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Traces of cocaine discovered in mummified brain tissue reveal that Europeans were chewing coca leaves — possibly for medical or recreational purposes — in the 17th century, two centuries before the earliest known documented use of the New World plant in the Old World, a new study finds. Researchers discovered the remnants of cocaine in two individuals buried in a crypt that served as a burial ground at Ospedale Maggiore, a 'pioneering hospital' in Milan that catered to the destitute, according to the study, which was published in the October issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science. Of the roughly 10, individuals buried in the crypt, researchers examined the brain tissue of nine people who had died at the hospital in the s and were naturally mummified. They performed a toxicological analysis of the tissue with a mass spectrometer, which identifies the chemical composition of a sample by measuring the mass of its individual molecules. The analysis revealed three key molecules — cocaine, hygrine and benzoylecgonine — in the brain tissue of two individuals. The presence of hygrine indicates that the cocaine in their tissues came from consuming coca leaves. Consuming cocaine salt, a method that is typically used in modern times, doesn't produce hygrine. Related: Nazca child ingested psychoactive cactus just before ceremonial death in ancient Peru. Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of coca plant Erythroxylum coca , a bush native to South America. When Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci arrived in what is now Venezuela in , he noticed that the Indigenous people chewed coca leaves with lime and roasted shells, according to the study. Later, invading Spaniards noticed that the Inca Empire controlled coca plant crops and used them for religious, recreational and medical purposes. Although the Spanish conquistadors learned about the medicinal and recreational attributes of coca leaves, they initially kept it a secret while they focused on exporting other resources, such as gold, silver, sugar and tobacco. But chewing coca leaves enabled the Spaniards to toil relentlessly in gold and silver mines, as well as on the plantations. The few conquistadors who tried sending coca leaves to Europe saw their contraband degrade during the transatlantic voyage, preventing the plant's introduction to Europe until the s. But now, it appears the plant reached Europe earlier than that. Radiocarbon dating of the bone of one of the individuals buried with those who tested positive for cocaine showed that they lived about years ago. Hospital records at Ospedale Maggiore don't mention cocaine as a treatment until the 19th century, so it's likely that these two individuals had sourced coca leaves by themselves, the researchers said. The presence of cocaine in the brain tissue hints that the cocaine intake happened when the users were close to death. Interestingly, one of the coca users also lived with tertiary syphilis and was identified as an opium user in a study published in the journal Scientific Reports. Giordano thinks that these two individuals used coca leaves either for recreation or self-medication. As the Duchy of Milan was under Spanish rule in the 17th century and was one of the destinations of sea trade from the Americas, it's possible that some coca plants reached Milan unbeknown to the authorities. Soumya Sagar holds a degree in medicine and used to do research in neurosurgery at the University of California, San Francisco. He is a passionate science writer and a voracious consumer of knowledge, especially trivia. He enjoys writing about medicine, animals, archaeology, climate change, and history. Animals have a special place in his heart. He also loves quizzing, visiting historical sites, reading Victorian literature and watching noir movies. Space photo of the week: James Webb telescope spots the ultimate 'super star cluster' deep in the Milky Way. Trending 'Indiana Jones' tomb discovery Tasmanian tiger genome Orionid meteor shower Solar maximum has arrived Best microscopes for students. Contact me with news and offers from other Future brands Receive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors. Soumya Sagar. Social Links Navigation. More about archaeology. Most Popular. Space photo of the week: Webb telescope spies 'super star cluster'. Why didn't the Vikings colonize North America? Remains of 1,year-old Roman fort unearthed in Turkey. Why does dairy make antibiotics less effective? The universe may end in a 'Big Freeze,' holographic model of the universe suggests.

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Differentiating your brand may prove quite a challenge. As part of the Appreciative Discovery, the following differentiating filter was developed. Remember the movie called In and Out? It starred Kevin Kline as Howard Brackett, a Midwestern high school teacher who questioned his sexual identity after being pronounced gay on national TV by an Academy Award-winning former student. The brand is the most important asset that a company has. Disney's brand contributes 68 percent to its overall value. For so many years, CEOs have focused on doing things better. For a long time, this approach worked. However, a problem has surfaced over recent years as we realize that this approach is simply not working anymore. Click here to play video. Abridged Transcript: I'd like to turn your attention to the topic of branding, dispelling some common notions about what branding is, and what it is not. For starters, it is not a marketing tagline. A logo is not a brand. An article in the Columbus Dispatch touted that Starbucks was taking cues from its cheaper rivals. That they were seeking part of the 'value' pie. What a ghastly mistake. Creative positioning is essentially the art of expressing a differentiating idea while, at the same time, standing out in a cluttered media landscape. Before we begin grading others, it's time for a pop quiz. Name your ten most memorable recent advertisements. There has been a lot of talk, by marketing experts and consumers alike, about the debacle of Tropicana's new packaging and brand creative. Innis Maggiore is often asked how we go about social media planning. Clients want to know what can be done in the social community space to create competitive advantage. Prev 1.

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