stop it—the oldest man to father a child was 102 years old ! Likewise, because there is this continuous cycle of production and recycling, the body doesn’t really store sperm. Semen, the fluid sperm are carried within, is produced fresh at each ejaculation, and the sperm present range from newly mature to a few days old.
After ejaculation, sperm can also remain viable in the urethra for up to 4.5 hours. This is one reason when practicing the pull-out method, urination is recommended between acts, though as it’s unknown if this is the only method by which sperm can make their way into precum, this may not always be effective.
The lifespan of sperm inside the female body is generally accepted at a max of 5 days, with the first 48 hours being the most viable. However, some research has also suggested this time frame may vary from woman to woman and even cycle to cycle. For instance, it’s suggested that intercourse closer to the beginning of a woman’s cycle shortens the viability of sperm due to less favorable vaginal pH. This implies that the closer to ovulation the sex occurs, the more likely sperm could survive longer in the female body
Sperm viability outside the body depends on quite a few factors, but the jest of it is, once the sperm dries out or is otherwise damaged, it can no longer cause pregnancy outside of assisted reproduction. This means that the more ideal the conditions where the semen was deposited, the longer sperm can survive. It’s also important to note that oxygen does not kill sperm. Rather the drying factor of air eventually leads to sperm becoming permanently immobile.
The ideal conditions for sperm are about 93 degrees (slightly below body temperature, much like that of the testicles ) and moist with a pH around 7 to 8. However, semen sample lab instructions often suggest room temperature is ideal in cases where storage time is less than one hour.
The genital area can check all these boxes. In females, the vulva area usually runs around 91 to 93 degrees with a skin pH around 5 to 6 (dry) and is naturally moist. The penis area runs between 93 and 89 degrees (ranging from base to glans), also with a pH of 5 to 6. These temperatures are affected by surrounding temperature and activity level (in a hotter room or during the usually active act of intercourse, both would be warmer).
As a result, sperm is more likely to remain viable near the genitals than elsewhere on the body. Unfortunately, just how long would depend on how much semen was present (to slow dry time and alter skin pH) and how close it was to the genital area (where skin temp is typically a bit higher).
To give a rough idea, in a new technique used to air-dry sperm for assisted reproduction (again, dry sperm can’t cause pregnancy outside of a lab), semen placed on a glass lab slide and heated to 98.6 degrees dries in 25 to 30 minutes. While this is internal body temp, the surface of your skin, even in the genital area, is, as mentioned, a bit cooler than this, and likewise moist not a glass slide with a thin smear. Given this, assuming you don’t wipe the semen off, semen may remain viable up to an hour or so near the genital area.
Not only do other parts of your body have a lower temperature, but they also tend to be far drier and may contain trace contaminants (such as soap residue or lotion) that would shorten the survival of sperm. For instance, your hands run between about 87 and 90 degrees but cool more proportionally to the surrounding temperature. They are also dry. As a result, sperm on more exposed skin like this would dry closer to the rate of the slide mentioned above, at around 30 to 40 minutes.
Regardless, it’s important to keep in mind that the probability of pregnancy from sperm on hands or other skin when not near the vagina is exceptionally low. For one, most would not let semen just sit on their hands or skin to dry. Washing off semen, even with just water, is sufficient to destroy any sperm present due to osmotic shock . Likewise, wiping dry will transfer any sperm to the item used.
Side note, or more cautionary advisement, water will not kill sperm that are already inside the body. Washing a vagina with water or having sex in water (if ejaculation occurs within the vagina) will not lower the chances of pregnancy.
Back to the topic at hand, for perspective, the average ejaculation contains 200 to 500 million sperm, but even when ejaculated into the vaginal canal, many sperm are lost as they make their way through cervical mucus, the cervix, uterus, and Fallopian tubes to an egg. In fact, only a few hundred or approximately .01 percent find their way to the egg, and even then, fertilization and implantation only succeeds about 25 percent of the time . The chances of a few stray sperm from, say, your hands, resulting in pregnancy is then astronomically low unless fresh, visible semen was inserted.
As fabric will absorb moisture from semen, drying time is reduced. Fabric is also rarely of a proper temperature to support the survival of sperm. Given this, sperm will only live a few minutes on cloth unless the cloth is saturated to the point moisture can be felt (soaked). Note that sperm also require a medium (such as semen or cervical mucus) to remain motile, so no, they can’t ‘swim’ through clothing, unless again, the fabric is so saturated a medium is still present.
As mentioned, on a hard glass slide at 98.6 degrees, semen will dry in about 25 to 30 minutes. At room temperature (closer to 70 degrees), this would be slower. For instance, semen samples typically liquefy for examination within 15 minutes at room temperature (liquefaction would be a step before drying)—anything over 60 minutes is considered abnormal. This would imply that the drying time (and so survival time) of sperm on hard surfaces such as a toilet seat is highly variable depending on temperature, likely ranging from minutes to an hour. None the less, the chances of pregnancy from such a situation are virtually non-existent.
As mentioned earlier on this page, sperm will quite literally explode due to osmotic shock within minutes of exposure to water if the protective layer of semen is washed away. Again, note that this does not apply inside the body, do not attempt to prevent pregnancy by ‘washing’ sperm out. Likewise, having sex in water will not prevent pregnancy.
So, there you have it. Probably more than you ever thought you’d know about the lifespan of sperm. Still have questions? Feel free to drop us a comment. We do our best to help.
Let’s start out by getting this out of the way: no one can tell you whether you are or are not pregnant over the Internet. I can’t. A quiz can’t. Scrutinizing timing and symptoms can’t. The only way to confirm a pregnancy is in person via examination, urine, or blood…
Continuing with our exploration into pregnancy probability statistics, let’s start with situations involving precum (also known as pre-ejaculate). “Can you get pregnant from precum?” and “does precum contain sperm?” are pretty common questions in the chances of pregnancy realm. This because the pull-out method is both one of the oldest…
How many sperm does it take to fertilize an egg? That may sound like a corny joke intro, but
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