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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

^ Stritof, Sheri & Bob. "Left-Handed Marriage" . about.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18 . Retrieved 2007-03-13 .

^ Jump up to: a b Webster's Online Dictionary Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2008-07-10.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Diesbach, Ghislain de . Secrets of the Gotha (translated from the French by Margaret Crosland ). Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London, 1967. pp. 18, 25–26, 35, 179–182, 186–187.

^ " Hugh Chisholm , editor. Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition . Volume 18. Morganatic Marriage . University Press, 1911, p. 835.

^ Jump up to: a b c Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes , 1944), pages 43, 363–364, 529. French

^ «Die in dieser Abteilung nachgewiesenen Familien besitzen kein besonderes Diplom, sondern sind nach besonderer Übereinkunft aus der 1. und 2. Abteilung übernommen worden.» Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIV. C.A. Starke Verlag, 1991, p. 565. ISBN 3-7980-0700-4 .

^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd Edition

^ Jump up to: a b Philological Society . A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Morganatic . Clarendon Press, 1908. p. 663.

^ Hastings, Max (2013). Catastrophe: Europe Goes to War 1914 . HarperCollins Publishers. p. xxvii. ISBN 978-0-00-751975-0 .

^ Thoren & Christianson 1990 , p. 45.

^ Bricka, Carl Fredrik and Laursen, Laurs. Dansk Biografisk Lexikon. Julius af Glucksborg . Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, 1894. Volume 8, p. 617. (Danish).

^ History of Roskilde . Royal House: Rosenborg . Retrieved 2012/5/2. Danish.

^ de Montjouvent, Philippe. Le comte de Paris et sa descendance. Introduction sur la Maison royale de France . Du Chaney Eds, Paris, 1998, p. 11. French. ISBN 2-913211-00-3 .

^ Père Anselme (1967). Histoire de la Maison Royale de France . Paris: Editions du Palais Royal. p. 531.

^ Jump up to: a b c de la Roque, Gilles-Andre. Traite de la Noblesse. Du Gentilhomme de nom et d'armes . Etienne Michalet, Paris, 1678, pp. 5, 8-10.

^ Blet, Pierre. Le Clergé de France et la Monarchie, Etude sur les Assemblées Générales du Clergé de 1615 à 1666. Université Grégorienne, Rome, 1959, pp. 399-439.

^ Degert, (Abbé). "Le mariage de Gaston d'Orléans et de Marguerite de Lorraine," Revue Historique 143:161-80, 144:1-57. French.

^ Pothier, Robert. Traité des successions, Chapitre I, section I, article 3, § 4. French.

^ " Hugh Chisholm , editor. Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition . Volume 16. Lippe . University Press, 1911, pp. 740-741.

^ Velde, Francois. Heraldica.org. The 1895-1905 Succession Dispute . 2 December 2005. Retrieved 2012/5/2.

^ London Times . Düsseldorfer Nachrichten excerpt. 1918/11/5. p. 8.

^ de Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy. Le Petit Gotha . Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, p. 37 (French) ISBN 2-9507974-3-1

^ Jump up to: a b Velde, Francois. Heraldica.org. Succession in Nassau and Luxemburg . 22 June 2011. Retrieved 2012/5/2.

^ Martens, Georg Friedrich von . Recueil de Traités , vol. 3, pp. 645-685. French. Translation from The Map of Europe by Treaty (vol. 2, p. 2013-14) by Edward Hertslet .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Beeche, Arturo. The Grand Dukes. Eurohistory.com Archived 2013-05-30 at the Wayback Machine , Berkeley, California, 2010. pp. vi-x, 24, 158. ISBN 978-0-9771961-8-0 .

^ Jump up to: a b Enache, Nicolas. La Descendance de Pierre le Grand, Tsar de Russie . Sedopols, Paris, 1983. pp.43, 127. French. ISBN 2-904177-01-9

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Willis, Daniel. The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain. Clearfield, Baltimore, 2002. pp. 114, 580, 601, 607, 717. ISBN 0-8063-5172-1 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Crawford, Rosemary and Donald. "Michael and Natasha". Scribner, New York, 1997. pp. 111, 131, 147, 182, 204, 228, 389. ISBN 0-684-83430-8 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Massie, Robert K. (1995). The Romanovs: The Final Chapter . New York: Random House. pp. 268 –270. ISBN 0-394-58048-6 .

^ Mafela, Munzhedzi James (October 2008). The revelation of African culture in Long Walk to Freedom . Indigenous Biography and Autobiography . Australian National University . ISBN 9781921536359 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 .

^ "Swaziland prince and princess attend Boston University" . WGBH Boston. 13 May 1987 . Retrieved 27 October 2008 .

^ Travancore State Manual Vol ii 1940 by TK Velu Pillai

^ Travancore State Manual Vol ii 1940 by TK Velu Pillai and TSM Vol II 1906 by V Nagam Aiya

^ Staff Correspondent (19 November 2014). "Seeking royal roots" . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 .

^ Willis, Daniel A., The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain , Clearfield Company, Baltimore, 2002, pp. 48-54 and passim . ISBN 0-8063-5172-1 .

^ Somervell, Sir Donald . Memorandum, Attorney General to Home Secretary, 14 April 1937, National Archives file HO 144/22945.

^ "Introducing the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge" . Time . 29 April 2011.

^ "TRH The Prince of Wales & The Duchess of Cornwall" . The Royal Family . Retrieved 2009-01-11 . After the wedding, Mrs. Parker Bowles became known as HRH The Duchess of Cornwall. If and when The Prince of Wales accedes to the throne, she will be known as HRH The Princess Consort.

^ "Biography" . BBC News . Retrieved 2009-01-11 .

^ "Camilla 'will be Charles' queen ' " . BBC . London. 2005-03-21 . Retrieved 2009-01-11 .

^ HRH The Duke of Windsor. A King's Story . 1951. London: Cassell and Co. , p. 332.

^ Marriage in Church After a Divorce , Church of England, archived from the original (doc) on 15 September 2012 , retrieved 9 March 2013

^ Bloch, Michael (1982). The Duke of Windsor's War . London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0-297-77947-8 , p. 346

^ Windsor, p. 354

^ Statute of Westminster 1931 c.4 , The UK Statute Law Database , retrieved 1 May 2010

^ Taylor, A.J.P. , English History, 1914-1945 , Oxford University Press , 1965, p. 401.

^ Williams, p. 130

^ Éamon de Valera quoted in Bradford, p. 188

^ Williams, p. 113

^ See, for example, Williams, pp. 138–144

^ Beaverbrook, p. 68; Broad, p. 188 and Ziegler, p. 308

^ Ziegler, p. 308 and the Duke of Windsor, p. 373

^ The Duke of Windsor, p. 361

^ Casciani, Dominic (30 January 2003), King's abdication appeal blocked , BBC News , retrieved 2 May 2010

^ Edward VIII, Broadcast after his abdication, 11 December 1936 (PDF) , Official website of the British monarchy , retrieved 1 May 2010

^ Diary of Neville Chamberlain quoted in Bradford, p. 243

^ Attorney General to Home Secretary (14 April 1937) National Archives file HO 144/22945

^ Home Office memo on the Duke and Duchess's title , National Archives, archived from the original on 31 December 2010 , retrieved 2 May 2010

^ Ziegler, Philip (2004) "Windsor, (Bessie) Wallis, duchess of Windsor (1896–1986)" , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/38277 , retrieved 2 May 2010 (subscription required)

^ See also, Bloch, Michael (ed.) (1986), Wallis and Edward: Letters 1931–1937 , Summit Books , pp. 231, 233 , ISBN 0-671-61209-3 CS1 maint: extra text: authors list ( link ) cited in Bradford, p. 232

^ Ziegler, p. 349

^ Higham, p. 232

^ Van der zee and Van der zee, 1688: A Revolution in the family . Viking, Great Britain: 1988. p 52



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Morganatic marriage , sometimes called a left-handed marriage , [1] is a marriage between people of unequal social rank , which in the context of royalty or other inherited title prevents the principal's position or privileges being passed to the spouse, or any children born of the marriage.

Generally, this is a marriage between a man of high birth (such as from a reigning , deposed or mediatised dynasty) and a woman of lesser status (such as a daughter of a low-ranked noble family or a commoner). [2] [3] Usually, neither the bride nor any children of the marriage have a claim on the bridegroom's succession rights , titles, precedence, or entailed property. The children are considered legitimate for all other purposes and the prohibition against bigamy applies. [3] [4] In some countries, a woman could also marry a man of lower rank morganatically. As a result of the above, a king deciding to enter into a morganatic marriage who does not have children from a previous marriage thereby gives up the chance of being succeeded by his own children and accepts that succession would pass to his other relatives.

After World War I, the heads of both ruling and formerly reigning dynasties initially continued the practice of rejecting dynastic titles and/or rights for descendants of "morganatic" unions, but gradually allowed them, sometimes retroactively, effectively de-morganatizing the wives and children. This was accommodated by Perthes' Almanach de Gotha (which categorised princely families by rank until it ceased publication after 1944) by inserting the offspring of such marriages in a third section of the almanac under entries denoted by a symbol (a dot within a circle) that "signifies some princely houses which, possessing no specific princely patent , have passed from the first part, A, or from the second part into the third part in virtue of special agreements." [5] The Fürstliche Häuser ("Princely Houses") series of the Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels ("Genealogical Manual of the Nobility") has followed this lead, likewise enrolling some issue of unapproved marriages in its third section, "III B", with a similar explanation: "Families in this section, although verified, received no specific decree , but have been included by special agreement in the 1st and 2nd sections". [6]

Variations of morganatic marriage were also practised by non-European dynasties, such as the Royal Family of Thailand , the polygamous Mongols as to their non-principal wives, and other families of Africa and Asia.

Morganatic , already in use in English by 1727 (according to the Oxford English Dictionary ), is derived from the medieval Latin morganaticus from the Late Latin phrase matrimonium ad morganaticam and refers to the gift given by the groom to the bride on the morning after the wedding, the morning gift , i.e., dower . The Latin term, applied to a Germanic custom, was adopted from the Old High German term *morgangeba (modern German Morgengabe ), corresponding to Early English morgengifu . The literal meaning is explained in a 16th-century passage quoted by Du Cange as, "a marriage by which the wife and the children that may be born are entitled to no share in the husband's possessions beyond the 'morning-gift'". [7] [8]

The morning gift has been a customary property arrangement for marriage found first in early medieval German cultures (such as the Lombards ) and also among ancient Germanic tribes, and the church drove its adoption into other countries in order to improve the wife's security by this additional benefit. The bride received property from the bridegroom's clan. It was intended to ensure her livelihood in widowhood, and it was to be kept separate as the wife's discrete possession. However, when a marriage contract is made wherein the bride and the children of the marriage will not receive anything else (other than the dower) from the bridegroom or from his inheritance or clan, that sort of marriage was dubbed as "marriage with only the dower and no other inheritance", i.e., matrimonium morganaticum .

Royal men who married morganatically:

Royal women who married morganatically:

Succession to the Danish throne followed the specifications of the Lex Regia until the Danish Act of Succession was passed in 1953. Prominent morganatic marriages include the 1615 marriage of King Christian IV of Denmark to noblewoman Kirsten Munk . Kirsten was titled "Countess of Schleswig-Holstein" and bore the King 12 children, all styled "Count/Countess of Schleswig-Holstein". King Frederick VII married the ballerina Louise Rasmussen , who was raised to the rank of "Countess Danner" in 1850. There were no children of this marriage. When Christian IX of Denmark 's brother, Prince Julius of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg married Elisabeth von Ziegesar in 1883, the king granted her the title "Countess af Røst ". [11]

Until 1971, Danish princes who married women who did not belong to a royal or noble family were refused the sovereign's authorization, renouncing their right of succession to the throne and royal title ( Prince Aage of Denmark morganatically eloped with Matilda Calvi, daughter of Count Carlo Giorgio di Bergolo, in January 1914 but renounced his dynastic rights and titles subsequently). [3] [5] [12] They were granted the non-royal prefix of "Prince" and their descendants bear the title Count af Rosenborg in the Danish nobility .

Neither of the children of Queen Margrethe II has married a person of either royal birth or of the titled aristocracy. Members of the Royal Family may still lose their place in the line of succession for themselves and their descendants if they marry without the monarch's permission.

Morganatic marriage was not recognized in French law. [13] Since the law did not distinguish, for marital purposes, between ruler and subjects, marriages between royalty and the noble heiresses to great fiefs became the norm through the 16th century, helping to aggrandize the House of Capet while gradually diminishing the number of large domains held in theoretical vassalage by nobles who were, in practice, virtually independent of the French crown: by the marriage of Catherine de' Medici to the future King Henry II in 1533, the last of these provinces, the county of Auvergne , came to the crown of France. [14]

Antiquity of nobility in the legitimate male line, not noble quarterings , was the main criterion of rank in the ancien régime . [15] Unlike the status of a British peer's wife and descendants (yet typical of the nobility of every continental European country), the legitimate children and male-line descendants of any French nobleman (whether titled or not, whether possessing a French peerage or not) were also legally noble ad infinitum . [15] Rank was not based on hereditary titles, which were often assumed or acquired by purchase of a noble estate rather than granted by the Crown. Rather, the main determinant of relative rank among the French nobility was how far back the nobility of a family's male line could be verifiably traced. [15] Other factors influencing rank included the family's history of military command, high-ranking offices held at court and marriages into other high-ranking families. A specific exception was made for bearers of the title of duke who, regardless of their origin, outranked all other nobles. But the ducal title in post-medieval France (even when embellished with the still higher status of "peer") ranked its holder and his family among France's nobility and not, as in Germany and Scandinavia (and, occasionally, Italy, viz. Savoy , Medici , Este , della Rovere , Farnese and Cybo-Malaspina ) among Europe's reigning dynasties which habitually intermarried with one another.

Once the Bourbons inherited the throne of France from the House of Valois in 1589, their dynasts married daughters of even the oldest ducal families of France — let alone noblewomen of lower rank — quite rarely (viz., Anne de Montafié in 1601, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency in 1609 and, in exile from revolutionary France, Maria Caterina Brignole in 1798). Exceptions were made for equal royal intermarriage with the princes étrangers and, by royal command, with the so-called princes légitimés (i.e., out-of-wedlock but legitimised descendants of Henry IV and Louis XIV ), as well as with the nieces of Cardinal-prime ministers (i.e., Richelieu , Mazarin ). Just as the French king could authorize a royal marriage that would otherwise have been deemed unsuitable, by 1635 it had been established by Louis XIII that the king could also legally void the canonically valid, equal marriage of a French dynast to which he had not given consent (e.g., Marguerite of Lorraine, Duchess of Orléans ). [16] [17]

Moreover, there was a French practice, legally distinct from morganatic marriage but used in similar situations of inequality in status between a member of the royal family and a spouse of lower rank: an "openly secret" marriage. French kings authorized such marriages only when the bride was past child-bearing or the marrying prince already had dynastic heirs by a previous spouse of royal descent. The marriage ceremony took place without banns , in private (with only a priest, the bride and groom, and a few legal witnesses present), and the marriage w
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