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Trans-regional actions in the areas of organised crime, trafficking, protection of critical infrastructure, threats to public health and the fight against terrorism Article 4. Actions in the area of risk mitigation and preparedness relating to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear CBRN materials and agents Article 4. Instrument for Stability, Overview of commitments, contracts and payments Article 4. IfS crisis response and preparedness decisions and commitments, status of contracts and disbursements Type of measure Trans-regional actions in the areas of organised crime, trafficking, protection of critical infrastructure, threats to public health and the fight against terrorism. Cocaine trafficking from Latin America via the Caribbean towards West Africa and on to Europe, for example, is facilitated by the lack of regional and interregional cooperation. Illicit trafficking in drugs is closely connected with other forms of organised crime. Cocaine trafficking across these regions is complemented by high volumes of illicit financial flows which are instrumental to the concealment, laundering and investment of the proceeds of crime. A specific programme has been designed to support the fight against organised crime on the cocaine trafficking routes. The 'Supporting the fight against organised crime on the cocaine route' programme addresses all regions along the routes from Latin America to Europe, with a special focus on West Africa, where the threat has appeared more recently and the gap in capacity is high. It encompasses the trans-regional dimension by creating cooperation links between West Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. The aim of the programme is to strengthen the capacity for international cooperation between the law enforcement, prosecution and judicial authorities of the regions concerned. The programme was launched under the Annual Action Programme and all of its components were confirmed and extended in subsequent Annual Action Plans and currently consists of eight components, with the aim to link them up progressively, thus contributing to create trans-regional synergies to tackle organised crime on the cocaine route. Activities in more than 35 countries with a total budget of about EUR At the end of , the first phase of AIRCOP due to end in early was extended for an additional 18 months due to some delyas in implementation caused by insecurity and instability in some of the countries covered. Countries covered under the first phase of the project were Senegal, Ghana and Cape Verde. Issues dealt with during the seminar included controlled deliveries, the role of undercover agents, chemical precursors, international recommendations GAFI 40, reports of suspicious operations, patterns of drug trafficking routes from origin and destination at police and prosecutor levels. The objective is again to strengthen the capacities of national administrative control authorities to prevent the diversion of precursors and to increase regional cooperation. To this end, the geographical scope was extended to better cover the LAC region and cooperation with the private sector was strengthened. The global objective of the project is to improve the coordinated action carried out by the GAFISUD countries to fight organized crime, i. At the end of , the European Commission awarded a contract to support the fight against money laundering in West Africa, with a particular focus on the non-banking and Designated non-financial Businesses and Professions of four countries, notably Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and Cape Verde. Fight organised crime and threats from terrorism through the creation of a regional police information system in West Africa WAPIS, first phase. With a budget of EUR 2. The inception workshop was held in Brussels in November The conference gathered a number of international stakeholders from the EU institutions, implementing partners, international organization and beneficiary countries to debate on drug-trafficking related issues and the added value of the IfS Cocaine Route Programme. The first Steering Committee of the Cocaine Route Programme was held back to back with the annual conference and brought together the team leaders of all the projects of the Cocaine Route Programme. The second Steering Committee took place, six months later, in November , in Brussels and participation was extended to relevant EU representatives and concerned international organisations. The status of the Cocaine Route Programme as well as future IfS activities were among the issues debated. Traffickers take advantage of the lack of regional cooperation and weak law enforcement capacity. The same organised crime networks are suspected to be involved in the trafficking of human beings to the EU. Dealing with trafficking along the heroin routes therefore goes hand in hand with fighting organised crime in the Caucasus, the Black Sea Basin and the Western Balkans. A first major project to support the fight against trafficking to and from Afghanistan was launched in under the Annual Action Programme It focused on law enforcement cooperation between Central Asian countries, with a strong emphasis on Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran, and involved the ten countries of the Economic Cooperation Organisation ECO. A second project was launched in under the Annual Action Programme extending the cooperation to Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Furthermore, a Midterm Review of the Heroin Programme was launched in to assess the performance of the activities implemented so far, identify key lessons learnt and propose practical recommendations for follow-up actions as well as possible re-orientations of the programme. The result of this study will be available in the first half of In progress on the programme included ongoing implementation activities for the above-mentioned two projects and preparation of new acvities under the Annual Action Programmes and as well as a joint workshop with EEAS in preparation of a new programme strategy for the new financial perspective The specific objectives are to a promote and assist information sharing and regional coordination on trafficking in human beings; and b enhance national, regional and trans-regional law enforcement cooperation. The Instrument for Stability contributes to international efforts to fight the proliferation, accumulation and trafficking of small arms and light weapons. The EU has also addressed the destabilising effects of the proliferation and trafficking of SALW, firearms and explosive materials through engaging in continued support to concrete projects with a trans-regional dimension. The new support is directly provided to SICA to enhance its efforts to fight the illicit trafficking of firearms and explosive materials in Central America and neighbouring countries. The project pursues three goals: 1 development and implementation of national SALW databases; 2 increased awareness, involvement and oversight by parliaments, civil society and other stakeholders of SALW actions; and 3 support to joint actions and exchange of information regionally. The project has a budget of EUR 2. In , the support to RECSA was extended by six months to run until mid when a second phase of support to the organisation will come on stream. Phase I has a budget of EUR 3. The project aims at complementing efforts at national and sub-regional levels, whilst taking into account specificities and needs in each region. Despite the encountered delays in operationalising the project in its first year, the impact prospects of the project are positive, especially as it has been granted a longer implementation period through the six-months extension. In the extension phase first semester of , the project will fund the conduct of a baseline survey to assess the level of implementation of regional SALW instruments in a number of selected countries and the impact of programmes such as RECSA's in terms of responding to countries' capacity gaps. Both programmes described above emphasize strengthening coordination at regional and sub-regional levels, in line with the activities of the regional organisations SICA resp. The EUR 2. The initiative promotes the ratification and implementation of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Firearm Protocol, raises awareness on SALW issues to enhance civil society participation and oversight in this area and encourages regional cooperation and knowledge generation. Despite some initial delays, the project gathered pace in with the development of assessments of participating countries' legislative and institutional SALW framework based on self-assessments. The results were shared in regional seminars and a cross-analysis was developed by UNODC with a view to identify common approaches to legislative harmonisation and other regional actions. Technical assistance missions have also began in to countries that have expressed specific needs to deal with the legislative gaps identified. UNODC has adopted a pro-active approach in terms of seeking complementarities and synergies with other EU funded SALW actions and it is expected that the results of the project will be reached. Once fully operational, it will provide countries with crucial information to trace individual firearms as well as to analyse trafficking patterns and diversion from licit flows. Piracy and armed robbery against ships are a serious and rising threat to maritime trading routes representing by far the largest proportion of world trade by volume , humanitarian deliveries and regional stability. The 'Critical Maritime Routes' programme was designed to support the trans-regional fight against this particular form of organised crime by supporting the capacity of coastal states to ensure security and safety along critical maritime routes. The programme focused initially on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, where the safety of navigation is challenged by the archipelago structure of the Straits coupled with high-intensity naval traffic and shipments of hazardous and noxious materials, by armed robbery at sea and, to a lesser extent, by piracy incidents. Taking into account the sharp deterioration of the security situation in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden, the focus of the programme has shifted to include that area. Recently, the programme extended its reach to the Gulf of Guinea with a focus on piracy and armed robbery. In , progress on the programme included ongoing implementation activities for the projects identified in the Annual Action Programmes , , and and identification studies for the Annual Action Programme The DCoC provides a framework for cooperation among coastal and user states for the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships. The project for enhancing maritime security and safety through information sharing and capacity building MARSIC started in September for an initial duration of 36 months with a budget of EUR 6 million. The project provides technical assistance for the setting up of a regional training centre in Djibouti as well as the Information Sharing Centres in Yemen, Kenya and Tanzania. Another action of the Critical Maritime Routes programme enables the national law enforcement agencies to combat maritime piracy and robbery on the high seas through effective pro-active investigations, by specifically providing them with the necessary training and equipment to conduct investigations and to identify and dismantle piracy networks and their supporters. The project, contracted in December with a budget of EUR 1. As part of this initiative, investigation trainings were carried out by Interpol on piracy organisers and financiers and tracking of financial flows in East Africa. In the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, the programme supports existing cooperation by contributing to better safety of navigation. The action came to an end in Decmber and was allocated an indicative budget of EUR 0. Emphasis is on support to selected countries in the Gulf of Guinea to develop the capacity for regional cooperation in coast guard and maritime law enforcement functions. In addition to the above mentioned projects, during the pilot project on piracy, maritime awareness and risks continued its implementation by the Joint Research Centr JRC. The activities include identification and assessment of technical means and practices that can be used to contribute to maritime domain awareness, chiefly by supporting gathering and sharing of information. This EU funded pilot project and its activities remain complementary to those under the Critical Maritime Routes programme. Particularly on counter-terrorism assistance, synergy with the Instrument for Stability crisis response component is also relevant for Pakistan and the Sahel. The activities implemented by ACSRT are following a very slow pace due to the low institutional capacity of the Centre, but finally, under the pulse of the newly appointed Director, 6 out of the 12 country audit and evaluation reports were received. Several projects aim at preventing and combating terrorism by providing assistance to specific countries and regions. In , the first activities under the three year October , EUR 6. Due to the coup in March, project activities in Mali were frozen before their implementation had started. For the regional dimension, the project has supported the establishment of the Sahel Security College as a regional network for the identification of common needs and strategies on CT and organised crime. The Sahel Security College was launched in September and the project will support the setting up of its structures and developing and implementing its priorities in The study will provide crucial information which will feed into possible future EU CT action in Nigeria. A mission to Pakistan has determined the needs and definition of actions, to be implemented from the outset of , in improving the interface between the prosecution service and the police of the Punjab Province, in order to improve the Punjab criminal justice system as a whole in the management of terrorism cases and provision of a more reliable service to its citizens. In South East Asia the IfS engaged in a joint EU-UNODC initiative for supporting regional and national capacity to prevent and combat terrorism, in areas such as strengthening investigation and prosecution services, radicalization and financing of terrorism. Moreover, EU efforts in the areas of the IfS will be complementary to the ongoing and planned activities of Member States. Therefore, close coordination and the participation of Member States' experts in implementing the programmes is important to ensure that synergies are maximised with the expertise available in national administrations. The overall objective of the ESF is to contribute to the aims of the long-term component of the IfS by guaranteeing the best use of human resources in terms of identified priorities and anticipated responses, while ensuring enhanced coordination with other bilateral or multilateral donors, in particular but not exclusively EU Member States. Through the ESF Framework Contract, experts from EU Member States Agencies, Departments, Ministries and specialist public or semi-public organisations make their specific knowledge and expertise available in order to provide more effective technical assistance to beneficiaries and to support the implementation and preparation of trans-regional and multi-purpose projects and programmes. Since , approximately multi-disciplinary experts from 17 different EU Member States covering 60 different organisations and institutions have carried out more than fact-finding visits and missions to IfS relevant regions. For the fight against cyber crime, formulation of a EUR 3 million project with the Council of Europe to promote accession to and implementation of the so-called BUDAPEST Convention and related capacity development of law enforcement and judiciary authorities in target countries commenced in late Another new priority area for which IfS actions are foreseen is the fight against the illicit market of falsified medicines which represents a growing threat to global health security, massively affecting the poorest and most vulnerable populations. The AAP foresees a EUR 5 million intervention for the strengthening of the legal framework of partner countries mainly through the promotion of the MEDICRIME Convention as well as for capacity building for law enforcement and judicial authorities to fight the production and trafficking of falsified medicines. Type of measure Risk mitigation and preparedness relating to chemical, biological radiological and nuclear CBRN materials and agents. The long-term part of the Stability Instrument Budget Headings All activities defined in the previous five Annual Action Programmes , , , and for priority 1 were entirely contracted and are under implementation. The geographical coverage has been extended to the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, South East Asia, Central Asia, South Caucasus and to Africa, bringing the total number of newly involved countries to largely above Effective response to CBRN risk depends on cooperation and coordination between all levels of government, response organisations and international partners. An effective strategy to deal with the CBRN risk management requires a very high level of co-operation and co-ordination among many different authorities within and among countries, therefore the CBRN CoE will rely on a integrated CBRN approach that incorporates all international, regional and national CBRN risk mitigation components into a common strategy. Different domains were covered separately till e. From onwards, the 'Centres of Excellence' initiative should provide a single and integrated cooperation platform for actions in all these domains. The objective was the conceptualization of the Centres of Excellence intended as a network of local, regional and international, including the definition of the guidelines and tools required. The first six local CoE's Regional Secretariats became operative in and furthermore, contacts have been established with Central Asia, and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. The implementation is scheduled to start in February They will also be started in early February All these projects will constitute a major tool for capacity building and developing coherent regional policies and for strengthening the cooperation of national and regional capabilities in this domain. The dedicated BMWG has met twice per year since November to share information on donors' projects and coordinate border monitoring activities. From the AAP , all the actions except for one are already contracted and under implementation. The protection of the Saint Petersburg — Helsinki high speed train has been abandoned following its refusal from the Russian intended Beneficiary. The first aims to enhance the detection at border crossings and support capacity building in the selected countries in South East Asia Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines and Thailand in regional initiatives to deploy detection and response procedures and proper use of the detection equipment supplied. Together with the international partners in particular the IAEA and the USA Second line of Defence program , the establishment of a dedicated network for experience and information sharing will be supported via regional seminars, workshops, advanced training sessions etc. The second provides support to the fight against illicit trafficking in the Democratic Republic of Congo through the provision of detection equipment fixed at borders and mobile for the retrieval of orphan sources , training use of the detection equipment, methodology and national response plan and capacity building participation in the International Technical Working Group on Nuclear Forensics to integrate the international community in the view of experience sharing and networking. It identifies the need to set up a programme of assistance to States in need of technical knowledge in the field of export control. Outreach to third countries in the area of export control of dual-use items is one of a number of tools and policies that the EU has developed in order to combat the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction WMD and their means of delivery. While continuing to cooperate with the existing partner countries of the LTP and its predecessor programs and starting to work with new beneficiary countries, the new project has also expanded its scope. The assistance and cooperation in export control of dual-use goods activities resulted in successful programme implementations, with more than 28 States around the world, which will be extended and reinforced. The activities foreseen in aim at strengthening the export control systems of partner countries, with a strong link with the Regional Centres of Excellence activities, by aligning them to the standard of the international export control regimes and treaties and therefore meeting the requirements of the UNSCR In this frame, the activity of export control has been extended through the Centre of Excellence of the Middle East Amman for an additional amount of EUR 4 million. One particularly important new focal point in the current project is to establish a transition from a country oriented approach towards a more regional approach, among others through interaction with the Centres of Excellence CoE. The 'LEU Bank', owned and managed by the IAEA, will supply countries introducing civil nuclear programmes with secure nuclear fuel, thus limiting the associated proliferation risks. As for the participant States this scheme will reduce the risks of fuel supply disruption due to political reasons. The concept of Multilateral approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle has been envisaged for decades. An IAEA-controlled nuclear fuel bank is essential to reducing global nuclear dangers because the same enrichment technology e. Thus, multilateral approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle in general, and creation of nuclear fuel bank in particular, have potential to facilitate peaceful use of nuclear energy while providing the international community with additional assurance that the sensitive parts of the nuclear fuel cycle are not unduly disseminated and consequently are less vulnerable to misuse for non-peaceful purposes. The specific objective to the IfS contribution to this project is to support, as a first step, the nuclear fuel bank option adopted by the IAEA, while ensuring compliance with basic criteria such as market compatibility, security of supply, consistency with existing international non-proliferation treaties and agreements and the absence of any negative proliferation impact. No additional support has been granted to these activities under AAP In Iraq, actions continued by engaging former weapons scientists in comprehensive activities for the decommissioning, dismantling and decontamination of nuclear facilities. The programmes under the Science Centres in Moscow and Kiev have provided a period of reasonable stability within the former Soviet Union FSU countries to allow their governments to manage a significant change in the way WMD scientists and engineers adapted to post Soviet economic conditions. While in hindsight the proliferation threat from FSU WMD scientists absconding to work for States of concern or assisting terrorists to acquire proliferation sensitive expertise and materials was limited, the EU support for the Science Centres was instrumental in encouraging other donors to assist in scientist redirection work and develop good working relations between donors and partner countries. It has been agreed that the former weapon scientist redirection needs extended to the engagement of scientists that have sensitive knowledge, including younger scientists that have not necessarily been involved in WMD development. During the transition process the funding of the Centres has been continuously reduced. The results of the first evaluation of the programme results were made available in July They covered three main areas: export control of dual—use goods, combating illicit trafficking of CBRN materials, and redirection of former WMD scientists' and engineers' knowledge to peaceful activities. For reasons of coherence and completeness, this evaluation covers the period as the activities under the areas evaluated started before the IfS Regulation came into force. The evaluation results were taken into consideration in the definition of the new Strategy and Indicative programme A further evaluation phase is foreseen for Spring The crisis preparedness component Article 4. The Annual Action Programme, included six actions which continued support to clusters of activities identified in the past and in line with the strategic priorities as identified by the EEAS in the Strategy Paper. The actions were grouped thematically under the following components: Improving the capacity of non-state actors; Promoting Early Warning Capabilities; Climate Change, Natural Resources and International Security; and Re-enforced co-operation on building pre- and post-crisis capacity with EU Member States. Some meetings took place in EU Member States e. In Bolivia, the funded projects in mediation and dialogue play a crucial role in the dialogue between indigenous groups and state authorities on conflict management and plural justice administration. The activities in Yemen contributed to security sector reform and became directly relevant to the work of the Ministry of Interior's Restructuring Committee responsible for drafting a reform plan. Twelve Zimbabwe civil society organisations CSOs are being trained on peace-building and conflict mediation to reconcile the various antagonistic groups in the communities in view of the upcoming constitutional referendum and elections, which, in the past, have systematically translated into intimidation, violence and fear. Also thanks to the IfS, a local NSA has expanded and consolidated an Early Warning and Response System that played a crucial role in effectively responding to the parliamentary and presidential elections violence and that continues monitoring incidents in near real-time, via an online mapping system for the benefit of the local peace-building community. The project aims at equipping key national and local actors in the selected countries with skills for constructive negotiation and dialogue. Stakeholders among governments, political parties and civil society were trained to engage in facilitation and mediation activities as well as to further train their national counterparts in these areas. Additional trainings and other activities are planned for in these and other countries. During their tenure, the experts made positive and tangible contributions. For example, with respect to CAR, two of the experts were deployed to Libreville to support the peace talks between the CAR government and the Seleka rebel movement. They provided technical advice on the process and assisted in drafting a Declaration of Principles, the Ceasefire Agreement and other analytical documents. In addition, MSU began identifying a further 12 senior mediators from the Mediation Roster to be appointed and trained in as lead mediators for UN processes. MSU also worked on the elaboration of a new set of mediation trainings, while two specialized thematic training seminars, on horizontal and vertical power-sharing, were held in December for staff in the DPA Policy and Mediations Division. EU support fostered the creation of the Kosovo Conflict Prevention Group, an indigenous local youth leadership network body that modelled and promoted action and advocacy by youth for civil society networks and conflict prevention mechanisms. In , youth-led activities in the areas of conflict prevention focused on financing CSOs at community level and encouraging social action, advocacy and participation in policymaking, in particular in mixed communities areas. In total, the project carried out 21 training sessions on conflict prevention, 8 training sessions on specific issues such as advocacy skills, and developed fundraising methodology for more than 17 CSOs. An advisory group has been established under the national steering committee, ensuring strong ownership of the project from the Ministry of Gender and Development and maximization of existing in-country resources. In December, an international expert was deployed to Monrovia to streamline all the relevant WPS indicators to provide international and national partners with a common WPS monitoring framework. Three meetings have also been already held with all project partners. EU investment also provided for the organization of an open day, supported a Kosovar women's advocacy visit to Brussels and launched a micro-grants scheme for local civil society. The three programme partners established regular spaces for coordination, one of the key programme objectives, in the form of a global programme steering committee and local advisory groups. Also, awareness-raising on UNSCR reached more than women through public information sessions resulting in a registered increase in women's political participation in the areas concerned and a handbook for training participants was produced during the evaluation phase of the project, published in English, French and Dari. Technical capacity building via short-stay technical visits and specialised and customised training of AU CEWS Staff and the early warning staff of the Regional Economic Communities RECs on information gathering and analysis tools as well as collaborative crisis management technologies was delivered during the project. These activities also included six specialised technical workshops held at Ispra, Italy and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and five short-stay technical visits. A multi-disciplinary team was also deployed in Afghanistan to help the government better address natural resources and land management in terms of programming assistance for The New Deal is being used to lead political negotiations between national actors and development partners and as a guide to re-shape the peace-building and state-building agenda and specific actions at country and global level. Throughout , three PBSO technical assistance missions were deployed to work with the Liberian government and development partners on improving aid data and local area network. In its second year of operation the project implemented several DDR trainings and produced a wide range of knowledge resources on DDR issues. In its second year of operation, ENTRI organised 19 pre-deployment and specialised courses, with the participation of experts of 53 nationalities. IfS crisis response and preparedness decisions and commitments, status of contracts and disbursements. IFS crisis response and preparedness decisions and commitments, status of contracts and disbursements. Implementation of Instrument for Stability IfS Actions in the area of risk mitigation and preparedness relating to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear CBRN materials and agents Article 4. Instrument for Stability Article 4.

Illicit Maritime Drug Trafficking as an Evolving Threat to Southeast Asia’s Maritime Security

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Rajaratnam School of International Studies. How has the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat evolved over the last 20 years? Maritime drug trafficking has transformed into a long-standing threat to maritime security in Southeast Asia, having long been facilitated by traditional maritime routes that were once used to carry drugs such as opium. However, in recent years, the rise of production sites in the Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent has encouraged the distribution of new types of drugs such as crystal methamphetamine tablets, also known regionally as yaba. Distribution routes have also evolved. The major regional distribution routes for methamphetamine have traditionally followed land transportation corridors such as the highways that stretch from the hinterlands of Myanmar south into Thailand and Malaysia. Maritime trafficking routes were only used to carry limited volumes of this drug trade. The curtailment of land and air transfers during the pandemic led syndicate networks to rely on maritime trafficking as a primary modus operandi and old traditional trafficking routes such as the Western Maritime Route were revived. The Western Maritime Route now plays a central role in transferring methamphetamine from the southern and western coastline of Myanmar along the Andaman Sea and the Strait of Malacca to reach other markets across the region. This route is also connected to tributaries such as westward transfers across the Naaf River into Bangladesh and eastward transfers across the Natuna Sea. Due to the growing appeal of maritime drug trafficking, methamphetamine from other sources such as the Golden Crescent in the Middle East is also increasingly relying on the Western Maritime route to enter the Southeast Asian market. Vessels ranging from luxury yachts, modified pump boats, and Iranian dhows are suspected to be employed in this growing drug trade. This expansion of maritime drug trafficking risks further perpetrating the harmful effects of illicit drug use while inviting the growing presence of international syndicate networks in the region. Such adaptability is a key strategy for drug traffickers. Routes are also likely to continue evolving in response to uneven legalization across the region , continually shifting supply and demand dynamics, and enforcement activities. What are the primary governance tools that are being used in response to the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat? Enforcement agencies in key transit states such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are recognizing the need to improve coastal monitoring by enhancing patrol operations and information sharing levels amongst themselves. This is complemented by inter-agency task forces such as Operation Benteng in Malaysia and routine maritime exchanges between counter-narcotics and maritime law enforcement agencies during which key information is shared. This includes recognizing the limitations and capabilities of neighboring states in processing cross-jurisdictional trafficking cases while strengthening personal rapport with other officers. Organizations such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC work with governments and regional partners to address the challenges related to drugs and precursor chemicals in the region. The Global Synthetics Monitoring: Analyses, Reporting and Trends Programme, for example, addresses the capacity of member states and authorities in priority regions. It aims to do so by assisting member states to generate, manage, analyze, and report synthetic drug information, and to apply scientific evidence-based knowledge to design policies and programs. The UNODC also provides secretariat and technical support to cooperative arrangements such as the Mekong Memorandum of Understanding which brings together countries in the Mekong together to address the threat of illicit drug trafficking. Through these various governance tools, it is hoped that the information and coordination gap between agencies that operate along the land and sea border can be effectively closed. What are the primary harms the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat poses to regional stakeholders? Illicit maritime drug trafficking poses a web of threats to the social fabric and maritime safety in Southeast Asia. Growing consumption of drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine has escalated during the pandemic years, resulting in a heavy addiction problem across drug markets such as Indonesia and Malaysia. When compounded with other socio-economic disturbances such as growing unemployment and increasingly affordable drug prices , the demand for these drugs is anticipated to continue expand. Additionally, the supply of methamphetamine into Southeast Asia is expected to escalate as innovative production methods such as hydraulic pumps can produce higher daily volumes of drugs. Furthermore, the influx of methamphetamine and cocaine from new sources such as the Golden Crescent and the Pacific Ocean risks further inundating the consumer market with a greater variety of drugs. In the meantime, maritime drug trafficking threatens the prosperity of coastal communities. Fishers that have suffered from a decline in income are known to be recruited by syndicate networks to transfer drugs across transnational borders. Fishing vessels are often rented by syndicate members to transfer the drugs under the cover of fishing. Syndicate networks have also paid fishermen to share information on enforcement patrols. Without a sustainable alternative of income, the recruitment of fishers into trafficking operations can further absorb local communities into the dangerous web of illegal activities. How has maritime awareness developed to reduce the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat? With the multitude of competing maritime security threats in Southeast Asia, there has yet to be a sharper prioritization on developing the maritime awareness needed to counter maritime drug trafficking. Currently, most efforts in developing maritime awareness remain unilateral as national counter-narcotic and maritime law enforcement agencies deploy independent assets to collect information on suspicious activities at sea. However, the rise of information fusion centers and data collection platforms such as the MTR-SEA Drug Compendium have alerted regional agencies to common patterns that take place in maritime drug trafficking across the region. Through continuous and greater dialogue at the regional level, counter-narcotics and maritime law enforcement agencies are beginning to recognize linkages in maritime drug trafficking cases across their respective jurisdictions. This has led to a call for greater coordination in areas such as increased informal connections on web platforms, joint training, and shared information databases. What additional context is necessary to understand the maritime security challenges associated with the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat? Maritime drug trafficking is a maritime crime that may be perpetrated by international syndicate networks, but it is driven by national demand and enabled by weak enforcement. Counter-narcotics and maritime law enforcement agencies are well-poised to address the symptoms of maritime drug trafficking by apprehending trafficking operations. However, other maritime security sectors such as coastal communities, shipping industries, and the media also have roles to play in curtailing the roots of maritime drug trafficking. Maritime awareness is a responsibility that expands beyond enforcement agencies and needs to be upheld by other sectors as well. Other sea users such as the shipping industry need to be encouraged to share information on suspicious activity observed at sea with counter-narcotics and enforcement agencies. Similarly, leaders of coastal communities and the media can advocate for a drug-free environment to deter coastal communities from participating in trafficking operations. By recognizing the various responsibilities of different sectors in maritime sector, a greater whole-of-society approach needs to be adopted in better countering maritime drug trafficking in Southeast Asia. This includes public health interventions addressing demand by foregrounding harm-reduction, treatment, and support that takes into account socio-structural influences on drug-taking. Such interventions are currently limited in the region, though there has been some progressive re-orientation. About Asyura Salleh. Next Post Marcos Jr. Steers Manila toward Washington and Tokyo.

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