Lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic acid diethylamideМы профессиональная команда, которая на рынке работает уже более 5 лет и специализируемся исключительно на лучших продуктах.
===============
Наши контакты:
Telegram:
>>>Купить через телеграмм (ЖМИ СЮДА)<<<
===============
____________________
ВНИМАНИЕ!!! Важно!!!
В Телеграм переходить только по ССЫЛКЕ, в поиске НАС НЕТ там только фейки!
Чтобы телеграм открылся он у вас должен быть установлен!
____________________
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Its unusual psychological effects, which include visuals of colored patterns behind the eyes, a sense of time distorting, and crawling geometric patterns, has made it one of the most widely known psychedelic drugs. It has been used mainly as a recreational drug , an entheogen , and as a tool to supplement various practices for transcendence , including in meditation , psychonautics , art projects, and illicit formerly legal psychedelic therapy. Formally, LSD is classified as a hallucinogen of the psychedelic type. It is synthesized from lysergic acid derived from ergot , a grain fungus that typically grows on rye , and was first synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann. LSD is sensitive to oxygen , ultraviolet light , and chlorine , especially in solution , though its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is colorless, odorless, and mildly bitter. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper , a sugar cube , or gelatin. In its liquid form, it can be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. Introduced by Sandoz Laboratories as a drug with various psychiatric uses, LSD quickly became a therapeutic agent that appeared to show great promise. However, the extra-medicinal use of the drug in Western society during the mid-twentieth century led to a political firestorm that resulted in the banning of the substance. LSD was first synthesized on November 16, , by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel , Switzerland, as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. After Dr. Hofmann succeeded in synthesizing ergobasine which became the preeminent uterotonic , he began working on other amide derivatives of lysergic acid. Lysergic acid diethylamide, the 25th lysergic acid derivative Hofmann synthesised hence the name LSD was developed initially as a probable analeptic , a circulatory and respiratory stimulant, based on its structural similarity to another known analeptic, nikethamide nicotinic acid diethylamide. However, no extraordinary benefits of the compound were identified during animal tests though laboratory notes briefly mention that the animals became 'restless' under its effects , and its study was discontinued. While re-synthesizing LSD for further study on April 16, , Hofmann became dizzy and was forced to stop work. In his journal, Hofmann wrote that after becoming dizzy he proceeded home and was affected by a 'remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness'. Hofmann stated that as he lay in his bed he sank into a not unpleasant 'intoxicated like condition' which was characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. He stated that he was in a dreamlike state, and with his eyes closed he could see uninterrupted streams of 'fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. Three days later he would take a much larger dose in order to test its effects further; this day would later be referred to as the 'Bicycle Day'. On April 19, , Dr. Surprisingly, the substance showed a potency orders of magnitude above almost any other substance known at the time, amounting to a much heavier dose than typically given in modern therapeutic use. After ingesting the substance Hofmann found himself struggling to speak intelligibly and asked his laboratory assistant, who knew of the self-experiment, to escort him home on his bicycle, since wartime restrictions made automobiles unavailable. Hofmann also stated that while riding on the bicycle, he had the sensation of being stationary, unable to move from where he was, despite the fact that he was moving very rapidly. Once Hofmann arrived home, he summoned a doctor and asked his neighbor for milk, believing it might help relieve the symptoms. Hofmann wrote that despite his delirious and bewildered condition, he was able to choose milk as a nonspecific antidote for poisoning. Upon arriving the attending doctor could find no abnormal physical symptoms other than extremely dilated pupils. After spending several hours terrified that his body had been possessed by a demon , that his next door neighbor was a witch, and that his furniture was threatening him, Dr. Hofmann feared he had become completely insane. In his journal Hofmann said that the doctor saw no reason to prescribe medication and instead sent him to his bed. At this time Hofmann said that the feelings of fear had started to give way to feelings of good fortune and gratitude, and that he was now enjoying the colors and plays of shapes that persisted behind his closed eyes. Hofmann mentions seeing 'fantastic images' surging past him, alternating and opening and closing themselves into circles and spirals and finally exploding into colored fountains and then rearranging themselves in a constant flux. Hofmann mentions that during the condition every acoustic perception, such as the sound of a passing automobile, was transformed into optical perceptions. Eventually Hofmann slept and upon awakening the next morning felt refreshed and clearheaded, though somewhat physically tired. He also stated that he had a sensation of well being and renewed life and that his breakfast tasted unusually delicious. Upon walking in his garden he remarked that all of his senses were 'vibrating in a condition of highest sensitivity, which then persisted for the entire day'. Early researchers on LSD saw its potency and noticed that even in extremely small quantities it could significantly alter the mental functioning of healthy volunteers. Since LSD could produce changes in perceptions and emotions, early researchers hypothesized that the cause of some mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia , were caused by endogenous compounds with a similar activity to LSD. Generally these studies revolved around the attempt to block the effects of LSD with premedication, which was thought to be able to lead to medical treatments for schizophrenia. The studies showed that there was no such connection the effects of LSD and those of schizophrenia are drastically different and have different causes and functions. Some early researchers also started to suggest that LSD could have positive effects and could be used as a treatment for patients with psychiatric illnesses. Some reports suggested that even small doses of LSD could have dramatic effects on the personalities and attitudes and even lifestyles of test subjects. During the Cold War , intelligence agencies were keenly interested in the possibilities of using LSD for interrogation and mind control , as well as for large-scale social engineering. The government would administer LSD to subjects without consent and then perform a battery of tests to investigate the effects of the drug on soldiers. Based on remaining publicly available records, the projects seem to have concluded that LSD was of little practical use as a mind control drug and moved on to other drugs. Both the CIA and the Army experiments became controversial when they became public knowledge in the s, as the test subjects were not normally informed of the nature of the experiments, or even that they were subjects in experiments at all. His son claimed this was precipitated by a CIA agent who placed some synthetic hallucinogen in his drink. The British government also engaged in LSD testing; in and , scientists working for MI6 dosed servicemen in an effort to find a 'truth drug' that could be used in interrogations. The test subjects were not informed that they were being given LSD, and had in fact been told that they were participating in a medical project to find a cure for the common cold. After keeping the trials secret for many years, MI6 agreed in to pay the former test subjects financial compensation. Today, most research with LSD involves animals or cells. However, a few groups are exploring LSD effects in humans. The Beckley Foundation is studying the effects of LSD on mental activity and consciousness in LSD-experienced volunteers, in order to gain insight into its reported effects on creativity and insight. While some of these studies could be criticized for being too small to lead to strong conclusions, they may represent the beginnings of renewed scientific interest into LSD. By comparison, dosages of most drugs, both recreational and medicinal, are measured in milligrams mg , or thousandths of a gram. Hofmann determined that an active dose of mescaline , roughly 0. Lower doses, Glass and Henderson found, generally produce fewer bad trips. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use, and there is cross-tolerance shown between LSD, mescaline \\\\\\\\\\\\[25\\\\\\\\\\\\] and psilocybin. Adverse effects of psychotropics are often treated with fast-acting benzodiazepines like diazepam or triazolam that have calming and antianxiety effects but do not directly affect the specific actions of psychotropics. Many rumors about home remedies to counteract psychedelic effects are circulated, including orange juice, vanilla essence, vitamin C, and anti-histamines. These may have a placebo effect, working by making the taker think they have done something to make it better. LSD affects a large number of the G protein coupled receptors , including all dopamine receptor subtypes, all adrenoreceptor subtypes as well as many others. Some reports indicate that although administration of chlorpromazine Thorazine or similar typical antipsychotic tranquilizers will not end an LSD trip, it will either lessen the intensity or immobilize and numb the patient, a side effect of the medication. Although it is not clear to what extent the effects of LSD are reduced by this intervention, the physical effect of a skin rash may itself tend to distract the user from feelings of anxiety. Indeed, nicotinic acid was experienced as a stressor by all tested persons. The rash itself is temporary and disappears within a few hours. It is questionable if this method could be effective for people having serious adverse psychological reactions. Reactions to LSD are highly variable and may include the following: uterine contractions, hypothermia , fever, elevated levels of blood sugar , goose bumps , decrease in heart rate, jaw clenching, perspiration, pupil-dilation , saliva production, mucus production, sleeplessness , paresthesia , euphoria , hyperreflexia , tremors and synesthesia. LSD users report numbness, weakness, trembling, and nausea. LSD was studied in the s by Eric Kast as an analgesic for serious and chronic pain caused by cancer or other major trauma. Kast attributed this effect to a decrease in anxiety. This reported effect is being tested though not using LSD in an ongoing as of study of the effects of the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin on anxiety in terminal cancer patients. Furthermore, LSD has been used as a treatment for cluster headaches , an uncommon but extremely painful disorder. Researcher Peter Goadsby describes the headaches as 'worse than natural childbirth or even amputation without anesthetic. A dose-response study, testing the effectiveness of both LSD and psilocybin was planned at McLean Hospital , although the current status of this project is unclear. A study by McLean researchers interviewed 53 cluster-headache sufferers who treated themselves with either LSD or psilocybin, finding that a majority of the users of either drug reported beneficial effects. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time passes during a single trip. An LSD trip can have long term psychoemotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective. Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert considered the chemical to be of potentially beneficial application in psychotherapy. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant than if he or she is in a comfortable environment and has a relaxed, balanced and open mindset. Some experts hypothesize that drugs such as LSD may be useful in psychotherapy, especially when the patient is unable to 'unblock' repressed subconscious material through other psychotherapeutic methods, \\\\\\\\\\\\[46\\\\\\\\\\\\] and also for treating alcoholism. Many believe that, in contrast, other drugs such as alcohol , heroin , and cocaine which are used to escape from reality, LSD is seen as more of an introspective experience. She concluded that the efficacy of LSD in treating alcoholism remains an open question. Many notable individuals have commented publicly on their experiences with LSD. Still others describe experiences with illegal LSD, obtained for philosophic, artistic, therapeutic, spiritual, or recreational purposes. LSD causes expansion and altered experience of senses , emotions , memories , time , and awareness for 6 to 14 hours, depending on dosage and tolerance. Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are typical. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplained way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo -like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synaesthesia , the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. LSD is considered an entheogen because it can catalyze intense spiritual experiences where users feel they have come into contact with a greater spiritual or cosmic order. Some users report insights into the way the mind works, and some experience long-lasting changes in their life perspective. Some users consider LSD a religious sacrament, or a powerful tool for access to the divine. Stanislav Grof has written that religious and mystical experiences observed during LSD sessions appear to be phenomenologically indistinguishable from similar descriptions in the sacred scriptures of the great religions of the world and the secret mystical texts of ancient civilizations. LSD is generally considered nontoxic; it may temporarily impair the ability to make sensible judgments and understand common dangers, thus making the user more susceptible to accidents and personal injury. There is also some indication that LSD may trigger a dissociative fugue state in individuals who are taking certain classes of antidepressants such as lithium salts and tricyclics. In such a state, the user has an impulse to wander, and may not be aware of his or her actions, which can lead to physical injury. As Albert Hofmann reports in LSD — My Problem Child, the early pharmacological testing Sandoz performed on the compound before he ever discovered its psychoactive properties indicated that LSD has a pronounced effect upon the mammalian uterus. Therefore, LSD use by pregnant women could be dangerous and is contraindicated. Initial studies in the s and s raised concerns that LSD might produce genetic damage \\\\\\\\\\\\[57\\\\\\\\\\\\] or developmental abnormalities in fetuses. However, these initial reports were based on in vitro studies or were poorly controlled and have not been substantiated. Some even go so far as to suggest that 'pure LSD ingested in moderate dosages does not produce chromosome damage'. For example, studies were conducted with people who had been given LSD in a clinical setting. Overall, there appeared to be no lasting changes. Several studies have been conducted using illicit LSD users and provide a less clear picture. Interpretation of these data is generally complicated by factors such as the unknown chemical composition of street LSD, concurrent use of other psychoactive drugs , and diseases such as hepatitis in the sampled populations. It seems possible that the small number of genetic abnormalities reported in users of street LSD is either coincidental or related to factors other than a toxic effect of pure LSD. Flashbacks can incorporate both positive and negative aspects of LSD trips. Flashbacks have proven difficult to study and are no longer officially recognized as a psychiatric syndrome. However, colloquial usage of the term persists and usually refers to any drug-free experience reminiscent of psychedelic drug effects, with the typical connotation that the episodes are of short duration. No definitive explanation is currently available for these experiences. Any attempt at explanation must reflect several observations: first, over 70 percent of LSD users claim never to have 'flashed back'; second, the phenomenon does appear linked with LSD use, though a causal connection has not been established; and third, a higher proportion of psychiatric patients report flashbacks than other users. Although flashbacks themselves are not recognized as a medical syndrome, there is a recognized syndrome called Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder HPPD in which LSD-like visual changes are not temporary and brief, as they are in flash-backs, but instead are persistent, and cause clinically significant impairment or distress. This syndrome can occur in people who have never taken hallucinogenic drugs. Several scientific journal articles have described the disorder. HPPD differs from flashbacks in that it is persistent and apparently entirely visual although mood and anxiety disorders are sometimes diagnosed in the same individuals. There is no consensus regarding the nature and causes of HPPD or flashbacks. Given that some symptoms have environmental triggers, it may represent a failure to adjust visual processing to changing environmental conditions. There are no explanations for why only some individuals develop HPPD. Explanations in terms of LSD physically remaining in the body for months or years after consumption have been discounted by experimental evidence. Many emotionally intense experiences can lead to flashbacks when a person is reminded acutely of the original experience. However, not all published case reports of HPPD appear to describe an anxious hyper-vigilant state reminiscent of post-traumatic stress disorder. Instead, some cases appear to involve only visual symptoms. This issue was reviewed extensively in a publication by Rick Strassman. It is difficult to determine if LSD itself induces these reactions or if it triggers latent conditions that would have manifested themselves otherwise. The similarities of time course and outcomes between putatively LSD-precipitated and other psychoses suggests that the two types of syndromes are not different and that LSD may have been a nonspecific trigger. Several studies have tried to estimate the prevalence of LSD-induced prolonged psychosis arriving at numbers of around 4 in 1, individuals 0. LSD is an ergoline derivative. It is commonly produced from reacting diethylamine with an activated form of lysergic acid. Activating reagents include phosphoryl chloride \\\\\\\\\\\\[69\\\\\\\\\\\\] and peptide coupling reagents. LSD is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at the carbon atoms C-5 and C-8, so that theoretically four different optical isomers of LSD could exist. The C-5 isomers of lysergamides do not exist in nature and are not formed during the synthesis from D -lysergic acid. Non-psychoactive iso-LSD which has formed during the synthesis can be removed by chromatography and can be isomerized to LSD. A totally pure salt of LSD will emit small flashes of white light when shaken in the dark. Two portions of its molecular structure are particularly sensitive, the carboxamide attachment at the 8-position and the double bond between the 8-position and the aromatic ring. The former is affected by high pH , and if perturbed will produce isolysergic acid diethylamide iso-LSD , which is biologically inactive. If water or alcohol adds to the double bond especially in the presence of light , LSD converts to 'lumi-LSD', which is totally inactive in human beings, to the best of current knowledge. Furthermore, chlorine destroys LSD molecules on contact; even though chlorinated tap water typically contains only a slight amount of chlorine, because a typical LSD solution only contains a small amount of LSD, dissolving LSD in tap water is likely to completely eliminate the substance. A controlled study was undertaken to determine the stability of LSD in pooled urine samples. Urine fortified with LSD and stored in amber glass or nontransparent polyethylene containers showed no change in concentration under any light conditions. Stability of LSD in transparent containers under light was dependent on the distance between the light source and the samples, the wavelength of light, exposure time, and the intensity of light. It was also demonstrated that trace amounts of metal ions in buffer or urine could catalyze the decomposition of LSD and that this process can be avoided by the addition of EDTA. Because an active dose of LSD is very minute, a large number of doses can be synthesized from a comparatively small amount of raw material. Beginning with ergotamine tartrate , for example, one can manufacture roughly one kilogram of pure, crystalline LSD from five kilograms of the ergotamine salt. Five kilograms of LSD — 25 kilograms of ergotamine tartrate — could provide million doses, according to the DEA, more than enough to meet what is believed to be the entire annual U. Since the masses involved are so small, concealing and transporting illicit LSD is much easier than smuggling other illegal drugs like cocaine or cannabis. Manufacturing LSD requires laboratory equipment and experience in the field of organic chemistry. It takes two to three days to produce 30 to grams of pure compound. It is believed that LSD is not usually produced in large quantities, but rather in a series of small batches. This technique minimizes the loss of precursor chemicals in case a step does not work as expected. LSD is produced in crystalline form and then mixed with excipients or redissolved for production in ingestible forms. Liquid solution is either distributed in small vials or, more commonly, sprayed onto or soaked into a distribution medium. Historically, LSD solutions were first sold on sugar cubes, but practical considerations forced a change to tablet form. Appearing in as an orange tablet measuring about 6mm across 'Sunshine' acid was the first largely available form of LSD after its possession was made illegal. Tim Scully, a prominent chemist, made some of it but said that most 'Sunshine' came by way of Ronald Stark, who bought approximately thirty-five million doses over from Europe. Over a period of time, tablet dimensions, weight, shape and concentration of LSD evolved from large 4. LSD tablet shapes have included cylinders, cones, stars, spacecraft and heart shapes. The smallest tablets became known as 'Microdots'. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia, and most of Europe. However, enforcement of extant laws varies from country to country. There can also be substantial discrepancies between the amount of chemical LSD that one possesses and the amount of possession with which one can be charged in the U. This is because LSD is almost always present in a medium e. Possession for purpose of trafficking is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for 10 years. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. The project was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report. LSD 'apostle' Al Hubbard actively promoted the drug between the s and the s and introduced thousands of people to it. As such, the Drug Enforcement Administration holds that LSD meets the following three criteria: it is deemed to have a high potential for abuse; it has no legitimate medical use in treatment; and there is a lack of accepted safety for its use under medical supervision. LSD prohibition does not make an exception for religious use. Ergotamine tartrate, a precursor to lysergic acid, is regulated under the Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act. LSD has been manufactured illegally since the s. Historically, LSD was distributed not for profit, but because those who made and distributed it truly believed that the psychedelic experience could do good for humanity, that it expanded the mind and could bring understanding and love. A limited number of chemists, probably fewer than a dozen, are believed to have manufactured nearly all of the illicit LSD available in the United States. He also had close social connections to leading San Francisco bands the Grateful Dead , Jefferson Airplane and Big Brother and The Holding Company , regularly supplied them with his LSD and also worked as their live sound engineer and made many tapes of these groups in concert. American LSD usage declined in the s and s, then experienced a mild resurgence in popularity in the s. Although there were many distribution channels during this decade, the U. DEA identified continued tours by the psychedelic rock band The Grateful Dead and the then-burgeoning rave scene as primary venues for LSD trafficking and consumption. It is believed he had links to other 'cooks' associated with this group — an original source of the drug back in the s — and his arrest may have forced other operations to cease production, leading to the large decline in street availability. The DEA claims that these two individuals were responsible for supplying a third of the LSD in the United States and maybe the world, \\\\\\\\\\\\[84\\\\\\\\\\\\] however, the government quoted seizure amounts in connection with this case have been seriously questioned. In November , Pickard was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, and Apperson was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment without parole, after being convicted in Federal Court of running a large scale LSD manufacturing operation out of several clandestine laboratories, including a former missile silo near Wamego, Kansas. LSD manufacturers and traffickers can be categorized into two groups: A few large-scale producers, such as the aforementioned Pickard and Apperson, and an equally limited number of small, clandestine chemists, consisting of independent producers who, operating on a comparatively limited scale, can be found throughout the country. As a group, independent producers are of less concern to the Drug Enforcement Administration than the larger groups, as their product reaches only local markets. Шаблон:Hallucinogenic lysergamides. Видеоигры Кино ТВ Вики. Исследуйте вики Вики Сообщества Создать вики. Войти Нет учётной записи? Создать вики. Содержание \\\\\\\\\\\\[ развернуть \\\\\\\\\\\\]. Основная статья : History of LSD. ISBN PMID Royal Society of Chemistr. Проверено 27 сентября Hofmann Foundation. Council on Spiritual Practices. Проверено Army experiments. Проверено 4 октября Government Drug Paul Robeson? Baltimore Sun. The Guardian February 24, Проверено 28 июня Ein neues, in sehr kleinen Mengen wirsames Phantastikum. Проверено 31 января Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association. Проверено 26 ноября Проверено 28 июля Lancet : — DOI : Psychopharmacologia 3 : 1— Psychopharmacologia 2 : E J Anal Toxicol 14 3 : — Erowid , v3. European Journal of Pharmacology 90 : —8. Sistema Nervoso 4 : — American journal of pharmaceutical education 70 5 : Goadsby is quoted in ' Research into psilocybin and LSD as cluster headache treatment ', and he makes an equivalent statement in an Health Report interview on Australian Radio National August 9, Pages accessed Neurology 66 12 : —2. The Good Drugs Guide. Проверено 20 октября Проверено 3 марта The therapeutic potential of LSD A Pharmacologic Approach to the Study of the Mind, p— Alcohol 20 : — J Psychoactive Drugs 30 4 : — J Abnorm Psychol 73 1 : 1— Psychedelic Rev. Science : — Проверено 2 февраля Military Medicine 1 : 39— Journal of Abnormal Psychology 86 4 : —9. Addiction 88 10 : — Drug Alcohol Depend 69 2 : — Curr Psychiatry Rep 5 5 : — A review of the literature'. J Nerv Ment Dis 10 : — Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1 : 30— Проверено 12 ноября October LSD in the United States. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. Архивировано из первоисточника 29 августа Laing Chapter 2. Office of National Drug Control Policy US Drug Enforcement Administration. Проверено 27 июня Neal, 46 F. Justice Laws. Canadian Department of Justice. Проверено 5 июля Категории :. Отмена Сохранить. Lysergic acid diethylamide. Химическое соединение. Период полувыведения. Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение. Lysergic acid diethylamide на Викискладе?
Купить | закладки | телеграм | скорость | соль | кристаллы | a29 | a-pvp | MDPV| 3md | мука мефедрон | миф | мяу-мяу | 4mmc | амфетамин | фен | экстази | XTC | MDMA | pills | героин | хмурый | метадон | мёд | гашиш | шишки | бошки | гидропоника | опий | ханка | спайс | микс | россыпь | бошки, haze, гарик, гаш | реагент | MDA | лирика | кокаин (VHQ, HQ, MQ, первый, орех), | марки | легал | героин и метадон (хмурый, гера, гречка, мёд, мясо) | амфетамин (фен, амф, порох, кеды) | 24/7 | автопродажи | бот | сайт | форум | онлайн | проверенные | наркотики | грибы | план | КОКАИН | HQ | MQ |купить | мефедрон (меф, мяу-мяу) | фен, амфетамин | ск, скорость кристаллы | гашиш, шишки, бошки | лсд | мдма, экстази | vhq, mq | москва кокаин | героин | метадон | alpha-pvp | рибы (психоделики), экстази (MDMA, ext, круглые, диски, таблы) | хмурый | мёд | эйфория
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Its unusual psychological effects, which include visuals of colored patterns behind the eyes, a sense of time distorting, and crawling geometric patterns, has made it one of the most widely known psychedelic drugs. It has been used mainly as a recreational drug , an entheogen , and as a tool to supplement various practices for transcendence , including in meditation , psychonautics , art projects, and illicit formerly legal psychedelic therapy. Formally, LSD is classified as a hallucinogen of the psychedelic type. It is synthesized from lysergic acid derived from ergot , a grain fungus that typically grows on rye , and was first synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann. LSD is sensitive to oxygen , ultraviolet light , and chlorine , especially in solution , though its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is colorless, odorless, and mildly bitter. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper , a sugar cube , or gelatin. In its liquid form, it can be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. Introduced by Sandoz Laboratories as a drug with various psychiatric uses, LSD quickly became a therapeutic agent that appeared to show great promise. However, the extra-medicinal use of the drug in Western society during the mid-twentieth century led to a political firestorm that resulted in the banning of the substance. LSD was first synthesized on November 16, , by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel , Switzerland, as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. After Dr. Hofmann succeeded in synthesizing ergobasine which became the preeminent uterotonic , he began working on other amide derivatives of lysergic acid. Lysergic acid diethylamide, the 25th lysergic acid derivative Hofmann synthesised hence the name LSD was developed initially as a probable analeptic , a circulatory and respiratory stimulant, based on its structural similarity to another known analeptic, nikethamide nicotinic acid diethylamide. However, no extraordinary benefits of the compound were identified during animal tests though laboratory notes briefly mention that the animals became 'restless' under its effects , and its study was discontinued. While re-synthesizing LSD for further study on April 16, , Hofmann became dizzy and was forced to stop work. In his journal, Hofmann wrote that after becoming dizzy he proceeded home and was affected by a 'remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness'. Hofmann stated that as he lay in his bed he sank into a not unpleasant 'intoxicated like condition' which was characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. He stated that he was in a dreamlike state, and with his eyes closed he could see uninterrupted streams of 'fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. Three days later he would take a much larger dose in order to test its effects further; this day would later be referred to as the 'Bicycle Day'. On April 19, , Dr. Surprisingly, the substance showed a potency orders of magnitude above almost any other substance known at the time, amounting to a much heavier dose than typically given in modern therapeutic use. After ingesting the substance Hofmann found himself struggling to speak intelligibly and asked his laboratory assistant, who knew of the self-experiment, to escort him home on his bicycle, since wartime restrictions made automobiles unavailable. Hofmann also stated that while riding on the bicycle, he had the sensation of being stationary, unable to move from where he was, despite the fact that he was moving very rapidly. Once Hofmann arrived home, he summoned a doctor and asked his neighbor for milk, believing it might help relieve the symptoms. Hofmann wrote that despite his delirious and bewildered condition, he was able to choose milk as a nonspecific antidote for poisoning. Upon arriving the attending doctor could find no abnormal physical symptoms other than extremely dilated pupils. After spending several hours terrified that his body had been possessed by a demon , that his next door neighbor was a witch, and that his furniture was threatening him, Dr. Hofmann feared he had become completely insane. In his journal Hofmann said that the doctor saw no reason to prescribe medication and instead sent him to his bed. At this time Hofmann said that the feelings of fear had started to give way to feelings of good fortune and gratitude, and that he was now enjoying the colors and plays of shapes that persisted behind his closed eyes. Hofmann mentions seeing 'fantastic images' surging past him, alternating and opening and closing themselves into circles and spirals and finally exploding into colored fountains and then rearranging themselves in a constant flux. Hofmann mentions that during the condition every acoustic perception, such as the sound of a passing automobile, was transformed into optical perceptions. Eventually Hofmann slept and upon awakening the next morning felt refreshed and clearheaded, though somewhat physically tired. He also stated that he had a sensation of well being and renewed life and that his breakfast tasted unusually delicious. Upon walking in his garden he remarked that all of his senses were 'vibrating in a condition of highest sensitivity, which then persisted for the entire day'. Early researchers on LSD saw its potency and noticed that even in extremely small quantities it could significantly alter the mental functioning of healthy volunteers. Since LSD could produce changes in perceptions and emotions, early researchers hypothesized that the cause of some mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia , were caused by endogenous compounds with a similar activity to LSD. Generally these studies revolved around the attempt to block the effects of LSD with premedication, which was thought to be able to lead to medical treatments for schizophrenia. The studies showed that there was no such connection the effects of LSD and those of schizophrenia are drastically different and have different causes and functions. Some early researchers also started to suggest that LSD could have positive effects and could be used as a treatment for patients with psychiatric illnesses. Some reports suggested that even small doses of LSD could have dramatic effects on the personalities and attitudes and even lifestyles of test subjects. During the Cold War , intelligence agencies were keenly interested in the possibilities of using LSD for interrogation and mind control , as well as for large-scale social engineering. The government would administer LSD to subjects without consent and then perform a battery of tests to investigate the effects of the drug on soldiers. Based on remaining publicly available records, the projects seem to have concluded that LSD was of little practical use as a mind control drug and moved on to other drugs. Both the CIA and the Army experiments became controversial when they became public knowledge in the s, as the test subjects were not normally informed of the nature of the experiments, or even that they were subjects in experiments at all. His son claimed this was precipitated by a CIA agent who placed some synthetic hallucinogen in his drink. The British government also engaged in LSD testing; in and , scientists working for MI6 dosed servicemen in an effort to find a 'truth drug' that could be used in interrogations. The test subjects were not informed that they were being given LSD, and had in fact been told that they were participating in a medical project to find a cure for the common cold. After keeping the trials secret for many years, MI6 agreed in to pay the former test subjects financial compensation. Today, most research with LSD involves animals or cells. However, a few groups are exploring LSD effects in humans. The Beckley Foundation is studying the effects of LSD on mental activity and consciousness in LSD-experienced volunteers, in order to gain insight into its reported effects on creativity and insight. While some of these studies could be criticized for being too small to lead to strong conclusions, they may represent the beginnings of renewed scientific interest into LSD. By comparison, dosages of most drugs, both recreational and medicinal, are measured in milligrams mg , or thousandths of a gram. Hofmann determined that an active dose of mescaline , roughly 0. Lower doses, Glass and Henderson found, generally produce fewer bad trips. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use, and there is cross-tolerance shown between LSD, mescaline \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[25\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and psilocybin. Adverse effects of psychotropics are often treated with fast-acting benzodiazepines like diazepam or triazolam that have calming and antianxiety effects but do not directly affect the specific actions of psychotropics. Many rumors about home remedies to counteract psychedelic effects are circulated, including orange juice, vanilla essence, vitamin C, and anti-histamines. These may have a placebo effect, working by making the taker think they have done something to make it better. LSD affects a large number of the G protein coupled receptors , including all dopamine receptor subtypes, all adrenoreceptor subtypes as well as many others. Some reports indicate that although administration of chlorpromazine Thorazine or similar typical antipsychotic tranquilizers will not end an LSD trip, it will either lessen the intensity or immobilize and numb the patient, a side effect of the medication. Although it is not clear to what extent the effects of LSD are reduced by this intervention, the physical effect of a skin rash may itself tend to distract the user from feelings of anxiety. Indeed, nicotinic acid was experienced as a stressor by all tested persons. The rash itself is temporary and disappears within a few hours. It is questionable if this method could be effective for people having serious adverse psychological reactions. Reactions to LSD are highly variable and may include the following: uterine contractions, hypothermia , fever, elevated levels of blood sugar , goose bumps , decrease in heart rate, jaw clenching, perspiration, pupil-dilation , saliva production, mucus production, sleeplessness , paresthesia , euphoria , hyperreflexia , tremors and synesthesia. LSD users report numbness, weakness, trembling, and nausea. LSD was studied in the s by Eric Kast as an analgesic for serious and chronic pain caused by cancer or other major trauma. Kast attributed this effect to a decrease in anxiety. This reported effect is being tested though not using LSD in an ongoing as of study of the effects of the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin on anxiety in terminal cancer patients. Furthermore, LSD has been used as a treatment for cluster headaches , an uncommon but extremely painful disorder. Researcher Peter Goadsby describes the headaches as 'worse than natural childbirth or even amputation without anesthetic. A dose-response study, testing the effectiveness of both LSD and psilocybin was planned at McLean Hospital , although the current status of this project is unclear. A study by McLean researchers interviewed 53 cluster-headache sufferers who treated themselves with either LSD or psilocybin, finding that a majority of the users of either drug reported beneficial effects. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time passes during a single trip. An LSD trip can have long term psychoemotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective. Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert considered the chemical to be of potentially beneficial application in psychotherapy. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant than if he or she is in a comfortable environment and has a relaxed, balanced and open mindset. Some experts hypothesize that drugs such as LSD may be useful in psychotherapy, especially when the patient is unable to 'unblock' repressed subconscious material through other psychotherapeutic methods, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[46\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and also for treating alcoholism. Many believe that, in contrast, other drugs such as alcohol , heroin , and cocaine which are used to escape from reality, LSD is seen as more of an introspective experience. She concluded that the efficacy of LSD in treating alcoholism remains an open question. Many notable individuals have commented publicly on their experiences with LSD. Still others describe experiences with illegal LSD, obtained for philosophic, artistic, therapeutic, spiritual, or recreational purposes. LSD causes expansion and altered experience of senses , emotions , memories , time , and awareness for 6 to 14 hours, depending on dosage and tolerance. Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are typical. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplained way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo -like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synaesthesia , the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. LSD is considered an entheogen because it can catalyze intense spiritual experiences where users feel they have come into contact with a greater spiritual or cosmic order. Some users report insights into the way the mind works, and some experience long-lasting changes in their life perspective. Some users consider LSD a religious sacrament, or a powerful tool for access to the divine. Stanislav Grof has written that religious and mystical experiences observed during LSD sessions appear to be phenomenologically indistinguishable from similar descriptions in the sacred scriptures of the great religions of the world and the secret mystical texts of ancient civilizations. LSD is generally considered nontoxic; it may temporarily impair the ability to make sensible judgments and understand common dangers, thus making the user more susceptible to accidents and personal injury. There is also some indication that LSD may trigger a dissociative fugue state in individuals who are taking certain classes of antidepressants such as lithium salts and tricyclics. In such a state, the user has an impulse to wander, and may not be aware of his or her actions, which can lead to physical injury. As Albert Hofmann reports in LSD — My Problem Child, the early pharmacological testing Sandoz performed on the compound before he ever discovered its psychoactive properties indicated that LSD has a pronounced effect upon the mammalian uterus. Therefore, LSD use by pregnant women could be dangerous and is contraindicated. Initial studies in the s and s raised concerns that LSD might produce genetic damage \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[57\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] or developmental abnormalities in fetuses. However, these initial reports were based on in vitro studies or were poorly controlled and have not been substantiated. Some even go so far as to suggest that 'pure LSD ingested in moderate dosages does not produce chromosome damage'. For example, studies were conducted with people who had been given LSD in a clinical setting. Overall, there appeared to be no lasting changes. Several studies have been conducted using illicit LSD users and provide a less clear picture. Interpretation of these data is generally complicated by factors such as the unknown chemical composition of street LSD, concurrent use of other psychoactive drugs , and diseases such as hepatitis in the sampled populations. It seems possible that the small number of genetic abnormalities reported in users of street LSD is either coincidental or related to factors other than a toxic effect of pure LSD. Flashbacks can incorporate both positive and negative aspects of LSD trips. Flashbacks have proven difficult to study and are no longer officially recognized as a psychiatric syndrome. However, colloquial usage of the term persists and usually refers to any drug-free experience reminiscent of psychedelic drug effects, with the typical connotation that the episodes are of short duration. No definitive explanation is currently available for these experiences. Any attempt at explanation must reflect several observations: first, over 70 percent of LSD users claim never to have 'flashed back'; second, the phenomenon does appear linked with LSD use, though a causal connection has not been established; and third, a higher proportion of psychiatric patients report flashbacks than other users. Although flashbacks themselves are not recognized as a medical syndrome, there is a recognized syndrome called Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder HPPD in which LSD-like visual changes are not temporary and brief, as they are in flash-backs, but instead are persistent, and cause clinically significant impairment or distress. This syndrome can occur in people who have never taken hallucinogenic drugs. Several scientific journal articles have described the disorder. HPPD differs from flashbacks in that it is persistent and apparently entirely visual although mood and anxiety disorders are sometimes diagnosed in the same individuals. There is no consensus regarding the nature and causes of HPPD or flashbacks. Given that some symptoms have environmental triggers, it may represent a failure to adjust visual processing to changing environmental conditions. There are no explanations for why only some individuals develop HPPD. Explanations in terms of LSD physically remaining in the body for months or years after consumption have been discounted by experimental evidence. Many emotionally intense experiences can lead to flashbacks when a person is reminded acutely of the original experience. However, not all published case reports of HPPD appear to describe an anxious hyper-vigilant state reminiscent of post-traumatic stress disorder. Instead, some cases appear to involve only visual symptoms. This issue was reviewed extensively in a publication by Rick Strassman. It is difficult to determine if LSD itself induces these reactions or if it triggers latent conditions that would have manifested themselves otherwise. The similarities of time course and outcomes between putatively LSD-precipitated and other psychoses suggests that the two types of syndromes are not different and that LSD may have been a nonspecific trigger. Several studies have tried to estimate the prevalence of LSD-induced prolonged psychosis arriving at numbers of around 4 in 1, individuals 0. LSD is an ergoline derivative. It is commonly produced from reacting diethylamine with an activated form of lysergic acid. Activating reagents include phosphoryl chloride \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[69\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and peptide coupling reagents. LSD is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at the carbon atoms C-5 and C-8, so that theoretically four different optical isomers of LSD could exist. The C-5 isomers of lysergamides do not exist in nature and are not formed during the synthesis from D -lysergic acid. Non-psychoactive iso-LSD which has formed during the synthesis can be removed by chromatography and can be isomerized to LSD. A totally pure salt of LSD will emit small flashes of white light when shaken in the dark. Two portions of its molecular structure are particularly sensitive, the carboxamide attachment at the 8-position and the double bond between the 8-position and the aromatic ring. The former is affected by high pH , and if perturbed will produce isolysergic acid diethylamide iso-LSD , which is biologically inactive. If water or alcohol adds to the double bond especially in the presence of light , LSD converts to 'lumi-LSD', which is totally inactive in human beings, to the best of current knowledge. Furthermore, chlorine destroys LSD molecules on contact; even though chlorinated tap water typically contains only a slight amount of chlorine, because a typical LSD solution only contains a small amount of LSD, dissolving LSD in tap water is likely to completely eliminate the substance. A controlled study was undertaken to determine the stability of LSD in pooled urine samples. Urine fortified with LSD and stored in amber glass or nontransparent polyethylene containers showed no change in concentration under any light conditions. Stability of LSD in transparent containers under light was dependent on the distance between the light source and the samples, the wavelength of light, exposure time, and the intensity of light. It was also demonstrated that trace amounts of metal ions in buffer or urine could catalyze the decomposition of LSD and that this process can be avoided by the addition of EDTA. Because an active dose of LSD is very minute, a large number of doses can be synthesized from a comparatively small amount of raw material. Beginning with ergotamine tartrate , for example, one can manufacture roughly one kilogram of pure, crystalline LSD from five kilograms of the ergotamine salt. Five kilograms of LSD — 25 kilograms of ergotamine tartrate — could provide million doses, according to the DEA, more than enough to meet what is believed to be the entire annual U. Since the masses involved are so small, concealing and transporting illicit LSD is much easier than smuggling other illegal drugs like cocaine or cannabis. Manufacturing LSD requires laboratory equipment and experience in the field of organic chemistry. It takes two to three days to produce 30 to grams of pure compound. It is believed that LSD is not usually produced in large quantities, but rather in a series of small batches. This technique minimizes the loss of precursor chemicals in case a step does not work as expected. LSD is produced in crystalline form and then mixed with excipients or redissolved for production in ingestible forms. Liquid solution is either distributed in small vials or, more commonly, sprayed onto or soaked into a distribution medium. Historically, LSD solutions were first sold on sugar cubes, but practical considerations forced a change to tablet form. Appearing in as an orange tablet measuring about 6mm across 'Sunshine' acid was the first largely available form of LSD after its possession was made illegal. Tim Scully, a prominent chemist, made some of it but said that most 'Sunshine' came by way of Ronald Stark, who bought approximately thirty-five million doses over from Europe. Over a period of time, tablet dimensions, weight, shape and concentration of LSD evolved from large 4. LSD tablet shapes have included cylinders, cones, stars, spacecraft and heart shapes. The smallest tablets became known as 'Microdots'. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia, and most of Europe. However, enforcement of extant laws varies from country to country. There can also be substantial discrepancies between the amount of chemical LSD that one possesses and the amount of possession with which one can be charged in the U. This is because LSD is almost always present in a medium e. Possession for purpose of trafficking is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for 10 years. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. The project was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report. LSD 'apostle' Al Hubbard actively promoted the drug between the s and the s and introduced thousands of people to it. As such, the Drug Enforcement Administration holds that LSD meets the following three criteria: it is deemed to have a high potential for abuse; it has no legitimate medical use in treatment; and there is a lack of accepted safety for its use under medical supervision. LSD prohibition does not make an exception for religious use. Ergotamine tartrate, a precursor to lysergic acid, is regulated under the Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act. LSD has been manufactured illegally since the s. Historically, LSD was distributed not for profit, but because those who made and distributed it truly believed that the psychedelic experience could do good for humanity, that it expanded the mind and could bring understanding and love. A limited number of chemists, probably fewer than a dozen, are believed to have manufactured nearly all of the illicit LSD available in the United States. He also had close social connections to leading San Francisco bands the Grateful Dead , Jefferson Airplane and Big Brother and The Holding Company , regularly supplied them with his LSD and also worked as their live sound engineer and made many tapes of these groups in concert. American LSD usage declined in the s and s, then experienced a mild resurgence in popularity in the s. Although there were many distribution channels during this decade, the U. DEA identified continued tours by the psychedelic rock band The Grateful Dead and the then-burgeoning rave scene as primary venues for LSD trafficking and consumption. It is believed he had links to other 'cooks' associated with this group — an original source of the drug back in the s — and his arrest may have forced other operations to cease production, leading to the large decline in street availability. The DEA claims that these two individuals were responsible for supplying a third of the LSD in the United States and maybe the world, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[84\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] however, the government quoted seizure amounts in connection with this case have been seriously questioned. In November , Pickard was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, and Apperson was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment without parole, after being convicted in Federal Court of running a large scale LSD manufacturing operation out of several clandestine laboratories, including a former missile silo near Wamego, Kansas. LSD manufacturers and traffickers can be categorized into two groups: A few large-scale producers, such as the aforementioned Pickard and Apperson, and an equally limited number of small, clandestine chemists, consisting of independent producers who, operating on a comparatively limited scale, can be found throughout the country. As a group, independent producers are of less concern to the Drug Enforcement Administration than the larger groups, as their product reaches only local markets. Шаблон:Hallucinogenic lysergamides. Видеоигры Кино ТВ Вики. Исследуйте вики Вики Сообщества Создать вики. Войти Нет учётной записи? Создать вики. Содержание \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[ развернуть \\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Основная статья : History of LSD. ISBN PMID Royal Society of Chemistr. Проверено 27 сентября Hofmann Foundation. Council on Spiritual Practices. Проверено Army experiments. Проверено 4 октября Government Drug Paul Robeson? Baltimore Sun. The Guardian February 24, Проверено 28 июня Ein neues, in sehr kleinen Mengen wirsames Phantastikum. Проверено 31 января Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association. Проверено 26 ноября Проверено 28 июля Lancet : — DOI : Psychopharmacologia 3 : 1— Psychopharmacologia 2 : E J Anal Toxicol 14 3 : — Erowid , v3. European Journal of Pharmacology 90 : —8. Sistema Nervoso 4 : — American journal of pharmaceutical education 70 5 : Goadsby is quoted in ' Research into psilocybin and LSD as cluster headache treatment ', and he makes an equivalent statement in an Health Report interview on Australian Radio National August 9, Pages accessed Neurology 66 12 : —2. The Good Drugs Guide. Проверено 20 октября Проверено 3 марта The therapeutic potential of LSD A Pharmacologic Approach to the Study of the Mind, p— Alcohol 20 : — J Psychoactive Drugs 30 4 : — J Abnorm Psychol 73 1 : 1— Psychedelic Rev. Science : — Проверено 2 февраля Military Medicine 1 : 39— Journal of Abnormal Psychology 86 4 : —9. Addiction 88 10 : — Drug Alcohol Depend 69 2 : — Curr Psychiatry Rep 5 5 : — A review of the literature'. J Nerv Ment Dis 10 : — Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1 : 30— Проверено 12 ноября October LSD in the United States. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. Архивировано из первоисточника 29 августа Laing Chapter 2. Office of National Drug Control Policy US Drug Enforcement Administration. Проверено 27 июня Neal, 46 F. Justice Laws. Canadian Department of Justice. Проверено 5 июля Категории :. Отмена Сохранить. Lysergic acid diethylamide. Химическое соединение. Период полувыведения. Ошибка: неверное или отсутствующее изображение. Lysergic acid diethylamide на Викискладе?