Margitte Levy

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Margitte Levy
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Magritte" redirects here. For the asteroid named after the artist, see 7933 Magritte .
Portrait of Magritte in front of his painting The Pilgrim , taken by Lothar Wolleh in 1967
A man saying the phrase Ceci n'est pas une pipe

1919 Nude
1920 Landscape and Portrait of Pierre Bourgeois
1921 Bathers
1922 The Station and L'Écuyère
1923 Self-portrait , Sixth Nocturne , Georgette at the Piano and Donna
1925 The Bather , Reclining Nude and The Window
1926 The Lost Jockey , The Mind of the Traveler , Sensational News , The Difficult Crossing , The Vestal's Agony , The Midnight Marriage , The Musings of the Solitary Walker , After the Water, the Clouds , Popular Panorama , Landscape , Checkmate and The Encounter
1927 The Enchanted Pose
1927 Young Girl Eating a Bird (The Pleasure) , The Oasis (started in 1925), Le Double Secret , The Secret Player , The Meaning of Night , Let Out of School , The Man from the Sea (l'Homme du Large) , The Tiredness of Life , The Light-breaker , A Passion for Light , The Menaced Assassin , [https://www.wikiart.org/en/rene-magritte/the-reckless-sleeper-1927 The Reckless Sleeper , La Voleuse , The Fast Hope , L'Atlantide and The Muscles of the Sky
1928 The Lining of Sleep (started in 1927), Intermission (started in 1927), The Adulation of Space (started in 1927), The Perfume of the Abyss , Discovery , The Lovers I & The Lovers II , [3] The Voice of Space , The False Mirror , The Daring Sleeper , The Acrobat's Ideas , The Automaton , The Empty Mask , Reckless Sleeper , The Secret Life , The Flood and Attempting the Impossible
1929 The Treachery of Images (started in 1928), Threatening Weather and On the Threshold of Liberty
1930 Pink Belles, Tattered Skies , The Eternally Obvious , The Lifeline , The Annunciation and Celestial Perfections
1931 The Voice of the Air , Summer and The Giantess
1932 The Universe Unmasked
1933 Elective Affinities , The Human Condition and The Unexpected Answer
1934 The Rape
1935 The Discovery of Fire , The Human Condition , The Rape , Revolution , Perpetual Motion , Collective Invention and The Portrait
1936 Surprise Answer , Clairvoyance , The Healer , The Philosopher's Lamp , The Heart Revealed a portrait of Tita Thirifays , Spiritual Exercises , Portrait of Irène Hamoir , La Méditation and Forbidden Literature
1937 The Future of Statues , The Black Flag , Not to be Reproduced , Portrait of Edward James and Portrait of Rena Schitz , On the Threshold of Liberty
1938 Time Transfixed , The Domain of Arnheim , Steps of Summer and Stimulation Objective
1939 Victory , The Palace of Memories
1940 The Return , The Wedding Breakfast and Les Grandes Espérances
1941 The Break in the Clouds
1942 Misses de L'Isle Adam , L'Île au Trésor , Memory , Black Magic , Les compagnons de la peur and The Misanthropes
1943 The Return of the Flame , The Fire , Universal Gravitation , The Harvest , La cinquième saison and Monsieur Ingres's Good Days
1944 The Good Omens
1945 Treasure Island , Les Rencontres Naturelles , La Bonne Fortune and Black Magic
1946 L'Intelligence and Les Mille et une Nuits
1947 La Philosophie dans le boudoir , The Cicerone , The Liberator , The Fair Captive , La Part du Feu and The Red Model
1948 Blood Will Tell , Memory , The Mountain Dweller , The Art of Life , The Pebble , The Lost Jockey , God's Solon , Shéhérazade , L'Ellipse , Les Profondeurs du Plaisir and Famine and The Taste of Sorrow
1949 Megalomania , Elementary Cosmogony , and Perspective, the Balcony
1950 Making an Entrance , The Legend of the Centuries , Towards Pleasure , The Labors of Alexander , The Empire of Light II , The Fair Captive , The Art of Conversation , The Survivor and Perspective II, Manet's Balcony [51]
1951 David's Madame Récamier (parodying the Portrait of Madame Récamier ), Pandora's Box , The Song of the Violet , The Spring Tide and The Smile
1952 Personal Values and Le Sens de la Pudeur and The Explanation
1953 Golconda , The Listening Room and a fresco, The Enchanted Domain , for the Knokke Casino , Le chant des sirènes
1954 The Invisible World and The Empire of Light
1955 Memory of a Journey and The Mysteries of the Horizon
1956 The Sixteenth of September ; The Ready-made Bouquet
1957 The Fountain of Youth ; The Enchanted Domain
1958 The Golden Legend , Hegel's Holiday , The Banquet , La Toile de Pénélope and The Familiar World
1959 The Castle in the Pyrenees , The Battle of the Argonne , The Anniversary , The Month of the Grape Harvest and La clef de verre ( The Glass Key )
1960 The Memoirs of a Saint
1962 The Great Table , The Healer , Waste of Effort , Le Domaine d'Arnheim , Mona Lisa (circa 1962) and L'embellie (circa 1962)
1963 The Great Family , The Open Air , The Beautiful Season , Princes of the Autumn , Young Love , La Recherche de la Vérité and The Telescope and " The Art of Conversation"
1964 Le soir qui tombe ( Evening Falls ), The Great War , The Great War on Facades , The Son of Man and Song of Love
1965 Le Blanc-Seing , Carte Blanche , The Thought Which Sees , Ages Ago and The Beautiful Walk (circa 1965), Good Faith
1966 The Shades , The Happy Donor , The Gold Ring , The Pleasant Truth , The Two Mysteries , The Pilgrim , Decalcomania and The Mysteries of the Horizon
1967 Les Grâces Naturelles , La Géante , The Blank Page , Good Connections , The Art of Living , L'Art de Vivre and several bronze sculptures based on Magritte's previous works



^ Jump up to: a b Meuris 1991, p 216.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Calvocoressi 1990, p. 9.

^ Jump up to: a b "National Gallery of Australia | Les Amants [The lovers]" . Nga.gov.au . Retrieved 14 October 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b "The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation" . The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation .

^ Gisèle Ollinger-Zinque and Frederik Leen (Ed.), Magritte, 1898-1967 , Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique, Ludion Press, 1998, p. 308

^ Marler, Regina (25 October 2018). "Every Time I Look at It I Feel Ill" . New York Review of Books . ISSN 0028-7504 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 .

^ Cassou, Jean (1984) The Concise Encyclopaedia of Symbolism . Chartwell Books, Inc. Secaucus, New Jersey. 292 pp. ISBN 0-89009-706-2

^ Barnes, Rachel (2001). The 20th-Century Art Book (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0714835420 .

^ "Revolution surrealiste nb 12" (PDF) . inventin.lautre.net .

^ Jump up to: a b Meuris 1991, p. 217.

^ "Professor Bram Hammacher", The Edward James Foundation souvenir guide, edited Peter Sarginson, 1992.

^ Meuris 1991, p. 218.

^ Lambith, Andrew (28 February 1998). "Ceci n'est pas an artist" . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 May 2010 .

^ "René Magritte on the Revolutionary Artist vs. Folk Art & Stalinism" . Retrieved 28 June 2014 .

^ "Musee Magritte Museum" . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 .

^ Jacques Meuris (1994). René Magritte, 1898-1967 . Benedikt Taschen. p. 70 . ISBN 9783822805466 . We shall not at this juncture risk analyzing an agnostic Magritte haunted perhaps by thoughts of ultimate destiny. "We behave as if there were no God" (Marien 1947).

^ Jump up to: a b Calvocoressi 1990, p. 26.

^ "René Magritte: This is Not A Biography" . Matteson Art . Retrieved 22 September 2015 .

^ "René Magritte: This is Not A Biography (1939-1940 Marital Difficulties- World War II Approaches)" . Matteson Art . Retrieved 22 September 2015 .

^ Glueck, Grace, "A Bottle Is a Bottle" ; The New York Times , 19 December 1965.

^ "René Magritte le maître surréaliste | PM" . PM (in French). 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 .

^ "René Magritte the Surrealist Master | Surreal Artists" . Surreal Artists . 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 .

^ Spitz 1994, p.47

^ "Proud Coffin: René Magritte's Perspective: Madame Récamier by David" . National Gallery of Canada . Retrieved 20 April 2021 .

^ "René Magritte: Perspective II, Manet's Balcony" . Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent . Retrieved 20 April 2021 .

^ Meuris 1991, p. 195.

^ Sylvester 1992, p.298

^ Spitz 1994, p.50

^ Frasnay, Daniel. The Artist's World . New York: The Viking Press, 1969. pp. 99-107

^ "Flanders - New Magritte Museum Brussels" . visitflanders.us . Retrieved 29 March 2009 .

^ Collins, Bradley I. Jr. "Psychoanalysis and Art History". Art Journal , Vol. 49, No. 2, College Art Association, pp. 182-186.

^ Amra Brooks (27 December 2006). "Los Angeles: Magritte by Baldessari, Road Trips and Rock 'n' Roll" . ARTINFO . Retrieved 24 April 2008 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )

^ Jump up to: a b Meuris 1991, p. 202.

^ Stephanie Brown (2006). "Magritte and Contemporary Art: The Treachery of Images". Los Angeles county Museum of Art and Ludion. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )

^ Meuris 1991, pp. 199–201.

^ "The Miseducation of Jesse Jagz – "Jagz Nation Vol 2: The Royal Niger Company" " . Fuse.com.ng. 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 .

^ Levy 1997, p. 105.

^ Bertolucci, Gérard, & Kline 2000, p. 53.

^ Fragola & Smith 1995, p. 103.

^ "Dakota - Koolhaus (Official Music Video)" . Armada Music. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 .

^ The Economist 12 January 2019 p.31.

^ "Home – Magritte Museum" . www.musee-magritte-museum.be .

^ "Two New Museums for Tintin and Magritte" . Time . 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2009 .

^ Victor Zak October 2009 page 20 Westways Magazine

^ Jump up to: a b Oisteanu, Valery (8 July 2010). "Magritte, Painter-Philosopher" . The Brooklyn Rail (July–August 2010).

^ Chrisafis, Angelique (24 September 2009). "Magritte painting stolen at gunpoint" . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 November 2019 .

^ NY Times . Retrieved 24 September 2009.

^ demorgen.be retrieved 5 January 2012

^ "Did Paying a Ransom for a Stolen Magritte Painting Inadvertently Fund Terrorism?" . Vanity Fair . 27 May 2021 . Retrieved 7 June 2021 .

^ The Menil Collection: Surrealism (accessed December 17, 2020)

^ MSK Gent: https://www.mskgent.be/en/featured-item/perspective-ii-manets-balcony (accessed January 3, 2022)



Alden, Todd (1999). The Essential Magritte . Two Editions. ISBN 0-7607-8567-8 .
Allmer, Patricia (2019). René Magritte . London: Reaktion Press.
Allmer, Patricia (2017) This Is Magritte London: Laurence King. ISBN 9781780678504
Allmer, Patricia (2009). René Magritte - Beyond Painting . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-7928-3 .
Allmer, Patricia (2007), 'Dial M for Magritte' in "Johan Grimonprez - Looking for Alfred", eds. Steven Bode and Thomas Elsaesser, London: Film and Video Umbrella.
Allmer, Patricia (2007), 'René Magritte and the Postcard' in "Collective Inventions: Surrealism in Belgium Reconsidered", eds. Patricia Allmer and Hilde van Gelder, Leuven: Leuven University Press.
Allmer, Patricia (2007) 'Failing to Create - Magritte, Artistry, Art History' in From Self to Shelf: The Artist Under Construction , ed. William May, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Allmer, Patricia (2006) 'Framing the Real: Frames and the Process of Framing in René Magritte's Œuvre', in Framing Borders in Literature and Other Media , eds. Walter Bernhart and Werner Wolf, Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Bertolucci, Bernardo ; Gérard, F. S.; Kline, T. J. (2000). Bernardo Bertolucci: Interviews . Jackson: Miss. ISBN 1-57806-205-5 .
Calvocoressi, Richard (1990). Magritte . New York: Watson-Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-2962-X .
Fragola, Anthony; Smith, Roch C. (1995). The Erotic Dream Machine: Interviews with Alain Robbe-Grillet on His Films . SIU Press. ISBN 0-8093-2004-5 .
Kaplan, Gilbert E. & Baum, Timothy (1982). The Graphic Work of René Magritte . Two Editions. ISBN 0-686-39199-3 .
Levy, Silvano (1997). Surrealism: Surrealist visuality . Edinburgh: Keele University Press. ISBN 1-85331-193-6 .
Levy, Silvano (2015). Decoding Magritte . Bristol: Sansom & Co. ISBN 9781906593957 .
Levy, Silvano (1996) 'René Magritte: Representational Iconoclasm', in Surrealist Visuality , ed. S. Levy, Keele University Press. ISBN 1-85331-170-7 .
Levy, Silvano (2012) 'Magritte et le refus de l'authentique', Cycnos , Vol. 28, No. 1 (July 2012), pp. 53–62. ISBN 978-2-296-96098-5 .
Levy, Silvano (2005) 'Magritte at the Edge of Codes', Image & Narrative , No. 13 (November 2005), Magritte at the Edge of Codes by Silvano Levy ISSN 1780-678X .
Levy, Silvano (1993) 'Magritte, Mesens and Dada', Aura , No. 1, 11 pp. 31 41. ISSN 0968-1736 .
Levy, Silvano (1993) 'Magritte: The Uncanny and the Image', French Studies Bulletin , No. 46, 3 pp. 15 17. ISSN 0262-2750 .
Levy, Silvano (1992) 'Magritte and Words', Journal of European Studies , Vol. 22, Part 4, No. 88, 19 pp. 313 321. ISSN 0047-2441 .
Levy, Silvano (1992) 'Magritte and the Surrealist Image', Apollo , Vol. CXXXVI, No. 366, 3 pp 117 119. ISSN 0003-6536 .
Levy, Silvano (1990) 'Foucault on Magritte on Resemblance', Modern Language Review , Vol. 85, No.1, 7 pp. 50 56. ISSN 0026-7937 .
Levy, Silvano (1981) 'René Magritte and Window Display', Artscribe International , No. 28, 5 pp. 24 28. ISSN 0309-2151 .
Levy, Silvano (1992) 'This is a Magritte', The Times Higher Education Supplement , No. 1,028, 17 July 1992, 1 p. 18. ISSN 0049-3929 .
Meuris, Jacques (1991). René Magritte . Cologne: Benedikt Taschen . ISBN 3-8228-0546-7 .
Roisin, Jacques (1998). Ceci n'est pas une biographie de Magritte . Bruxelles: Alice Editions. ISBN 2-930182-05-9 .
Spitz, Ellen Handler (1994). Museums of the Mind . Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06029-7 .
Sylvester, David (1992). Magritte . Abrams. ISBN 0-500-09227-3 .
West, Shearer (1996). The Bullfinch Guide to Art . UK: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 0-8212-2137-X .


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René François Ghislain Magritte ( French: [ʁəne fʁɑ̃swa ɡilɛ̃ maɡʁit] ; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist, who became well known for creating a number of witty and thought-provoking images. Often depicting ordinary objects in an unusual context, his work is known for challenging observers' preconditioned perceptions of reality. His imagery has influenced pop art , minimalist art , and conceptual art .

René Magritte was born in Lessines , in the province of Hainaut , Belgium, in 1898. He was the oldest son of Léopold Magritte, a tailor and textile merchant, [1] and Régina ( née Bertinchamps), who was a milliner before she got married. Little is known about Magritte's early life. He began lessons in drawing in 1910.

On 12 March 1912, his mother committed suicide by drowning herself in the River Sambre . This was not her first attempt at taking her own life; she had made many over a number of years, driving her husband Léopold to lock her in her bedroom. One day she escaped, and was missing for days. Her body was later discovered a mile or so down the nearby river.

According to a legend, 13-year-old Magritte was present when her body was retrieved from the water, but recent research has discredited this story, which may have originated with the family nurse. [2] Supposedly, when his mother was found, her dress was covering her face, an image that has been suggested as the source of several of Magritte's paintings in 1927–1928 of people with cloth obscuring their faces, including Les Amants . [3]

Magritte's earliest paintings, which date from about 1915, were Impressionistic in style. [2] During 1916–1918, he studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels , [4] under Constant Montald , but found the instruction uninspiring. [2] He also took classes at the Académie Royale from the painter and poster designer Gisbert Combaz . [5] The paintings he produced during 1918–1924 were influenced by Futurism and by the figurative Cubism of Metzinger . [2]

From December 1920 until September 1921, Magritte served in the Belgian infantry in the Flemish town of Beverlo near Leopoldsburg . In 1922, Magritte married Georgette Berger , whom he had met as a child in 1913. [1] Also during 1922, the poet Marcel Lecomte showed Magritte a reproduction of Giorgio de Chirico 's The Song of Love (painted in 1914). The work brought Magritte to tears; he described this as "one of the most moving moments of my life: my eyes saw thought for the first time." [6] The paintings of the Belgian symbolist painter William Degouve de Nuncques have also been noted as an influence on Magritte, specifically the former's painting The Blind House (1892) and Magritte's variations or series on The Empire of Lights . [7] : 64–65 pp.

In 1922–1923, Magritte worked as a draughtsman in a wallpaper factory, and was a poster and advertisement designer until 1926, when a contract with Galerie Le Centaure in Brussels made it possible for him to paint full-time. In 1926, Magritte produced his first surreal painting, The Lost Jockey ( Le jockey perdu ), and held his first solo exhibition in Brussels in 1927. [4] Critics heaped abuse on the exhibition.

Depressed by the failure, he moved to Paris where he became friends with André Breton and became involved in the Surrealist group. An illusionistic, dream-like quality is characteristic of Magritte's version of Surrealism. He became a leading member of the movement, and remained in Paris for three years. [8] In 1929 he exhibited at Goemans Gallery in Paris with Salvador Dalí , Jean Arp , de Chirico, Max Ernst , Joan Miró , Picabia , Picasso and Yves Tanguy .

On 15 December 1929 he participated in the last publication of La Revolution Surrealiste No. 12, where he published his essay "Les mots et les images", where words play with images in sync with his work The Treachery of Images . [9]

Galerie Le Centaure closed at the end of 1929, ending Magritte's contract income. Having made little impact in Paris, Magritte returned to Brussels in 1930 and resumed working in advertising. [10] He and his brother, Paul, formed an agency which earned him a living wage. In 1932, Magritte joined the Communist Party , which he would periodically leave and rejoin for several years. [10] In 1936 he had his first solo exhibition in the United States at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York , followed by an exposition at the London Gallery in 1938.

During the early stages of his career, the British surrealist patron Edward James allowed Magritte to stay rent-free in his London home, where Magritte studied architecture and painted. James is featured in two of Magritte's works painted in 1937, Le Principe du Plaisir ( The Pleasure Principle ) and La Reproduction Interdite , a painting also known as Not to Be Repro
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