Marry Quen

Marry Quen
Mary, Queen of Scots became Queen of Scotland at six days old.
In her lifetime, Mary married three times — her final husband causing her downfall.
Her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I held her captive for 18 years and eventually executed.
Linilithgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
“In my end is my beginning.” “If I could be anything in the world I would want to be a teardrop because I would be born in your eyes, live on your cheeks, and die on your lips.” “I fear the prayers of John Knox more than all the assembled armies of Europe.” “No one provokes me with impunity.”
In 1542 the Scottish throne went to Mary, Queen of Scots, a controversial monarch who became France's queen consort and claimed the English crown. She was executed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1587.
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Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart, was the queen of Scotland from December 1542 until July 1567. The death of Mary’s father, which occurred just days after her birth, put her on the throne as an infant. She briefly became queen consort in France before returning to Scotland. Forced to abdicate by Scottish nobles in 1567, Mary sought the protection of England's Queen Elizabeth I , who instead had her arrested. Mary spent the remainder of her life in captivity until her 1587 execution.
Mary Stuart was born on December 8, 1542, in Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian, Scotland. Mary’s father died when she was only six days old, making her queen of Scotland.
Mary was the daughter of King James V of Scotland and his second wife, Mary of Guise. Mary’s great-grandfather was Henry VII, making Henry VIII her great uncle. Elizabeth I was Mary's cousin.
Given that Mary was only an infant, her great-uncle Henry VIII made a bid for control. Her mother, however, ended up acting as regent on Mary's behalf.
Mary was initially betrothed to Henry VIII's son, Prince Edward of England, who eventually became King Edward VI. Scottish Catholics, however, objected to this plan, since England had separated from the Catholic Church. When the match was annulled, England attacked Scotland in raids that became known as "The Rough Wooing."
At the age of 5, Mary was sent to France, where she grew up in the luxurious French court. Mary's mother was French, and the Scots had a longstanding alliance with France, so Mary was betrothed to the 4-year-old French heir.
A portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (left) with Mary, Queen of Scots.
Photos: DeAgostini/Getty Images; National Galleries Of Scotland/Getty Images
Mary was married three times, with the last union eventually leading to her downfall.
In 1558, Mary married Francis, the eldest son of French King Henry II and Catherine de Medicis. In 1559, Mary's husband was crowned Francis II, making Mary both the queen of Scotland and France's queen consort. Unfortunately, Francis died from an ear infection the year after he ascended to the throne, leaving Mary a widow at age 18.
In 1565 Mary gave into infatuation and married her cousin, Henry Stewart, Earl of Darnley. Mary's new husband was a grandson of Margaret Tudor; Mary uniting with a Tudor infuriated Elizabeth Tudor. Her marriage to Darnley also turned Mary's half-brother against her.
Shortly after their marriage, Darnley’s ruthless ambition caused problems. In 1566 Darnley and a group of Protestant nobles viciously murdered David Rizzio, Mary's Italian secretary, stabbing him 56 times as a pregnant Mary looked on. Though she gave birth to their son a few months later, she no longer wished to be married to Darnley.
When Darnley was mysteriously killed following an explosion at Kirk o' Field, outside Edinburgh, in February 1567, foul play was suspected. Mary's involvement is unclear.
In May 1567 Mary consented to marry James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell — the main suspect in her previous husband Darnley’s murder. Over the years, Bothwell had become a close confidant of Mary and was said to exert great influence over her. He also had his own ambitions to become king, and he had abducted Mary and held her captive in Dunbar Castle.
Mary’s scandalous marriage with Bothwell, just three months after Darnley’s murder, made the Scottish nobility rise against her. Bothwell went into exile, where he was ultimately arrested and held captive until his death. Meanwhile, in July 1567, Mary was compelled to abdicate the throne in Scotland in favor of her infant son. She was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.
On June 19, 1566, Mary gave birth to the future James VI of Scotland and James I of England. James was Mary’s one and only child, conceived with her second husband, Henry Stewart.
Mary was the Queen of Scotland from her father’s death in December 1542 until she was forced to abdicate the throne to her infant son James in July 1567.
Following her first husband Francis’s death, Mary returned to Scotland from France in 1561. By that time, John Knox's influence had changed Scotland's official religion from Catholicism to Protestantism.
As a Roman Catholic raised in France, Mary found herself an outsider. However, with help from her illegitimate half-brother, James, Earl of Moray, Mary managed to rule while creating an atmosphere of religious tolerance.
Following the mysterious death of Mary's second husband, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and her quick marriage to Bothwell, the Scottish nobility rose up against her and compelled her to hand over rule to her son and imprisoned her.
As the great-granddaughter of King Henry VII, Mary had a strong claim to the English throne. Her French father-in-law, Henry II, made this claim on her behalf. However Mary never became the queen of England.
In November 1558, Henry VIII's daughter, Elizabeth Tudor, became Queen Elizabeth I of England following the death of her sister, Mary Tudor . Many Roman Catholics did not recognize the validity of Henry VIII's marriage to Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn , and they considered Elizabeth's rule to be illegitimate.
In 1568, Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle, where she was imprisoned by the Scottish nobility for her unseemly marriage with Bothwell. She raised an army but was soon defeated. She fled to England, where she sought Elizabeth's protection. Instead of helping her cousin, the queen imprisoned Mary. Mary's captivity would last for the next 18 years.
Meanwhile, English Catholics plotted to get Mary, a Catholic herself, onto the throne by assassinating Elizabeth. Mary corresponded with one such plotter, Anthony Babington.
When Elizabeth's spymaster uncovered the letters in 1586, Mary was brought to trial. She was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death.
After Elizabeth signed her cousin's death warrant for treason, Mary was executed in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, on February 8, 1587. She was 44 years old.
Elizabeth had Mary buried in Peterborough Cathedral. After Mary's son became King James I of England, he moved his mother's body to Westminster Abbey in 1612.
Centuries after her death, Mary continues to be an object of cultural fascination. The 1971 film Mary, Queen of Scots starred Vanessa Redgrave as Mary and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth, with Timothy Dalton as Darnley.
In 2013, a Swiss-French movie was made on Mary’s life. And the 2018 movie, Mary Queen of Scots , starred Saoirse Ronan as Mary and Margot Robbie as Elizabeth.
Mary’s life also inspired the 2013 to 2017 television show Reign .
We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us !
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Elizabeth I was a long-ruling queen of England, governing with relative stability and prosperity for 44 years. The Elizabethan era is named for her.
Mary Tudor was the first queen regnant of England, reigning from 1553 until her death in 1558. She is best known for her religious persecutions of Protestants and the executions of over 300 subjects.
Queen Victoria was queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901 — the second-longest reign of any British monarch.
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain is the longest-reigning monarch in British history. She celebrated 70 years on the throne in June 2022 with her Platinum Jubilee.
Queen Elizabeth was the Queen consort of King George VI until his death in 1952. She is best known for her moral support to the British people during WWII and her longevity.
Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII, served as queen of England in the 1530s. She was executed on charges of incest, witchcraft, adultery and conspiracy against the king.
Catherine of Aragon was King Henry VIII's first wife. Her refusal to agree to an annulment of their marriage led to the creation of the Church of England.
Henry VIII, king of England, was famously married six times and played a critical role in the English Reformation, turning his country into a Protestant nation.
Queen Rania of Jordan is best known for her advocacy work in public health and education and as an outspoken opponent of the practice of "honor killings."

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567
Portrait by François Clouet , c. 1558–1560

^ Bishop John Lesley said Mary was born on the 7th, but Mary and John Knox claimed the 8th, which was the feast day of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ( Fraser 1994 , p. 13; Wormald 1988 , p. 11).

^ While Catholic Europe switched to the New Style Gregorian calendar in the 1580s, England and Scotland retained the Old Style Julian calendar until 1752. In this article, dates before 1752 are Old Style, with the exception that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March.

^ Also spelled as Marie and as Steuart or Stewart

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 14

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 13

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 11; Wormald 1988 , p. 46

^ Guy 2004 , p. 16

^ This version is taken from Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie 's The History of Scotland from 21 February 1436 to March 1565 written in the 1570s. The phrase was first recorded by John Knox in the 1560s as, "The devil go with it! It will end as it began: it came from a woman; and it will end in a woman" ( Wormald 1988 , pp. 11–12).

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 12; Wormald 1988 , p. 11

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 12; Guy 2004 , p. 17

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 13; Guy 2004 , p. 17

^ Sadler to Henry VIII, 23 March 1543, quoted in Clifford 1809 , p. 88; Fraser 1994 , p. 18; Guy 2004 , p. 22; Wormald 1988 , p. 43

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 15; John Knox claimed the king had signed a blank sheet of paper that Beaton had then filled in, while Arran claimed that Beaton had taken the dying king's hand in his own and traced out the signature ( Wormald 1988 , pp. 46–47). The disputed will is printed in Historical Manuscripts Commission (1887). The Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton, KT . Eleventh Report, Appendix, Part VI . London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 205, 219–220.

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 17, 60; Guy 2004 , pp. 20, 60; Wormald 1988 , pp. 49–50

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 17–18; Weir 2008 , p. 8; Wormald 1988 , p. 55

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 18; Guy 2004 , p. 25; Wormald 1988 , p. 55

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 19; Weir 2008 , p. 8

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 19–20

^ Guy 2004 , p. 26

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 21; Guy 2004 , p. 27; Weir 2008 , p. 8

^ Sadler to Henry VIII, 11 September 1543, quoted in Clifford 1809 , p. 289; Fraser 1994 , p. 21

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 20–21

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 22; Guy 2004 , p. 32; Wormald 1988 , p. 58

^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 58–59

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 23–24; Guy 2004 , pp. 33–34

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 26; Guy 2004 , p. 36; Wormald 1988 , p. 59

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 29–30; Weir 2008 , p. 10; Wormald 1988 , p. 61

^ Weir 2008 , pp. 10–11

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 30; Weir 2008 , p. 11; Wormald 1988 , p. 61

^ Guy 2004 , pp. 40–41; Wormald 1988 , p. 62

^ Guy 2004 , pp. 41–42; " St Mauris to the Queen Dowager ", 25 August 1548, quoted in Hume, Martin A. S. ; Tyler, Royall , eds. (1912). "Appendix: Miscellaneous 1548" . Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Volume IX: 1547–1549 . London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 577. ; Lord Guthrie (1907). "Mary Stuart and Roscoff" (PDF) . Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland . 42 : 13–18.

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 31–32

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 31–32; Guy 2004 , p. 43

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 36, 44–45, 50

^ Weir 2008 , p. 12; Wormald 1988 , p. 77; Catherine's dislike of Mary became apparent only after Henry II's death ( Fraser 1994 , pp. 102–103, 115–116, 119; Guy 2004 , p. 46). Catherine's interests competed with those of the Guise family, and there may have been an element of jealousy or rivalry between the two queens ( Donaldson 1974 , pp. 50–51; Fraser 1994 , pp. 102–103, 116, 119).

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 178–182; Guy 2004 , pp. 71–80; Weir 2008 , p. 13

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 43

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 37; Wormald 1988 , p. 80

^ Wormald 1988 , p. 80

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 39–40, 43, 75–80; Weir 2008 , p. 30

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 62; Guy 2004 , p. 67

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 76

^ Guy 2004 , pp. 47–48

^ Guy 2004 , pp. 90–91; Weir 2008 , p. 17; Wormald 1988 , p. 21

^ Anonymous (1558). Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage du tresnoble & magnifique Prince Francois de Valois Roy Dauphin, filz aisné du tres-chrestien Roy de France Henry II du nom & de treshaulte & vertueuse Princesse madame Marie d'Estreuart Roine d'Escosse (in French). Paris: Annet Briere.

^ Teulet, Alexandre (1862). Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Renouard. pp. 302–311.

^ "Elizabeth and Mary, Royal Cousins, Rival Queens: Curators' Picks" . British Library . 8 October 2021 . Retrieved 4 February 2022 .

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 83; Weir 2008 , p. 18

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 83; Guy 2004 , pp. 95–96; Weir 2008 , p. 18; Wormald 1988 , p. 21

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 85; Weir 2008 , p. 18

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 86–88; Guy 2004 , p. 100; Weir 2008 , p. 19; Wormald 1988 , p. 93

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 88; Wormald 1988 , pp. 80, 93

^ Thompson, James (1909). The Wars of Religion in France . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4179-7435-1 .

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 96–97; Guy 2004 , pp. 108–109; Weir 2008 , p. 14; Wormald 1988 , pp. 94–100

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 97; Wormald 1988 , p. 100

^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 100–101

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 97–101; Guy 2004 , pp. 114–115; Weir 2008 , p. 20; Wormald 1988 , pp. 102–103

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 183

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 105–107; Weir 2008 , p. 21

^ Guy 2004 , pp. 119–120; Weir 2008 , pp. 21–22

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 137; Guy 2004 , p. 134; Weir 2008 , p. 25

^ Wormald 1988 , p. 22

^ Weir 2008 , p. 24

^ Guy 2004 , p. 126

^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland , 4th Book, various editions, e.g., Lennox, Cuthbert (editor) (1905). London: Andrew Melrose, pp. 225–337 [1]

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 155–156, 215–217; Guy 2004 , pp. 140–143, 176–177, 186–187; Wormald 1988 , pp. 125, 145–146

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 167; Wormald 1988 , p. 125

^ Guy 2004 , p. 145

^ The other members were Lord Justice Clerk John Bellenden of Auchinoul , Lord Clerk Register James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour , Secretary of State William Maitland of Lethington , Lord High Treasurer Robert Richardson , Lord High Admiral the Earl of Bothwell , the Earls of Arran and Morton , the Earl Marischal , and Lord Erskine (later the Earl of Mar ) ( Weir 2008 , p. 30).

^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 114–116

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 192–203; Weir 2008 , p. 42; Wormald 1988 , pp. 123–124

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 162; Guy 2004 , p. 157

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 162

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 168–169; Guy 2004 , pp. 157–161

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 212; Guy 2004 , pp. 175, 181; Wormald 1988 , p. 134

^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 114–117; Guy 2004 , pp. 173–174; Wormald 1988 , pp. 133–134

^ Guy 2004 , p. 193

^ Rennie, James (published anonymously) (1826). Mary, Queen of Scots: Her Persecutions, Sufferings, and Trials from her Birth till her Death . Glasgow: W. R. McPhun. p. 114.

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 220; Guy 2004 , p. 202; Weir 2008 , p. 52; Wormald 1988 , p. 147

^ Guy 2004 , p. 178; Weir 2008 , p. 44

^ Weir 2008 , p. 45

^ Fraser 1994 , p. 206; Weir 2
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