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Lysergic acid diethylamide - купить: кокаин, героин, мдма, экстази, меф-мефедрон, фен-амфетамин, гашиш, шишки и бошки

Drugbox Lysergic acid diethylamide , LSD , LSD , formerly lysergide , commonly known as acid , is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family. It is used mainly by psychonauts as an entheogen and in psychedelic therapy. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in from ergot , a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. In pure form it is a colourless, odourless, and mildly bitter solid. In its liquid form, it can be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. However, the emerging recreational use of the drug by youth culture in the Western world during the s led to a political firestorm that resulted in its prohibition. Threshold effects can be felt with as little as 25 micrograms of LSD. Ein neues, in sehr kleinen Mengen wirsames Phantastikum. By comparison, dosages of most drugs, both recreational and medicinal, are measured in milligrams mg , or thousandths of a gram. For example, an active dose of mescaline , roughly 0. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel , Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. He hypothesized this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated. The project was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report in In the Sandoz patents expired on LSD. LSD became central to the counterculture of the s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until Possible physical effects of lysergic acid diethylamide LSD. The following symptoms have been reported: Some users report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD users have reported numbness, weakness and nausea. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time passes during a single trip. An LSD trip can have long-term psychoemotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant than if he or she is in a comfortable environment and has a relaxed, balanced and open mindset. Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are typical. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplained way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo -like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synaesthesia , the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. The therapeutic potential of LSD A Pharmacologic Approach to the Study of the Mind, p— In December , a survey was made of all 74 UK doctors who had used LSD in humans, 73 replied, 1 had moved overseas and was unavailable. New York, , pp. LSD, malvaria, and nicotinic acid,' pp. She concluded that the efficacy of LSD in treating alcoholism remains an open question. Kast attributed this effect to a decrease in anxiety. This reported effect is being tested though not using LSD in an ongoing as of study of the effects of the psychedelic tryptamine psilocybin on anxiety in terminal cancer patients. Researcher Peter Goadsby describes the headaches as 'worse than natural childbirth or even amputation without anesthetic. Goadsby is quoted in ' Research into psilocybin and LSD as cluster headache treatment ', and he makes an equivalent statement in an Health Report interview on Australian Radio National August 9, A dose-response study testing the effectiveness of both LSD and psilocybin was planned at McLean Hospital , although the current status of this project is unclear. A study by McLean researchers interviewed 53 cluster-headache sufferers who treated themselves with either LSD or psilocybin, finding that a majority of the users of either drug reported beneficial effects. Users claim to experience lucid sensations where they have 'out of body' experiences. Some users report insights into the way the mind works, and some experience long-lasting changes in their life perspective. Some users consider LSD a religious sacrament, or a powerful tool for access to the divine. Stanislav Grof has written that religious and mystical experiences observed during LSD sessions appear to be phenomenologically indistinguishable from similar descriptions in the sacred scriptures of the great religions of the world and the secret mystical texts of ancient civilizations. Cited in Masters, R. Experimental studies attempted to measure the effect of LSD on creative activity and aesthetic appreciation. In such a state, the user has an impulse to wander, and may not be aware of his or her actions, which can lead to physical injury. Anonymous anecdotal reports have attributed seizures and one death to the combination of LSD with lithium. Therefore, LSD use by pregnant women could be dangerous and is contraindicated. However, these initial reports were based on in vitro studies or were poorly controlled and have not been substantiated. In studies of chromosomal changes in human users and in monkeys, the balance of evidence suggests no increase in chromosomal damage. For example, studies were conducted with people who had been given LSD in a clinical setting. Overall, there appeared to be no lasting changes. Several studies have been conducted using illicit LSD users and provide a less clear picture. Interpretation of this data is generally complicated by factors such as the unknown chemical composition of street LSD, concurrent use of other psychoactive drugs , and diseases such as hepatitis in the sampled populations. It seems possible that the small number of genetic abnormalities reported in users of street LSD is either coincidental or related to factors other than a toxic effect of pure LSD. In some rarer cases, flashbacks have lasted longer, but are generally short-lived and mild compared to the actual LSD 'trip. Flashbacks have proven difficult to study and are no longer officially recognized as a psychiatric syndrome. However, colloquial usage of the term persists and usually refers to any drug-free experience reminiscent of psychedelic drug effects, with the typical connotation that the episodes are of short duration. No definitive explanation is currently available for these experiences. Any attempt at explanation must reflect several observations: Although flashbacks themselves are not recognized as a medical syndrome, there is a recognized syndrome called Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder HPPD in which LSD-like visual changes are not temporary and brief, as they are in flash-backs, but instead are persistent, and cause clinically significant impairment or distress. Several scientific journal articles have described the disorder. Cite journal ; Template: There are no explanations for why only some individuals develop HPPD. Explanations in terms of LSD physically remaining in the body for months or years after consumption have been discounted by experimental evidence. Many emotionally intense experiences can lead to flashbacks when a person is reminded acutely of the original experience. However, not all published case reports of HPPD appear to describe an anxious hyper-vigilant state reminiscent of post-traumatic stress disorder. Instead, some cases appear to involve only visual symptoms. This issue was reviewed extensively in a publication by Rick Strassman. It is difficult to determine whether LSD itself induces these reactions or if it triggers latent conditions that would have manifested themselves otherwise. The similarities of time course and outcomes between putatively LSD-precipitated and other psychoses suggests that the two types of syndromes are not different and that LSD may have been a nonspecific trigger. Estimates of the prevalence of LSD-induced prolonged psychosis lasting over 48 hours have been made by surveying researchers and therapists who had administered LSD: However, in neither survey study was it possible to compare the rate of lasting psychosis in these volunteers and patients receiving LSD with the rate of psychosis found in other groups of research volunteers or in other methods of psychiatric treatment for example, those receiving placebo. The highly suggestible or hysterical individual would tend to focus on his LSD experience to explain subsequent illness. Patients have complained to Abramson that their LSD exposure produced migraine headaches and attacks of influenza up to a year later. One Chinese girl became paraplegic and ascribed that catastrophe to LSD. It so happened that these people were all in the control group and had received nothing but tap water. Many rumors about home remedies to counteract psychedelic effects are circulated, including orange juice, vanilla essence, vitamin C, and anti-histamines. These may have a placebo effect, working by making the taker think they have done something to make it better. As the effect of the drug is psychological as well as physical, any treatment should focus on calming the patient. Limiting stimuli such as bright lights and loud noises can help in the event of an ill reaction. It is commonly synthesised by reacting diethylamine with an activated form of lysergic acid. Most chemists recommend ergot instead. Non-psychoactive iso-LSD which has formed during the synthesis can be removed by chromatography and can be isomerized to LSD. A totally pure salt of LSD will emit small flashes of white light when shaken in the dark. Two portions of its molecular structure are particularly sensitive: The former is affected by high pH , and if perturbed will produce isolysergic acid diethylamide iso-LSD , which is biologically inactive. If water or alcohol adds to the double bond especially in the presence of light , LSD converts to 'lumi-LSD', which is totally inactive in human beings, to the best of current knowledge. Furthermore, chlorine destroys LSD molecules on contact; even though chlorinated tap water typically contains only a slight amount of chlorine, because a typical LSD solution only contains a small amount of LSD, dissolving LSD in tap water is likely to completely eliminate the substance. Urine fortified with LSD and stored in amber glass or nontransparent polyethylene containers showed no change in concentration under any light conditions. Stability of LSD in transparent containers under light was dependent on the distance between the light source and the samples, the wavelength of light, exposure time, and the intensity of light. It was also demonstrated that trace amounts of metal ions in buffer or urine could catalyze the decomposition of LSD and that this process can be avoided by the addition of EDTA. Beginning with ergotamine tartrate , for example, one can manufacture roughly one kilogram of pure, crystalline LSD from five kilograms of the ergotamine salt. Five kilograms of LSD — 25 kilograms of ergotamine tartrate — could provide million doses, according to the DEA, more than enough to meet what is believed to be the entire annual U. Since the masses involved are so small, concealing and transporting illicit LSD is much easier than smuggling other illegal drugs like cocaine or cannabis. It takes two to three days to produce 30 to grams of pure compound. It is believed that LSD is not usually produced in large quantities, but rather in a series of small batches. This technique minimizes the loss of precursor chemicals in case a step does not work as expected. Liquid solution is either distributed in small vials or, more commonly, sprayed onto or soaked into a distribution medium. Historically, LSD solutions were first sold on sugar cubes, but practical considerations forced a change to tablet form. Tim Scully, a prominent chemist, made some of it, but said that most 'Sunshine' in the USA came by way of Ronald Stark, who imported approximately thirty-five million doses from Europe. LSD tablet shapes have included cylinders, cones, stars, spacecraft and heart shapes. The smallest tablets became known as 'Microdots'. Additions not referenced to a reliable source will be removed immediately. The goal of an encyclopedia is to provide a 'ready reference' of key concepts, not give an exhaustive list of every detail. A few large-scale producers, and an equally limited number of small, clandestine chemists, consisting of independent producers who, operating on a comparatively limited scale, can be found throughout the country. As a group, independent producers are of less concern to the Drug Enforcement Administration than the larger groups, as their product reaches only local markets. Street users of LSD are often under the impression that blotter paper which is actively hallucinogenic can only be LSD because that is the only chemical with low enough doses to fit on a small square of blotter paper. While it is true that LSD requires lower doses than most other hallucinogens, blotter paper is capable of absorbing a much larger amount of material. The DEA performed a chromatographic analysis of blotter paper containing 2C-C which showed that the paper contained a much greater concentration of the active chemical than typical LSD doses, although the exact quantity was not determined. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe. However, enforcement of extant laws varies from country to country. Possession for purpose of trafficking is an indictable offense punishable by imprisonment for 10 years. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Report of the inquiry into the Misuse of Drugs Act London: Blueprint for Regulation , which details options for regulated distribution and sale of LSD and other psychedelics. LSD prohibition does not make an exception for religious use. Note, there are very few or no documented deaths due to chemical toxicity, most LSD deaths are a result of behavioral toxicity. There can also be substantial discrepancies between the amount of chemical LSD that one possesses and the amount of possession with which one can be charged in the U. This is because LSD is almost always present in a medium e. Ergotamine tartrate, a precursor to lysergic acid, is regulated under the Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act. Historically, LSD was distributed not for profit, but because those who made and distributed it truly believed that the psychedelic experience could do good for humanity, that it expanded the mind and could bring understanding and love. A limited number of chemists, probably fewer than a dozen, are believed to have manufactured nearly all of the illicit LSD available in the United States. American LSD usage declined in the s and s, then experienced a mild resurgence in popularity in the s. Although there were many distribution channels during this decade, the U. DEA identified continued tours by the psychedelic rock band The Grateful Dead and the then-burgeoning rave scene as primary venues for LSD trafficking and consumption. Still others describe experiences with illegal LSD, obtained for philosophic, artistic, therapeutic, spiritual, or recreational purposes. 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