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On the international day to mark awareness of substance abuse, Ahram Online investigates Egypt's growing drug problem. The head of the rehabilitation centre which treated Ahmed confirmed to Ahram Online that Tramadol is the most common drug used by his patients, while heroin, which is much more costly, comes in second. His group of friends in Mahalla all used the popular painkiller, which he claims made it very hard to stop. He describes needing the feeling of 'escape, elation and energy' Tramadol afforded him, which shifted his problem from a psychological addiction to a physical dependency. These include a number of 'macro' factors such as the availability of drugs, the cultural environment which promotes or condones its use, and mainstream culture, in addition to some 'micro' factors such as peer pressure, and more individual factors like curiosity, boredom and seeking escape. It is easily found on Egypt's streets. After the Egyptian revolution, there was a large influx of Tramadol in shipments from China, adds Dr. Consequently people were easily able to access the drug through the black market instead of having to go to a pharmacy with a prescription and get the pills. According to a recent but unpublished report by the National Centre for Criminological and Social Studies, which was conducted across 10 of Egypt's governorates and studied some 25, cases, 50 percent of all psychotropic substance abusers in Egypt use Tramadol, Hegazy explains. The country's most popular drug, which has become increasingly prevalent in the lower-income bracket as it has become more available, is hashish or cannabis. It is so engrained in society that it has become normalised in some parts Egyptian popular culture, including appearing in films. Classification of cannabis in Egypt has varied from it being labelled a 'soft drug' to a 'gateway drug' meaning there is a fear of it leading to dependence on a harder substance such as heroin. AUC academic Amer believes it should not be dealt with lightly. She says it has a highly addictive potential. Egypt is considered a main transit country for the most important drugs in the world, as it lies between the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. Additionally, opiates and cannabis are grown in areas in the Sinai Peninsula and Upper Egypt, with most being locally consumed. Cairo, in particular, seems to be a key epicentre of drug abuse. According to a report by the Cairo Medical College in collaboration with the ministry of health, the percentage of drug abuse in Cairo is 7 percent higher than the world average of 5 percent. Abuse is most prevalent in the impoverished districts. The porousness of Egypt's borders and the security vacuum post-revolution has also contributed to the flood of illicit drugs. After the day uprising against former president Mubarak in , she noticed the market open up more, drugs becoming cheaper as dealers laced the original product to sell it quickly to inexperienced users who do not know what it is supposed to taste like. Although there have been no new statistics recorded post-revolution, this figure is expected to have increased, Hegazy concludes. Treating addiction is demanding and complicated, requiring a two-week detoxification period usually in a hospital, in addition to a rehabilitation phase, which takes months, Sherif explains. In Egypt, Sherif adds, a large part of the population knows nothing about treatment options or even where to seek help. Sherif asserts that rehabilitation is an essential part of the treatment because it is important for 'the mind not just the body to be clean', and ensures that the patient is 'ready to face life with its conditions' without resorting to drugs again. Through a number of activities as well as spiritual and psychological treatments, the recovering addicts 'start to understand that happiness does not have to be achieved through the use of drugs. For Ahmed the rehabilitation centre was a lifeline and a place he continues to visit after traumatic events, like the death of his father last month, to counter relapsing. I knew that as soon as I stepped out of this house I would straightaway go and get my fix,' Ahmed says. However, after locking himself up for three days, a friend, also a recovered addict, was able to bring him back to the rehabilitation facility where he could stop the downward spiral. Public hospitals and some treatment centres give help and space for those unable to pay to be supported. While UNODC's Hegazy sees a positive increase in the number of those seeking treatment, AUC assistant professor Amer believes that there are two segments of the population who are often left out: the large bulk of the middle class, and women. He sees this as a product of ignorance in society, associated with not understanding addiction as an illness. In Egyptian culture, if a member of a family is an addict this is seen as direct reflection on the failure of the parents and the child's upbringing. Sherif's centre caters only to male addicts, when he attempted to set up a treatment facility for females only, neighbourhood members objected, claiming it would be associated with a brothel. Youth and teenagers, starting from as young as twelve, are the age group most affected by addiction in Egypt. This huge population creates a significant demand for drugs and attracts most of the cartels in terms of opening new markets and finding new users', asserts UNODC's Hegazy. Tawfiq claimed that in their 'Stop Drugs: Change your life' campaign, a key segment was visiting schools and attempting to talk to students in classes. She describes the negative backlash they faced from the schools they visited, as teachers and heads would either deem it an 'unacceptable' topic to discuss with children, or something that was not even an issue since they claimed only a small part of the population were abusing drugs. On the other hand, one of the major challenges faced by those trying to combat addiction is the normalisation of drugs in society to the extent that characters in movies are filmed casually taking drugs for no particular purpose, as if they were smoking cigarettes, Amer asserts. As drug use becomes more acceptable and consumption and addiction appear to be on the rise, combating the illicit drug trade in Egypt is becoming increasingly important. The drug is part of a web of illicit activities contributing to wider problems in society. A shift in understanding of drug users and abusers is much-needed in an increasingly unstable Egypt. FR AR. Books Home Reviews News. Outcast: Egypt's growing addiction problem. Reuters Photo. This has contributed to its widespread abuse. However, Tramadol is not the only illegal substance plaguing Egypt. Egypt: A main transit spot The geographical positioning of Egypt has contributed to the nation's growing drug issue. Opiates and heroin comes through Egypt from Afghanistan to supply the European market. Short link:. Latest News Ancelotti wants goals over pressing from Madrid star Mbappe. Egypt signs 4 MoUs with int'l companies to enhance oil cooperation. Hany Shaker, Tamer Ashour to give concerts in Kuwait. Egypt to allocate exceptional allowance for pensions and salaries: MP Elfiky. Van Dijk talking to 'right people' over Liverpool contract renewal. Most Viewed. Rising demand for practical learning. We have to reassess the situation with the IMF to ease pressures on the public US activists demolish Israeli narrative on Sinwar last moments: 'What else Also In Features. Charity at a distance: Egyptians rethink Ramadan traditions amid coronavirus restrictions. Memories of Italian Alexandria. Reminiscing about Ramadan TV shows. Ethyl alcohol prices soar in Cairo as supplies disappear from shelves. Egypt in the process of going plastic-free: The little things that make a big difference. Plastics ban in the Red Sea. Ancelotti wants goals over pressing from Madrid star Mbappe.

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Metrics details. Substance use disorder is a growing problem worldwide, and the stigma associated with it remains a significant barrier to treatment and recovery. This study aimed to assess the perceived stigma among individuals with substance use disorders and its correlation with their socio-demographic characteristics and clinical history Parameters. A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with substance use disorders admitted to the outpatient clinics of Mansoura University Hospital, Addiction Treatment Unit of the Psychiatry Department, and Port Said Mental Hospital, Addiction Department. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, which included demographic information, clinical history parameters, and the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale PSAS. The study found that almost half of the participants were aged 29 or younger, married, and had a median stigma score of The vast majority of participants were male, had no previous legal problems, and had a median stigma score of The most common type of substance used was opioids, and more than half of the participants were still using drugs. Our study investigates self-stigma in substance use disorder SUD , revealing its variance across demographics and clinical groups. We found that self-stigma correlates with use severity and possibly decreases with abstinence. Notably, societal bias contributes significantly to self-stigma, necessitating societal interventions. The impact of self-stigma on patient well-being highlights the need for personalized treatments and stigma reduction strategies. Peer Review reports. The world is currently facing a growing issue of substance use disorder, which has become a significant public health concern \[ 1 \]. Substance use disorder is a complex disease that affects individuals, families, and society as a whole. It is characterized by repeated use of substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, despite the harmful consequences that can result from such use \[ 2 , 3 \]. Individuals with substance use disorder face various challenges, including the chronic and complicated course of the disease, which can have significant social and economic impacts, even after recovery \[ 4 \]. One of the significant challenges is stigma, especially self-stigma, which can be an additional burden on the recovery process of patients with substance use disorder \[ 5 \]. Stigma can lead to delays in seeking treatment, diminished self-worth and self-efficacy, and lower quality of life. The fear of community stigma can also hinder individuals from seeking treatment \[ 5 \]. Individuals with substance use disorders often experience different forms of stigma. According to Corrigan and colleagues \[ 6 \], three categories of stigma have been identified within this population: \[ 1 \] public stigma, which refers to prejudice and discrimination from the general population that negatively affects an individual; \[ 2 \] self-stigma, which is the harm that occurs when a person internalizes this prejudice; and \[ 3 \] structural stigma, which encompasses the policies of private and governmental institutions that intentionally restrict the opportunities available to individuals with mental illness. Structural stigma can also refer to the unintended consequences of policies adopted by major institutions, which inadvertently hinder the options of people with mental illness \[ 6 \]. Self-stigma, or the internalization of social invalidation, is an integral component in the context of substance use disorder \[ 7 \]. It manifests through self-criticism and feelings of shame, which can further foster the perception of being flawed, disrespected, and rejected. The resultant shame acts as a barrier to social engagement, leading to interpersonal dissociation and hindering problem-solving abilities in interpersonal situations \[ 8 \]. One salient mechanism underpinning this stigma is psychological inflexibility. This psychological dynamic can manifest as self-stigma, obstructing individuals from living a life congruent with their values. For instance, the fear of mistrust due to their disease history can deter individuals from seeking treatment or engaging in intimate relationships \[ 8 \]. Furthermore, this internalized stigma acts as a significant obstacle to recovery. It can dissuade individuals from actively participating in recovery communities, thus impeding their pathway toward healing and reintegration into society \[ 10 \]. Although the evidence that self-stigma hinders treatment seeking and affects outcomes for patients with substance use disorder is well established, there are no systematic reviews assessing the actual prevalence of its impact. Previous studies in the field of psychological stigma have illustrated different perspectives on the impact of stigma. For example, patients with substance use disorders are often accused of being responsible for their condition and its consequences, leading to more negative emotions and making them more susceptible to social discrimination \[ 11 \]. Recovery from substance use disorder is a sustained process that includes all family members, rather than just the patient \[ 12 \]. Recovery from the damage caused by the disease and the consequence of its stigma requires believing that recovery is a continuing process of achieving values and fighting psychological and social factors of relapse \[ 13 \]. The importance of the motivational process and its impact on the treatment of substance use disorder patients are significant, as it requires patients to be actively engaged in cognitive and emotional techniques to progress through the initial phases and to proceed and sustain the change. There are concerns about how the process of consistent behavioral change involves resolving the inner feeling of self-shame that may emerge at any stage in the recovery process \[ 14 \]. Thus, continuous evaluation of perceived stigma is important at every stage of the recovery process \[ 15 \]. Therefore, the objective is to measure the level of stigma among substance use disorder patients using the validated Arabic version of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale PSAS and identify the factors that are associated with higher levels of perceived stigma among this population, which will help in understanding the underlying causes and inform the development of more effective interventions. A descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytic component was conducted from December to December This study included individuals who are 18 years of age or older, from both genders. Urine samples were collected from participants at the time of recruitment for a urine drug screen test using Abon Biopharm Multi-Drug Screen kits. The screen targeted substances such as opioids, tramadol, cannabis, amphetamines, and benzodiazepines. This test aimed to verify the continued use in participants and confirm abstinence in those undergoing rehabilitation. This was to ensure that even individuals who were abstinent at the time of recruitment but had a history of substance use could be included. We made a deliberate effort to include participants from various stages of their treatment journey, from those in the detoxification stage to others in the rehabilitation stage. As for the exclusion criteria, participants diagnosed with any other Axis I Disorders according to SCID-I beyond substance use disorder were not included in this study. Moreover, patients who were unwilling or unable to fully participate in the study or share the necessary information were also excluded. These criteria were designed to ensure a diverse participant pool that had a history of substance use. This approach aimed to capture the changing perceptions around stigma associated with substance use at different stages of treatment, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the transformation occurring during the recovery process. The sample size was calculated using Medcalc The primary outcome of interest was the mean stigma score. A pilot study on 30 subjects revealed that the mean stigma score SD is This was multiplied by a design effect of 2, then the final minimum required sample size was We recruited Consecutive sampling was used to recruit patients from the attendants of the hospitals mentioned above. Before this, a jury and pilot study were conducted to assess the reliability of the translated tool and to evaluate its content validity and internal consistency. Patients of the pilot study were not included in the full-scale study. The current study employed a self-administered questionnaire as a tool for data collection on various socio-demographic and clinical variables. Socio-demographic variables included age, sex, residence, education, occupation, and marital status. Participants also completed the Severity of Dependence Scale SDS , a brief and user-friendly tool that assesses the level of dependence experienced by individuals using different types of drugs. The SDS includes five items, each focusing on a specific psychological aspect of dependence, such as preoccupation and anxiety related to drug use \[ 18 , 19 , 20 \]. The PSAS is an eight-item scale with good face and construct validity and adequate levels of internal consistency \[ 21 \]. The scale was originally developed in English by Luoma et al. The scale provides a single total score, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stigma. Reversed scored items include 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 \[ 21 \]. The process of translation and cultural adaptation of the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale PSAS followed international guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of health questionnaires \[ 22 \]. This involved a step-by-step approach, which included forward translation, synthesis of the translated versions, back translation, an expert committee, and a test of the pre-final version. The conceptual framework of the scale was established by obtaining the opinions of a jury of 10 experts in psychiatry, comprising three professors, two assistant professors, four consultants, and one assistant lecturer. The I-CVI ranged from 0. An overview of the entire study process is shown in Fig. Categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages. Numerical variables were presented as mean SD as well as median inter-quartile range. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparison of the stigma score between categories, as appropriate. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to measure the correlation between numerical variables. The age of the study sample ranged from 18 to 61 years with a mean of The vast majority of the participants were males, with no previous legal problems with a percent of There was a significant difference regarding the Hospital, sex, education, occupation, residence, if he was still actively dependent, number of trials to be abstinent, trial to be abstinent outside the addiction unit, period of the longest time to be abstinent, legal problems, and severity of dependence in terms of the stigma score. More details regarding the characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 2. Study results demonstrated a significant difference between specific groups. The self-stigma levels were significantly higher among opiate-dependent patients compared to those with cannabinoid dependency. However, there were no significant differences in self-stigma levels between patients with opiate and alcohol dependencies, nor between patients with alcohol, polysubstance, and cannabinoid dependencies. More details of all other items of the scale are shown in Table 3. There was no significant correlation regarding age, the number of trials to be abstinent, and the duration of dependence as shown in Table 4. Addiction is a medical condition that is unfortunately stigmatized, causing individuals to avoid seeking treatment. Despite increasing worldwide attention, the addiction-related stigma persists \[ 24 \]. Such stigma has significant negative effects on individuals suffering from substance use disorders. In the context of addiction treatment, the stigma surrounding drug dependence is a significant obstacle. Stigma is divided into three categories: public stigma, self-stigma, and structural stigma \[ 27 \]. Public stigma refers to the prejudice and discrimination experienced by individuals from the general population, which negatively impacts their lives. Self-stigma occurs when individuals internalize the stigma and discrimination directed toward them, causing harm to their mental health and self-esteem \[ 7 \]. Structural stigma is exhibited through the policies of private and governmental institutions that intentionally limit the opportunities and resources available to individuals with addiction. Although these policies are intended to organize and protect society, they may unintentionally restrict the opportunities of individuals with addiction \[ 27 \]. Our study included a sample of patients who were currently using drugs, as well as those who were at various stages of recovery. The overall mean stigma score was found to be These findings were similar to those of a previous Italian study that examined perceived stigma related to drug use among students and healthcare workers in Italy and Belgium. The study utilized the PSAS questionnaire and found that the mean perceived stigma score was Another study was conducted to compare the perceived stigma between substance use disorder and other mental disorders \[ 29 \]. The findings revealed that addiction was associated with higher levels of perceived stigma compared to other mental disorders. Individuals with substance use disorders were perceived as more dangerous, more responsible for their condition, and less likely to receive help than those with other psychiatric conditions \[ 29 \]. Numerous factors can affect the perception of stigma among individuals with substance use disorders. The current study found no statistical difference in the perception of stigma between different age groups. A systematic review and meta-analysis also found that age was not associated with an increased self-reported stigma in individuals with mental disorders, including substance use disorders \[ 30 \]. However, the public stigma towards individuals with substance use disorders was found to increase with age \[ 30 \]. This may be due to younger individuals being perceived as less responsible for their drug use compared to older individuals who may be discriminated against due to the belief that they should have known better \[ 30 \]. Additionally, older individuals may face more societal pressure to overcome their addiction, as they are seen as having had more time to address the issue. Conversely, younger individuals may be viewed as more susceptible to peer pressure and less experienced in managing their addiction \[ 30 \]. According to the current study, females report experiencing more perceived stigma compared to males. This is consistent with other research findings that suggest women who use cannabis and amphetamines experience more stigma and may be more likely to face avoidance and coercion than men \[ 31 \]. It also found a statistically significant difference in perceived stigma between different substances of abuse. Substances considered stronger, such as heroin, were associated with more perceived stigma compared to cannabis \[ 31 \]. This is likely due to the perception that individuals who use stronger substances are more reckless, face a higher risk of severe negative consequences, and have greater difficulty in stopping their addiction. The findings of our study illuminate important distinctions in the experience of self-stigma among patients with different substance use disorders. A marked difference was observed between opiate-dependent patients and those with cannabinoid dependence. The disparity in self-stigma levels between these two groups suggests unique psychological and social factors at play in the experience of opiate dependence versus cannabinoid dependence. It was observed in this previous study that marijuana had the least stigma among the substances they examined, while heroin carried the most, particularly in terms of social distance and the perception of danger associated with its use \[ 32 \]. Indeed, there has been a growing acceptance of marijuana usage in society. Recent data indicate that the levels of perceived risk and disapproval of marijuana use among adults and adolescents have been on a steady decline \[ 33 , 34 \]. Opiates are generally viewed as more harmful, and their use is more stigmatizing, compared to cannabinoids. This societal bias may be mirrored in the higher self-stigma reported among opiate-dependent patients \[ 35 \]. However, it is worth noting that no significant difference in self-stigma was identified between opiate-dependent and alcohol-dependent patients. This could be indicative of a similar level of stigma associated with these two types of substance dependence, possibly due to their severe health consequences and the social perceptions surrounding their use \[ 35 \]. Similarly, there was no discernable difference in self-stigma levels among patients with alcohol, polysubstance, and cannabinoid dependencies. This absence of significant variation could suggest that the shared experience of dependence may engender comparable levels of self-stigma across these groups, irrespective of the specific substances involved \[ 36 \]. The current study did not find a statistically significant difference in stigma scores related to patients who have psychiatric symptoms and other medical diseases. This may be due to a lack of awareness of mental symptoms and other medical diseases among the study sample. When analyzing the socio-demographics of the sample, it was found that patients from rural areas expressed more stigma than those from urban areas. In addition, level of education was found to affect the presence of self-stigma, with higher-educated patients experiencing more self-stigma compared to those with lower levels of education in our sample group. This finding is consistent with a study that found individuals with higher educational levels reported higher levels of self-stigma \[ 37 \]. In terms of occupational status, professional workers have higher stigma scores, but this difference is not statistically significant when compared to other groups. This may be interpreted as a sense of self-shame and isolation from their peers who share the same education and occupational status. This is supported by another study that found a positive correlation between loneliness and perceived stigmatization \[ 38 \]. In our study, we did not find any statistically significant difference in self-stigma related to marital status, which is consistent with a previous study that also found no influence of marriage on self-stigma \[ 39 \]. Regarding the treatment and rehabilitation process, our results showed that self-stigma was higher among active substance users and decreased among those in remission. Furthermore, individuals who had been in remission for longer periods reported lower levels of self-stigma. Interestingly, individuals who participated in outpatient programs reported lower levels of self-stigma than those who were admitted to inpatient programs. Additionally, self-stigma was lower among individuals who had attempted to quit substance use multiple times. The duration of addiction did not show a significant difference in terms of self-stigma, but the severity of dependence was found to increase the perception of self-stigma in our study. All of this may be explained by the level of familiarity that individuals with substance use disorders have with their condition \[ 40 \]. Those who engage in rehabilitation programs perceive their condition as less dangerous and express less fear, avoidance, and coercion, and are more willing to seek help. These findings support the idea that contact with rehabilitation programs and familiarity with addiction as a disease rather than a shameful fault can improve attitudes and understanding toward individuals in the therapeutic community and towards oneself, ultimately decreasing self-stigma \[ 41 \]. This is consistent with previous studies that have demonstrated an increase in self-stigma among individuals whose addiction problems intersect with the criminal justice system, which can worsen their mental and physical health and increase the likelihood of relapse after release \[ 42 \]. In response to this burden, modern laws are aiming to decriminalize drug abuse problems and treat them as medical issues in order to reduce the stigma around drug dependence \[ 43 \]. While our study provides useful insights into substance use patterns in our sample, it is important to acknowledge its limitations. First, the cross-sectional design allows us to observe associations between variables at a single point in time, which restricts our ability to draw conclusions about causality or monitor changes over time. Second, we collected data only from two hospitals in Egypt, a fact that potentially limits the generalizability of our findings to other settings or wider populations. This underlines the need for similar research in diverse contexts for broader representation. Perhaps most significantly, our study utilized self-administered questionnaires for data collection. While this method was chosen due to its feasibility in our study context, it may introduce elements of response bias or social desirability bias, especially when assessing sensitive topics such as substance use. The potential for underreporting or overreporting in this context is a limitation. Future studies might benefit from incorporating more objective, clinician-rated measures like the Addiction Severity Index, a point also suggested by the peer review. Lastly, we also acknowledge the limited representation of female participants in our study, which could affect the generalizability of our findings across genders. Future research must ensure balanced gender participation. Recognizing these limitations is essential for the proper interpretation of our study and underscores the value of continued research in this field. This study explored the presence and complexity of self-stigma in individuals with substance use disorder SUD , revealing significant variations across demographic and clinical subsets. Greater self-stigma was found in females, active substance users, and those with opiate dependence. Societal bias, particularly in employment contexts, was found to be a notable contributor to self-stigma, highlighting the need for societal-level interventions. The impact of self-stigma on patient well-being, treatment adherence, and quality of life stresses the necessity for tailored therapeutic approaches and stigma reduction strategies. These findings underpin future research into the mechanisms underlying these relationships, critical for effective SDD management and stigma mitigation. The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. J Subst Abuse Treat \[Internet\]. Daley DC. Family and social aspects of substance use disorders and treatment. J Food Drug Anal \[Internet\]. Reducing self-stigma in substance abuse through acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, manual development, and pilot outcomes. The self-stigma of mental illness: implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. J Soc Clin Psychol. Article Google Scholar. J Psychopathol Behav Assess \[Internet\]. Shame, self-criticism, self-stigma, and compassion in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Curr Opin Psychol. Psychological inflexibility and stigma: a meta-analytic review. J Contextual Behav Sci. Body-Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire: Its deleterious influence on binge eating and psychometric validation. The association between perceived stigma and substance use disorder treatment outcomes: a review. Subst Abuse Rehabil \[Internet\]. Motivation and the stages of change among individuals with severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat. 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Age differences in public stigma, self-stigma, and attitudes toward seeking help: A moderated mediation model. J Clin Psychol \[Internet\]. Public Stigma toward Female and male opium and heroin users. An experimental test of Attribution Theory and the Familiarity Hypothesis. Front Public Health. Addiction stigma among mental health professionals and medical students in Egypt. Addict Disord Their Treat \[Internet\]. Negative attributions towards people with substance use disorders in South Africa: Variation across substances and by gender. BMC Psychiatry \[Internet\]. Favor Legalizing Marijuana Use \[Internet\]. Perceptions of self-stigma and its correlates among older adults with depression: a preliminary study. Int Psychogeriatr \[Internet\]. Armstrong J, Loneliness. Schizophr Res \[Internet\]. Strategies used by people who inject drugs to avoid stigma in healthcare settings. Drug Alcohol Depend. Controlled substance prescribing patterns—prescription behavior Surveillance System, eight States, Treating substance use disorders in the criminal justice system. Curr Psychiatry Rep \[Internet\]. Wogen J, Restrepo MT. Human Rights, Stigma, and Substance Use. Health Hum Rights \[Internet\]. Download references. Their hard work in this paper in interviewing patients and fieldwork. The authors did not receive any funding for the research, authorship, or publishing of this article. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Acquisition of data was done by IE and MA. Submission to the journal was done by MB and IE. The study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles, and prior approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board IRB: R. The originators of the questionnaire granted permission for its translation, adaptation, and psychometric testing. The present study was performed following the Declaration of Helsinki and all other relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was obtained from the local ethics committee and written informed consent was provided by all participants. All authors have read and approved the final version of the submitted work. The manuscript is not being considered elsewhere at present. This study does not include details, images, or videos relating to individual participants. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Elkalla, I. Assessing self-stigma levels and associated factors among substance use disorder patients at two selected psychiatric hospitals in Egypt: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 23 , Download citation. Received : 02 April Accepted : 08 August Published : 15 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Substance use disorder is a growing problem worldwide, and the stigma associated with it remains a significant barrier to treatment and recovery. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with substance use disorders admitted to the outpatient clinics of Mansoura University Hospital, Addiction Treatment Unit of the Psychiatry Department, and Port Said Mental Hospital, Addiction Department. Results The study found that almost half of the participants were aged 29 or younger, married, and had a median stigma score of Conclusion Our study investigates self-stigma in substance use disorder SUD , revealing its variance across demographics and clinical groups. Background The world is currently facing a growing issue of substance use disorder, which has become a significant public health concern \[ 1 \]. Methods Study design, setting, and study period A descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytic component was conducted from December to December Inclusion and exclusion criteria This study included individuals who are 18 years of age or older, from both genders. Sample size The sample size was calculated using Medcalc Sampling method Consecutive sampling was used to recruit patients from the attendants of the hospitals mentioned above. Study tools The current study employed a self-administered questionnaire as a tool for data collection on various socio-demographic and clinical variables. Full size image. Table 2 Sociodemographic and clinical history Parameters, variations of total stigma score according to these parameters Full size table. Table 4 Correlation between total stigma score and some parameters Full size table. Discussion Addiction is a medical condition that is unfortunately stigmatized, causing individuals to avoid seeking treatment. Limitations While our study provides useful insights into substance use patterns in our sample, it is important to acknowledge its limitations. Conclusion This study explored the presence and complexity of self-stigma in individuals with substance use disorder SUD , revealing significant variations across demographic and clinical subsets. Data availability The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles, and prior approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board IRB: R. Consent for publication All authors have read and approved the final version of the submitted work. Competing interests There were no conflicts of interest disclosed by the authors. About this article. Cite this article Elkalla, I. Copy to clipboard. Contact us General enquiries: journalsubmissions springernature.

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