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Angola’s Black Market Dollar Dealers

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News Releases. WDC in the Media. The Republic of Angola is a study in contrasts. It was a conflict that led to the death of an estimated , to , Angolans, with hundreds of thousands maimed and more than 4 million people losing their homes and livelihoods. The war eventually ended with the killing in of rebel leader Jonas Savimbi, after which the Angolan government declared a ceasefire. But, critically, the peace thereafter was largely maintained by the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, which was launched soon after, at the start of That constituted about 93 percent of all Angolan diamond sales during the period. Indeed, when the Kimberley Process was established in , Angola was considered one of the three primary sources of conflict diamonds on the world market, alongside Sierra Leone and the DRC. It thus assumed the post of KP Chair in , and so came to head the very body that had been formed to help support its salvation. A map illustrating the provinces of current-day Angola. The diamond-rich Lunda-Norte and Lunda Sul provinces in the northeast of the country are highlighted. The existence of rough diamonds in what eventually would become Angola was first recorded as way back as , only 15 years after the territory was declared a colony of the Portuguese Empire. But the discovery of viable diamond deposits can be traced to , when an American company prospecting in the Congo decided to expand its search southward into the Lunda area of Angola. In July of that year, the first alluvial diamonds were found in tributaries of the Luembe River. A company called Companhia de Pesquisa Mineiras em Angola Pema was created in Lisbon in to manage the mining of the diamond deposits, and production started in In Pema was reorganized into the new body called Companhia de Diamantes de Angola Diamang , which within four years managed to acquire all prospecting rights to Angola, with the exception of the strip along the Atlantic coast. All diamonds extracted in Angola for the first seven decades of production were alluvial, coming from deposits in the Andrada and Lucapa areas of northeastern Lunda Norte and the Cuango River. Alluvial production peaked at 2. Kimberlite deposits were first reported in , following the discovery of the three-kilometer long Camafuca-Camazomba pipe. Many other diamondiferous kimberlites were discovered afterwards, particularly in the s. But none were properly analyzed and developed, largely because of increasing guerrilla activities in Lunda Norte and Lunda Sul, eventually escalating into a full-blown civil war. The new Portuguese government sought to divest the country of its costly colonies, and the African country became a sovereign state on November 11, Weaponry from the Angolan civil war, which pitted rebel forces against the MPLA-led government, and continued unabated from to , with brief interludes of relative calm. Photo: Wikimedia Commons. Portugal ended its year rule over Angola without establishing a new government. It was an act that was internationally recognized, if not universally welcomed, for the ensuing civil war largely became an extension of the larger Cold War. One of the first acts of the new Angolan government was to nationalize the assets of Diamang, which were transferred to the newly formed National Diamond Mining Company of Angola Endiama , established on January 15, Diamang itself was formally disbanded in But with the chaos that followed the onset of civil war, official production of diamonds plummeted, reaching a low of , carats in Illicit production, however, rose dramatically, and was estimated to be as high 1 million carats in An attempt in October to end the civil war, through a process called the Lusaka Protocol, fell apart when the UNITA rebel movement refused to demobilize and then resumed arms purchases. Among its requirements was the prohibition of the import of diamonds not controlled through a certificate of origin scheme or the recognized Angolan government. There he helped local government officials develop a forge-proof certificate of origin that would enable the country to export rough diamonds in compliance with UN sanctions. It was introduced just three months later in December What was created was a bilateral arrangement operated by customs officials in Angola and Belgium. Each certificate issued in Angola generated an import confirmation certificate when the parcel arrived in Antwerp. This was returned to Angola to ensure that the import and export statistics from the two countries matched. Thus, was developed a system that would become a model and precursor of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. Photo courtesy Mark Van Bockstael. But, already 10 years earlier, in , Angola had held its first multi-party elections for president and a national assembly. It was part of an earlier attempt to bring an end to the war. That failed to stop the fighting, but it did signal the readiness by the MPLA to move away from its doctrinaire Marxist approach to governance, and the beginning of a transition to a market economy. This led to the opening of the Angolan diamond mining sector. What it essentially did was vest all rights for prospecting, mining, sorting and marketing of rough diamonds in Endiama, while allowing the state-owned mining company to exercise those rights in partnership with third-party companies. In , Endiama signed another series of joint venture agreements with international firms, enabling them to buy rough diamonds from local diggers. Years later, De Beers would close all its buying offices in Africa because of the conflict diamond crisis. All other rough buyers had their licenses revoked. The full potential of the Angolan diamond industry lay in the development of its kimberlite or primary resources, which was an undertaking that required massive investments in infrastructure, equipment and training, for which Endiama would reasonably require the support of the international mining community. But before the end of hostilities in , few foreign firms were ready to risk their capital or the security of their employees. Complicating the task was the fact that, because of the civil war, Angola was most probably the most under-prospected nation in all of southern Africa, certainly when compared to diamond-mining countries like South Africa, Botswana and Namibia, and even Zimbabwe. Its potential as a rough producer was believed to be massive, but the actual extent of its resources was largely conjecture. The first kimberlite mine to come on stream was Catoca in Lunda Sul. The war was still ongoing, but it managed to produce 1. He sold his share to China Sonangol in The development of other kimberlite mines accelerated after peace was restored to the country. The country now has 14 producing mines, four of which are kimberlite operations and 10 that are alluvial. A treatment facility at the recently opened Luele mine, which is likely to be the largest diamond mine to come on stream during the s, with a projected annual production rate of 4 million carats. It foresaw the country reaching an annual diamond production rate of The 35, square-meter Saurimo Diamond Hub, which is located near the Catoca mine and is planned to provide facilities to cutting factories, offices, a convention center, a training school and a diamond exchange. A key element in the plan was the coming on stream in November last year of the Luele mine, which was developed from the Luaxe project. According to industry analyst Paul Zimnisky, it will produce 3. It is likely to be the largest diamond mine to begin operations anywhere in the world this decade, and has an estimated resource of million carats and a projected operational lifespan of 60 years. Another element of the development plan is the 35, square-meter Saurimo Diamond Hub, located near the Catoca mine outside the town of Saurimo in Lunda Norte. If all goes as planned, the hub will eventually house up to 19 cutting factories, offices, a convention center, a training school and a diamond exchange. Tenants that cut and polish goods locally will be eligible for tax benefits and also run-of-mine diamond supply. Its backers say it will add 5, jobs to the local economy, but, since it is located in a remote area about kilometers from Luanda, some have questioned its economic viability. Whatever the outcome, the past two decades have a seen a remarkable turnaround for the Angolan diamond sector, which is finally beginning to realize the true potential of its natural resources. The country is also testament to the healing capacity of the Kimberley Process. And nine years after it served as KP Chair, the country remains an important participant in the Kimberley Process. Estanislau Buio, Executive Secretary of the Kimberly Process National Commission of Angola, today serves as Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee overseeing the three-year review of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, just as he did during the previous review cycle, from to All News. Newsletter Articles. March One of the most notable success stories of the Kimberley Process. The discovery of diamond deposits The existence of rough diamonds in what eventually would become Angola was first recorded as way back as , only 15 years after the territory was declared a colony of the Portuguese Empire. From the series. Press Releases. Press Kit. Linkedin Youtube-square. Contact Info. Stay Updated. Get latest news and updates direct in your inbox!

Luanda buying blow