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Metrics details. In the past few years, there has been an expanding global interest in the problem of substance use. A variety of studies conducted within the past decade have investigated the prevalence of substance use among university students. The study aimed to detect the prevalence and associates of substance use among Egyptian students at Mansoura University. This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based, observational study was conducted during the period from February to July on university students at Mansoura University in Egypt. The university students were randomly divided into three classes medical, practical, and theoretical. The data were assembled using questionnaires of sociodemographic, clinical attributes, and drug use disorders identification test DUDIT. Lifetime substance use among students was 6. Of the users, 18 Only There was a substantial association between substance use and male sex, age above 20 years, smoking, and living in urban areas. In the group that used substances, 50 4. In total, using the mono substance is more than using poly substances in which cannabis, tramadol, and alcohol were the most often utilized substances. The highest percentage of drug-related problems was among medical students while dependence was highest among practical students. These results should be considered in future substance preventive programs. Substance-related problems are considered one of the global persistent problems endangering humans of the various stage, social milieu, geographical region, educational level, and nationality. Substance use is classified as the continual use of substances, illicit drugs, or the misappropriation of medicine or over-the-bench drugs with adverse outcomes \[ 1 \]. Substance use has persisted to grow worldwide. In , a total population of about million citizens utilized an illicit substance at least one time. Although usage is documented throughout all age classes, the peak use is between 25 to 39 years of age, and cannabis was the highest used stuff within the age of 19 years; stimulants were also encountered \[ 2 \]. A national survey performed over , Egyptian subjects between 20 and 45 years from different regions found that The pattern of substance-related problems was tremendously increasing especially after Arab Spring, \[ 4 \]. The dependence was 0. Males had higher independence, regular use, and intake \[ 5 \]. Substance use during university is linked to a cloud of deleterious concerns from legitimate difficulties, involvement in risky behaviors, development of psychiatric disorders, inappropriate sexual behaviors and academic difficulties, and even to increased rates of injury and death. Significant discrepancies were found between university students and non-university students regarding the type and level of consumption of substance use. Athletes, sexual minorities, students who suffered depression and anxiety, and white men appear to be at special threat for substance use during university \[ 6 \]. Overall, cannabis and its derivatives were the most used substances among university students in Egypt, Arab countries Kuwait and Sudan \[ 7 , 8 , 9 \], and American and European populations \[ 10 , 11 \]. This can be explained by the recent trend of using new types of synthetic cannabis derivatives, as well as the ongoing debate over cannabis legalization \[ 12 \]. The usage of alcohol was on the top among the same group as seen in the following studies \[ 6 , 13 , 14 \]. In the USA, the level of substance use is growing among those aged 18 to 25 years, with many of them being new-found clients. In this age group, the regular use of cannabis was estimated by 2. In Europe, approximately In Africa, studies discovered a prevalence of drug use between Regarding the research on substance use during university study in Egypt, few of these studies were performed on male \[ 19 \] students while others on female students \[ 20 \] but the majority were conducted on both genders \[ 7 , 13 , 21 \]. Only a few of the previous studies demonstrated the pattern and risk factors of substance use in university students while the majority just reported if there was substance intake or not. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of substance use and its related factors among Mansoura University students, Egypt. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Mansoura University, Egypt, from February to July The target population was Egyptian students, 17 to 25 years old, including both males and females of all educational years from Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Science, Engineering, Arts, and Education programs. Non-Egyptian students and those who refused to complete the study were excluded. The sample size was calculated using the Medical program. Thus, clustered sampling technique was used. Accordingly, the minimum required sample size was students from medical faculties from medicine and 73 from veterinary , a total of students from practical ones such as engineering and science 82 , and students from theoretical faculties such as arts and education This is illustrated in Fig. Several clusters section of academic stage or clinical round were selected from each grade, and the systematic random method was used. The questionnaires were delivered to students in their classrooms after their sections or clinical rounds. The DUDIT \[ 22 \] was constructed to help check for substance use problems and dependence as well as screen out those who do not have such problems. There are eleven items in the DUDIT questionnaire about the regularity of drug use, detrimental outcomes of drug use, and indications of reliance. DUDIT serves as an applicable screening method used to detect individuals who have a substance-related problem or dependence. Dependence is defined to be at a score of 25 or more for males and females as well \[ 22 \]. A chi-squared test was used to test the significance of categorical data. Monte-Carlo was used to compare categorical data of more than 4 cells table. Mann-Whitney was applied to compare continuous data between 2 groups, while the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare non-normally distributed data between more than 2 groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed on significant variables in bivariate analysis. The total number of surveyed students was ; of them, Two hundred nineteen Five hundred seventy-three Their average age was There were Of all students, 74 6. Mono substance users of cannabis, tramadol, alcohol, benzo, and heroin were 18, 14, 10, 5, and 1 respectively; while for poly users, there were 10 for cannabis and tramadol; 12 for cannabis and alcohol; 3 for cannabis and inhalant; and 1 for cannabis, alcohol, and tramadol Table 2. The highest percentage was in the practical students 28 Besides, there was a higher percentage In this study, Egyptian university students were surveyed. The prevalence of substance use was 6. The study revealed a high significance association of substance use to the field of study. The prevalence of substance use in students enrolled in practical educational programs was twofold higher than in medical or theoretical students. Practical students also showed the highest rate of drug dependence. In the current study, This finding is in line with the findings of a recent national study in Egypt, which demonstrated that This finding is also consistent with other studies \[ 7 , 9 , 11 , 26 , 27 , 28 \]. This low prevalence of substance use among female individuals of Egyptian university students could be due to social stigma, which may cause them to deny substance use, or it could be due to the higher social tolerability of substance use among males \[ 29 \]. Another interesting finding in our study was that Approximately, the same was found in other studies as \[ 1 , 7 , 13 , 31 , 32 \]. Looking to cigarette smoking as a major factor associated with substance use, our study found that The high prevalence of smoking among substance users may refer to smoking as a predictor of substance use besides the easy accessibility and legalized use of smoking. Utilizing substances is one of the most devastating public health issues especially among university students as they are a highly vulnerable group for this problem. In this study, the prevalence of substance use was 6. However, much higher rates were reported in other studies such as This low prevalence in our study might be due to different sampling techniques or due to cultural and societal differences. Cannabis is the most commonly used substance by about This is in agreement with other studies performed in Egypt, Sudan, and Kuwait \[ 7 , 8 , 9 \]. The increased prevalence of cannabis use could be linked to a recent decline in public awareness of the risk associated with its use. Several researchers have found that a low-risk perception is linked to a higher likelihood of drug usage \[ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 \]. Tramadol came second as the most consumed substance after cannabis in our participants and has become a public health issue in Egypt. Numerous research looked at its widespread use among adolescents \[ 41 \], and its ramifications among substance use patients \[ 42 \]. Among all students in our study, In the study performed by Bassiony and colleagues in , the percentages of substance use among practical and theoretical colleges were In another study published in the same year by the same group, the percentage was Regarding the most used substances in each category, tramadol is the most commonly used substance among medical students 1. Among theoretical college students, cannabis was the most used substance 1. On the other hand, in a study done among Zagazig University students, the most used substances among practical students including medical were alcohol, tramadol \[ 7 \], and in another study in the UK, cannabis came on top among medical students \[ 43 \]. Tramadol is used as an analgesic for both acute and chronic pain and arbitrates analgesia as an opioid receptor agonist and synergistically as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor \[ 44 \]. In Egypt, there is a misconception that opioids enhance cognitive and sexual performances and delay physical exhaustion \[ 45 \]. This could explain that medical and practical students mainly use substances to cope with the study stress or to get more power to enhance their physical and mental performance. Practical students had the highest dependence percent While medical students had the highest rate of drug-related problems On the other hand, Bassiony and colleagues \[ 21 \] found the highest drug-related problem percentage among theoretical students. The knowledge of medical students about the hazards of substance use and its devastating effect on health could be the cause of their low percentage of dependence. Educational and preventive programs should be established as early as possible for high school students to increase their orientation regarding substance use and its estimated hazardous effects. Rehabilitation programs should be applied to students who have problems with substance use to minimize consequences. It is one of the earliest studies in Egypt done to measure the prevalence of substance use among university students, describe its risk factors among practical, theoretical, and medical students. Our results cannot be interpreted without taking into account a few study limitations: 1 this study was an observational cross-sectional study, so other longitudinal studies are needed in the future to determine the causative nature of the associations between substance use and its correlates; 2 the study was intuitively answered by the students, which could lead to both selection and recall biases; 3 using self-reported scales without using structured interview might overestimate the prevalence of substance in university students; and 4 the results of the study cannot be generalized to the whole community as it is done on university students. In total, 6. The most commonly used substance among medical students is tramadol; cannabis and tramadol come on the top among the practical students, and by looking to the theoretical college students, cannabis is the most used substance. The highest percentage of drug-related problems is among medical students while dependence is the highest among practical students. Older age, male sex, urban residence, and cigarette smoking were all risk variables for substance use. BMC Public Health 17 1 World Drug Report U. World Drug Report, Youth. J Addiction Prevention 4 1 Google Scholar. Viney S. As drug addiction rises in Cairo, experts offer recommendations. Egyptian dependent,, Accessed June 15, Middle East Curr Psychiatry 27 1 Article Google Scholar. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin 25 4 — Addict Disord Treat 17 3 — Med Princ Pract 22 5 — J Addict Addict Behav — Article PubMed Google Scholar. A cross-sectional study based on the uniHcos Project data. Gac Sanit 33 2 — Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 12 1 PloS one 15 8 :e European Monitoring Centre for Drugs. European Drug Report \[Internet\]. European Union Publications Office. BMC Public Health 14 1 :1—7. Drug Alcohol Depend 18 4 — Addict Disord Treat. J Addict Med 12 2 — Eur Addict Res 11 1 — Addiction 88 6 — Int J Behav Med 24 2 — SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows, version Available at: www. Accessed January 9, Alebachew W, Semahegn A, Ali T, Mekonnen H Prevalence, associated factors and consequences of substance use among health and medical science students of Haramaya University, eastern Ethiopia, a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 19 1 Med Educ Online 22 1 Petersburg, Russia. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 6 12 — Drug Alcohol Depend — BMC Res Notes 10 1 Psychiatry J Egypt J Psychiatry 35 3 Subst Use Misuse 50 5 — Eur J Psychiatry 27 2 — BMC Psychiatry 11 1 :1—9. Lopez-Quintero C, Neumark Y Effects of risk perception of marijuana use on marijuana use and intentions to use among adolescents in Bogota. Addict Behav 32 12 — Merrill RM Use of marijuana and changing risk perceptions. Am J Health Behav 39 3 — Beck F, Legleye S, Chomynova P A quantitative exploration of attitudes out of line with the prevailing norms toward alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use among European students. Subst Use Misuse. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. J Addict Med 10 4 — Postgrad Med J 94 — Addiction 12 — El- Hadidy, M. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. MK: Data collection and drafting the manuscript. ZG: Supervision and coordination of all research activities, revision of final draft for important intellectual contents. ME: Conception of research idea, revision of results, draft manuscript for intellectual contents. All authors read the final manuscript and agreed about its contents. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. Correspondence to Mohamed Elwasify. Written informed consent was obtained from all students who were willing to endorse the study after ensuring confidentiality. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Khafagy, M. Substance use patterns among university students in Egypt. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 28 , 59 Download citation. Received : 27 July Accepted : 04 September Published : 15 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background In the past few years, there has been an expanding global interest in the problem of substance use. Results Lifetime substance use among students was 6. Conclusion In total, using the mono substance is more than using poly substances in which cannabis, tramadol, and alcohol were the most often utilized substances. Background Substance-related problems are considered one of the global persistent problems endangering humans of the various stage, social milieu, geographical region, educational level, and nationality. Aim of this study The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of substance use and its related factors among Mansoura University students, Egypt. Subjects The target population was Egyptian students, 17 to 25 years old, including both males and females of all educational years from Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Science, Engineering, Arts, and Education programs. Sample size calculation The sample size was calculated using the Medical program. Sample size among the different college categories. Full size image. Results The total number of surveyed students was ; of them, Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of studied Egyptian students in Mansoura University Full size table. Table 4 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with substance use Full size table. Table 5 Logistic regression of factors associated with substance abuse Full size table. Discussion In this study, Egyptian university students were surveyed. Strengths and limitations of the study It is one of the earliest studies in Egypt done to measure the prevalence of substance use among university students, describe its risk factors among practical, theoretical, and medical students. Conclusions In total, 6. Availability of data and materials Data are available upon request from the corresponding author. Acknowledgements We are grateful to all university students that share in the research. Funding None. View author publications. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. About this article. Cite this article Khafagy, M. Copy to clipboard.

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