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On the international day to mark awareness of substance abuse, Ahram Online investigates Egypt's growing drug problem. The head of the rehabilitation centre which treated Ahmed confirmed to Ahram Online that Tramadol is the most common drug used by his patients, while heroin, which is much more costly, comes in second. His group of friends in Mahalla all used the popular painkiller, which he claims made it very hard to stop. He describes needing the feeling of 'escape, elation and energy' Tramadol afforded him, which shifted his problem from a psychological addiction to a physical dependency. These include a number of 'macro' factors such as the availability of drugs, the cultural environment which promotes or condones its use, and mainstream culture, in addition to some 'micro' factors such as peer pressure, and more individual factors like curiosity, boredom and seeking escape. It is easily found on Egypt's streets. After the Egyptian revolution, there was a large influx of Tramadol in shipments from China, adds Dr. Consequently people were easily able to access the drug through the black market instead of having to go to a pharmacy with a prescription and get the pills. According to a recent but unpublished report by the National Centre for Criminological and Social Studies, which was conducted across 10 of Egypt's governorates and studied some 25, cases, 50 percent of all psychotropic substance abusers in Egypt use Tramadol, Hegazy explains. The country's most popular drug, which has become increasingly prevalent in the lower-income bracket as it has become more available, is hashish or cannabis. It is so engrained in society that it has become normalised in some parts Egyptian popular culture, including appearing in films. Classification of cannabis in Egypt has varied from it being labelled a 'soft drug' to a 'gateway drug' meaning there is a fear of it leading to dependence on a harder substance such as heroin. AUC academic Amer believes it should not be dealt with lightly. She says it has a highly addictive potential. Egypt is considered a main transit country for the most important drugs in the world, as it lies between the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. Additionally, opiates and cannabis are grown in areas in the Sinai Peninsula and Upper Egypt, with most being locally consumed. Cairo, in particular, seems to be a key epicentre of drug abuse. According to a report by the Cairo Medical College in collaboration with the ministry of health, the percentage of drug abuse in Cairo is 7 percent higher than the world average of 5 percent. Abuse is most prevalent in the impoverished districts. The porousness of Egypt's borders and the security vacuum post-revolution has also contributed to the flood of illicit drugs. After the day uprising against former president Mubarak in , she noticed the market open up more, drugs becoming cheaper as dealers laced the original product to sell it quickly to inexperienced users who do not know what it is supposed to taste like. Although there have been no new statistics recorded post-revolution, this figure is expected to have increased, Hegazy concludes. Treating addiction is demanding and complicated, requiring a two-week detoxification period usually in a hospital, in addition to a rehabilitation phase, which takes months, Sherif explains. In Egypt, Sherif adds, a large part of the population knows nothing about treatment options or even where to seek help. Sherif asserts that rehabilitation is an essential part of the treatment because it is important for 'the mind not just the body to be clean', and ensures that the patient is 'ready to face life with its conditions' without resorting to drugs again. Through a number of activities as well as spiritual and psychological treatments, the recovering addicts 'start to understand that happiness does not have to be achieved through the use of drugs. For Ahmed the rehabilitation centre was a lifeline and a place he continues to visit after traumatic events, like the death of his father last month, to counter relapsing. I knew that as soon as I stepped out of this house I would straightaway go and get my fix,' Ahmed says. However, after locking himself up for three days, a friend, also a recovered addict, was able to bring him back to the rehabilitation facility where he could stop the downward spiral. Public hospitals and some treatment centres give help and space for those unable to pay to be supported. While UNODC's Hegazy sees a positive increase in the number of those seeking treatment, AUC assistant professor Amer believes that there are two segments of the population who are often left out: the large bulk of the middle class, and women. He sees this as a product of ignorance in society, associated with not understanding addiction as an illness. In Egyptian culture, if a member of a family is an addict this is seen as direct reflection on the failure of the parents and the child's upbringing. Sherif's centre caters only to male addicts, when he attempted to set up a treatment facility for females only, neighbourhood members objected, claiming it would be associated with a brothel. Youth and teenagers, starting from as young as twelve, are the age group most affected by addiction in Egypt. This huge population creates a significant demand for drugs and attracts most of the cartels in terms of opening new markets and finding new users', asserts UNODC's Hegazy. Tawfiq claimed that in their 'Stop Drugs: Change your life' campaign, a key segment was visiting schools and attempting to talk to students in classes. She describes the negative backlash they faced from the schools they visited, as teachers and heads would either deem it an 'unacceptable' topic to discuss with children, or something that was not even an issue since they claimed only a small part of the population were abusing drugs. On the other hand, one of the major challenges faced by those trying to combat addiction is the normalisation of drugs in society to the extent that characters in movies are filmed casually taking drugs for no particular purpose, as if they were smoking cigarettes, Amer asserts. As drug use becomes more acceptable and consumption and addiction appear to be on the rise, combating the illicit drug trade in Egypt is becoming increasingly important. The drug is part of a web of illicit activities contributing to wider problems in society. A shift in understanding of drug users and abusers is much-needed in an increasingly unstable Egypt. FR AR. Books Home Reviews News. Outcast: Egypt's growing addiction problem. Reuters Photo. This has contributed to its widespread abuse. However, Tramadol is not the only illegal substance plaguing Egypt. Egypt: A main transit spot The geographical positioning of Egypt has contributed to the nation's growing drug issue. Opiates and heroin comes through Egypt from Afghanistan to supply the European market. Short link:. Latest News Ancelotti wants goals over pressing from Madrid star Mbappe. Egypt signs 4 MoUs with int'l companies to enhance oil cooperation. Hany Shaker, Tamer Ashour to give concerts in Kuwait. 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Why It Still Sucks To Get High in the Arab World’s Biggest City

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PDF version. Kabbash: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Background : Drug abuse is a global challenge with harmful effects on health, wealth and wellbeing of nations. University students report more habitual use of marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens and illicit drugs than noncollege students report. Aims : To identify the prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol and drug abuse and to identify some factors associated with drug abuse. Methods : A cross-sectional study recruiting students from all faculties hosted by Kafr El-Sheikh University during the academic year — Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Results : The prevalence of current drug abuse was 8. Men reported significantly greater use of cigarettes, alcohol, tramadol, hashish and bhang than women. Students of practical colleges were found to smoke cigarettes and abuse hashish significantly more than their peers in other colleges. Risk factors associated with drug abuse were mainly related to gender and college type. Conclusion : There is a need to design and implement programmes to raise awareness and provide supportive services for prevention and management of drug abuse among university students tailored according to their needs. Keywords: alcohol consumption, Egypt, hashish, smoking, substance abuse, tranquilizers, university students, adolescent. Substance use among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. East Mediterr Health J. Open Access. Some rights reserved. Substance abuse refers to the detrimental or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, as well as alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome, which is a group of behavioural, cognitive and physiological phenomena that arise after repetitive use. This incorporates: a strong desire to take the substance; trouble with controlling its use; continued use in spite of harmful consequences; a higher priority given to substance use than to other activities, in addition to obligations; increased tolerance to the substance; and sometimes a state of physical withdrawal 1. Drug abuse by adolescents has become one of the main causes of health-related problems in several parts of the world, making some students to experience mental health problems, while some become maladjusted to school circumstances and finally drop out of school 4. Drug abusers who display symptoms of nervous tension, anxiety, depression, behavioural changes, tiredness, and loss or increase in appetite should be treated by medical specialists and counsellors to save them from fatal illness 4. Marijuana is the most broadly used, with a prevalence of 3. Other popular drugs used by students in the last 30 days were amphetamines 4. There is some evidence from American national surveys that university students are at greater risk of drug use than other young people of comparable age. The Core Alcohol and Drug Survey for demonstrated that college students reported more frequent use of marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens and designer drugs in the last 30 days than noncollege students reported 5. Tobacco and alcohol are the most commonly used drugs among South African adolescents despite the health and social problems associated with them. This may be because they are both legal and many consider them tolerable and mild. A national survey of drug use among university students in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in found that The least commonly used drugs were heroin, methadone, crack, methamphetamine and steroids all A study among Egyptian university students in reported the lifetime prevalence of drug abuse as Multiple drug abuse is not uncommon. Among Mansoura University students in , a study of opioid-using students found that 88 reported tramadol use and 12 heroin use 9. Another study conducted at Zagazig University in reported alcohol and sedative abuse prevalence as Drug dependence is considered an important problem in Egypt that is of concern both to the community and government Peer pressure and negative life events are mentioned as the most common reasons for substance abuse. Conversely, rigorous parenting and religiosity are among the factors perceived to prevent substance use or help with cessation Different reports have indicated a progressive rise in drug abuse among Egyptian university students over time. However, only a limited number of published studies have demonstrated the magnitude of and the factors affecting this problem. No studies were conducted among Kafr El-Sheikh university students in spite of their large number. This information gap motivated us to perform the present study to identify the prevalence and correlates of drug abuse among Kafr El-Sheikh university students. We also aimed to study gender differences in the magnitude of the problem and the consequences of the problem on the students. A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months in the academic year — Kafr El-Sheikh University was founded in April and includes 19 faculties and 3 higher institutes. The survey included 13 faculties that were grouped into 3 strata: 1 medical faculties medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, physical and veterinary medicine ; 2 practical faculties engineering, agricultural, education, physical education, and specific education ; and 3 academic faculties commerce, arts and languages. In practical and medical faculties, students were divided into groups for practical training. In academic faculties, 1 day and 1 lecture hall were chosen randomly and all attending students in that lecture hall were included in the study sample. A total of questionnaires were distributed. A pilot study was conducted before starting data collection to test the adequacy and time needed to fill the designed questionnaire, and to determine the potential obstacles that might be met during execution of the study. Data were collected using a validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire that included items regarding the following data: sociodemographic factors; current and past history of smoking, alcohol intake and drug abuse; and problems related to drug abuse. The collected data were coded, double-checked for completeness, entered into Microsoft Excel, and analysed using SPSS version SPSS Inc. Means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables. The c2 test was used to compare differences in the distribution of variables among suited groups. Informed consent was obtained from the participants after explanation of the study purpose and benefits, and participation was voluntary. The study included students from different faculties of Kafr El-Shiekh University, aged 17—25 years \[mean Students who ranked first among their siblings represented Students living with their parents represented Family size showed a mean of 5. Students who had ever smoked tobacco represented The most frequently abused drugs were tranquilizers 8. The second most frequently abused drug was alcohol 6. The third most frequently abused drug was hashish 6. The least frequently abused drugs included crack 0. Table 2 shows the drugs that were abused in the last month. Tranquilizers ranked first 4. Injecting drugs were ever reported by 1. Cigarette smoking was significantly more prevalent among students in practical faculties Hashish abuse was significantly more prevalent among students in practical faculties 4. Abuse of tranquilizers was more prevalent among students in theoretical faculties compared with other faculties, but the differences were not significant. Prevalence of abuse of other drugs did not differ significantly among students in different faculties. Number of abused drugs was significantly associated with male sex Table 4. Trying 1 drug was reported by Those who tried 2 drugs represented 4. The number of drugs abused was significantly associated with smoking habit. Among smokers, A significantly high percentage of medical students The highest percentage of single drug abuse Among problems related to alcohol abuse, sex without a condom 3. Drug abuse, especially among adolescents, is an important public health and social problem internationally and in Egypt. University students are at an increased risk of substances abuse. Tobacco smoking is the most commonly reported substance used by Egyptian adolescents In the present study, current i. However, it was higher than the prevalence found among medical students in the Nile Delta, which was This lower prevalence among female students can be attributed to the shameful perception of smoking among women according to community norms in Egypt Tranquilizers ranked as the most frequently abused illicit drugs ever and current abuse by 8. These results are higher than those reported among students at Zagazig University 10 and Sohag University 18 , in whom the prevalence of abuse of sedative drugs was 5. In contrast, Al-Sayed et al. Alcohol was the second most frequently ever-abused substance by our study participants 6. This is in agreement with Loffredo et al. Similar results 6. A lower prevalence of alcohol abuse 4. These results also coincide with those of Hamdi et al. The third most frequently ever-abused drug was hashish 6. This is in line with Hamdi et al. Mwaheb et al. This high percentage may have been because their study was conducted among male students only and included secondary schools and colleges. It could also be attributed to the fact that cannabis is common in Egypt with a lower price than other drugs. The most frequent currently abused substance was bhang 1. Tramadol ranked second among the most frequent currently abused drugs among study participants. A lower prevalence 0. In the current study, drug abuse was significantly associated with male students. This was also supported by a community-based study among Egyptians 20 , which concluded that male gender was significantly positively correlated with substance abuse, which may be attributed to cultural and social contexts. Similarly, Meray et al. Smoking carries a high risk of drug abuse, and our study revealed a significant association between smoking habit and the number of abused drugs. This was in agreement with the study of Amin et al. Similarly, Morrison et al. In the current study, a significantly high percentage of medical students This was consistent with the findings of Shalaby and Soliman 22 , who reported a 9. This lower prevalence of drug abuse among medical students compared to students at other colleges may be attributed to their satisfactory level of awareness regarding health hazards of addiction owing to their curriculum. The current study reveals a need for the development of interventions for substance abuse among university students and the increased attention of local authorities and families, in addition to implementing effective addiction counselling and prevention programmes to support university students. This study is the first report of the problem of substance abuse in Kafr El-Shiekh University. The sample size was high and reflects well the magnitude of the problem. However, the study had some limitations. First, the self-reporting nature of the drug abuse allowed recall bias. Second, the stigma associated with drug abuse among university students might have led to under-reporting and underestimation of the prevalence. This study highlighted the magnitude of drug abuse among Kafr El-Shiekh university students, the commonly abused drugs, and the factors associated with drug abuse, in addition to some consequent problems that result from it. The abused substances were mainly cigarettes, tranquilizers, alcohol and hashish. Students in academic and practical faculties are at higher risk than those in medical faculties. There are many risk factors for substance abuse but the main factors are age, sex, residence, parental educational level, and smoking habit. We would like to express our appreciation to 4th year medical students participated shared in data collection. Finally, we would like to thank all university students who participated in the study. Subscribe via RSS. Volume 30, number 8 August WHO Bulletin. Pan American Journal of Public Health. Main Search Contact. YouTube Rss feeds Twitter Facebook. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal All issues Volume 28 Volume 28 issue 1 Substance abuse among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. Substance abuse among university students in Egypt: prevalence and correlates. Keywords: alcohol consumption, Egypt, hashish, smoking, substance abuse, tranquilizers, university students, adolescent Citation: Kabbash I; Zidan O; Saied S. Methods Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months in the academic year — Data collection and analysis Data were collected using a validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire that included items regarding the following data: sociodemographic factors; current and past history of smoking, alcohol intake and drug abuse; and problems related to drug abuse. Results The study included students from different faculties of Kafr El-Shiekh University, aged 17—25 years \[mean Discussion Drug abuse, especially among adolescents, is an important public health and social problem internationally and in Egypt. Conclusions This study highlighted the magnitude of drug abuse among Kafr El-Shiekh university students, the commonly abused drugs, and the factors associated with drug abuse, in addition to some consequent problems that result from it. Acknowledgement We would like to express our appreciation to 4th year medical students participated shared in data collection. Funding : None Competing interests : None declared. References Okpye, N. The adolescents and hard drugs: a psychological concern. The Nigerian adolescent in perspective. Nigerian Society for Education; Fourteenth report. World drug report Fareo DO. Drug abuse among Nigerian adolescents strategies for counselling. J Int Soc Res. Monitoring the future: national survey results on drug use: — Volume II: college students and adults ages 19— Soul City Institute for Social Justice. Drug use among college and university students: findings from a national survey. J Subst Use. Addressing prevalence and correlates among a sample of Egyptian university students who suffer from substance use disorders. Addict Disord Their Treat. A study of opioid dependence among Mansoura University students. Egyptian J Psych. Drug abuse in Zagazig University students, Egypt: cross sectional study, Occup Dis Environ Med. Gender differences in risks and pattern of drug abuse in Egypt. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg, ;47 1 —8. JRSM Open. Substance use by Egyptian youth: current patterns and potential avenues for prevention. Subst Use Misuse. Perception and practices of tobacco smoking among medical students in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Women and waterpipe tobacco smoking in the eastern Mediterranean region: allure or offensiveness. Women Health ;53 1 — Sedative drug use among King Saud University medical students: a cross-sectional sampling study. Depress Res Treat. Alcohol use among college students: an international perspective. Curr Opin Psychiatry. J Forens Toxicol Medicolegal Anal. Goreishi A, Shajari Z. Sociodemographic indicators for substance use and abuse in Egypt. J Addict Prevent. Drug abuse among students in schools and colleges in Fayoum City \[thesis\]. Fayoum University; Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students regarding smoking and substance abuse, Cairo University, Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. Prevalence updates of substance use among Egyptian adolescents. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. Public Health Rev. Tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drug use among Finnish adolescent twins: causal relationship or correlated liabilities?. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. Current issue Volume 30, number 8 August

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