MARDANSHAH
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Khosrow IIKhosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩, romanized: Husrō and Khosrau), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian King of Kings (Shahanshah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year. Khosrow II was the son of Hormizd IV (reigned 579–590), and the grandson of Khosrow I (reigned 531–579). He was the last king of Iran to have a lengthy reign before the Muslim conquest of Iran, which began five years after his execution. He lost his throne, then recovered it with the help of the Byzantine emperor Maurice, and, a decade later, went on to emulate the feats of the Achaemenids, conquering the rich Roman provinces of the Middle East; much of his reign was spent in wars with the Byzantine Empire and struggling against usurpers such as Bahram Chobin and Vistahm. Khosrow II began a war against the Byzantines in 602, ostensibly to avenge the murder of his ally Maurice. Persian forces captured much of the Byzantine Empire's territories, earning Khosrow II the epithet "the Victorious". A siege of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 626 was unsuccessful, and Heraclius, now allied with Turks, started a risky but successful counterattack deep into Persia's heartland. Dissatisfied with the war, the feudal families of the empire supported a coup in which Khosrow II was deposed and killed by his estranged son Sheroe, who took power as Kavad II. This led to a civil war and interregnum in the empire and the reversal of all Sasanian gains in the war against the Byzantines. In works of Persian literature such as the Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Nizami Ganjavi's (1141–1209) Khosrow and Shirin, a famous tragic romance and a highly elaborated fictional version of Khosrow's life made him one of the greatest heroes of the culture, as much a lover as a king. Khosrow and Shirin tells the story of his love for the originally Aramean princess Shirin, who becomes his queen after a lengthy courtship strewn with mishaps and difficulties.
MardanshahMardanshah was the Pazuspan (deputy commander of the division) in Nimruz (Sistan) during the reign of Hormoz IV and Khosrow Parviz. During the reign of Khosrow Anushirvan, reforms were made in the administrative affairs of the country, including the abolition of the position of commander-in-chief of the army, which had previously been held by a Iran Lieutenant General. Anushirvan divided Iran into four parts and placed a separate Sepahbaz (Lieutenant General, Division Commander) at the head of each of these parts. The country also had four Pazuspan or Pazgospan who, under the command of the Sepahbaz (Division Commander), were in charge of the administration of the Iranian army. The four Pazhuspans or Pazhus or Pagus were: Abakhar (north), Khorasan (East Khorasan), Nimroz (south), and Khuraran (East, West). According to a story mentioned in the book Tabari, the truth of which is not known, Mardan Shah was Pazhuspan in the province of Nimroz and was obedient and well-wisher of Khosrow Parviz. Two years before his dethronement, Khosrow asked the astrologers about his fate and they told him that his death would be caused by Nimroz. He became suspicious of Mardan Shah and feared him because he was a great man and no one in that area had the strength and power to do so. He wrote to him to come and when he came he looked for an excuse to kill him but he could not find one and he felt ashamed because he considered his obedience, kindness and service good and he decided to keep him and tell them to cut off his right hand and give him a lot of money in return. It was so that the severed hands, feet and head were in the royal square and on the day when Khosrow had ordered that the hand of "Mardan Shah" be cut off, he sent someone to find out what he was saying and how the onlookers were talking. When Mardan Shah's right hand was cut off, he took it in his left hand and kissed it and held it to his side and said with tears and lamentation, "I am a benefactor, I am a benefactor, I am a benefactor to shoot arrows, I am a benefactor to write calligraphy, I am a benefactor to strike, I am a benefactor to play, I am a benefactor to my beloved." When the messenger returned and told Khosrow what he had seen and heard, he felt pity and regretted it, and sent one of the elders to him and expressed regret and sent a message that he would accept and give him whatever he wanted and was able to. In response, Mardan Shah prayed to Khosrow and said, "O king, I know you well and I am grateful, and I know for sure that you did this to me against my will, it was a decree of fate. Now I ask you for something, swear that you will not hesitate." Khosrow swore that he would do whatever Mardan Shah wanted. Mardan Shah wanted Khosrow to order that his head be cut off so that he would not have the shame of having a severed hand. Khosrow ordered that his head be cut off, but he did not want to break his oath. Suppose that the details of this story are not correct, but it indicates that Mardan Shah was murdered by Khosrow. His son Mehr-e-Hormazd or Ni-e-Hormazd later joined Shiruyeh and, with the help of other Ctesiphon nobles, deposed Khosrow from the throne and replaced Shiruyeh. Shiruyeh chose Mehr-e-Hormazd, son of Mardan Shah to kill Khosrow, and it was Mehr-e-Hormazd who ultimately killed Khosrow in prison to avenge his father.
Mardanshah (Sasanian prince)Mardanshah (Persian: مردانشاه) was a 7th-century Sasanian prince. He was the son of the Sasanian king (shah) Khosrow II (r. 590–628) and Shirin, and was the preferred successor of the Sasanian Empire. He was later killed along with his brothers and half-brothers by his half-brother Kavad II in 628.
Sasanian civil war of 628–632The Sasanian civil war of 628–632, also known as the Sasanian Interregnum was a conflict that broke out after the execution of the Sasanian king Khosrow II between the nobles of different factions, notably the Parthian (Pahlav) faction, the Persian (Parsig) faction, the Nimruzi faction, and the faction of general Shahrbaraz. Rapid turnover of rulers and increasing provincial landholder power further diminished the empire. Over a period of four years and fourteen successive kings, the Sasanian Empire weakened considerably, and the power of the central authority passed into the hands of its generals, contributing to its fall.
Mihr HormozdMihr Hormozd (Persian: مهرهرمزد, lit. 'Mihr Hurmuz') was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Suren. He was the son of Mardanshah, the padgospan of Nemroz, who was later executed by the orders of the Sasanian king Khosrau II (r. 590–628). In 628, Khosrau was overthrown by his son Kavadh II (r. 628), and was taken to prison, where he was shortly executed by Mihr Hormozd who sought to avenge his father's death. However, after the execution, Kavadh had Mihr Hormizd killed.
Mardanshah of DamavandMardanshah was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Karen, who was the founder of the Masmughans of Damavand dynasty, which included Larijan and its surrounding areas. During the Arab conquest of Iran, he sent reinforcements to aid Siyavakhsh at Ray against the Arabs. Siyavaksh, was however, defeated. The Arabs then proceeded to Damavand, where Mardanshah made peace with Arabs, while being promised that he will not be attacked, nor approached without his permission, in return for giving tribute to the Caliphate. He thereafter disappears from history chronicles.
Masmughans of DamavandThe Masmughans of Damavand (Middle Persian: Masmughan-i Dumbawand, New Persian: مس مغان دماوند, meaning Great Magians of Damavand) were a local dynasty, which ruled Damavand and its surrounding areas from ca. 651 to 760. The founder of the dynasty was a Karenid named Mardanshah of Damavand.
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