L'ouverture
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L'ouverture
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Haitian general and revolutionary (1744–1803)
This article is about the Haitian Revolution leader. For other uses, see Toussaint Louverture (disambiguation) .
"L'overture", "l'Ouverture", and "Louverture" redirect here. For other uses, see Ouverture (disambiguation) and Overture (disambiguation) .
Posthumous 1813 painting of Louverture
^ Up to, for example, C. L. R. James , writing in 1938.
^ The wording of the proclamation issued by then rebel slave leader Louverture in August 1793, which may have been the first time he publicly used the name "Louverture", possibly refer to an anti-slavery passage in Abbé Raynal's A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies . [23] [24]
^ Napoleon himself would later be exiled to Elba after his 1814 abdication. [124]
^ Taylor, David (2002). Martini . p. 95. ISBN 1930603037 .
^ Knight C., ed. (1843). "The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; Volume 25" . p. 96 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 .
^ Henri Christophe (King of Haiti) (1952). Griggs, Earl Leslie; Prator, Clifford H. (eds.). "Henry Christophe & Thomas Clarkson: A Correspondence" . University of California Press. p. 17 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 .
^ Fombrun, Odette Roy, ed. (2009). "History of The Haitian Flag of Independence" (PDF) . The Flag Heritage Foundation Monograph And Translation Series Publication No. 3. p. 13 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 .
^ Lamrani, Salim (30 April 2021). "Toussaint Louverture, In the Name of Dignity. A Look at the Trajectory of the Precursor of Independence of Haiti" . Études caribéennes (48). doi : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.22675 . ISSN 1779-0980 .
^ Vulliamy, Ed, ed. (28 August 2010). "The 10 best revolutionaries" . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 December 2015 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Girard, Philippe (2016). Toussaint Louverture: A Revolutionary Life . Basic Books. ISBN 0465094139 .
^ Cauna, pp. 7–8
^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (2012). A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution . John Wiley & Sons. p. 114. ISBN 978-1405198219 .
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 59–60, 62.
^ Forsdick & Høgsbjerg (2017) , p. 14.
^ Korngold, Ralph [1944], 1979. Citizen Toussaint . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0-313-20794-1 . [ page needed ]
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 60, 62.
^ Jump up to: a b Beard, John Relly . [1863] 2001. Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography (online ed.). Boston: James Redpath .
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 66, 70, 72.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e de Cauna, Jacques. 2004. Toussaint L'Ouverture et l'indépendance d'Haïti: Témoignages pour une commémoration . Paris: Ed. Karthala.
^ Jump up to: a b Cauna, pp. 63–65.
^ Cauna, Jacques de (2012). "Dessalines esclave de Toussaint ?" . Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire . 99 (374): 319–322. doi : 10.3406/outre.2012.4936 .
^ Jump up to: a b Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 24–25.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 62.
^ Lee, Eunice Day (November 1951). "Toussaint Louverture" . Negro History Bulletin . 15 (2): 40–39. JSTOR 44212502 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 61.
^ Jump up to: a b Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 18.
^ Blackburn (2011) , p. 54.
^ Bell , 2007, pp. 64–65.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 60, 80.
^ James (1814) , p. 104.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 23–24.
^ James (1814) , p. 90.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 32–33.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 33.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 34–35.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 42–50.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 46.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 50.
^ Langley, Lester (1996). The Americas in the Age of Revolution: 1750–1850 . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 111 . ISBN 9780300066135 .
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 56.
^ James (1814) , pp. 125–26.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 86–87.
^ James (1814) , p. 107.
^ David Geggus (ed.), Haitian Revolutionary Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002, pp. 125–26.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 54.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 19.
^ James, pp. 128–30
^ James (1814) , p. 137.
^ James (1814) , pp. 141–42.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 92–95.
^ Charles Forsdick and Christian Høgsbjerg, Toussaint Louverture: A Black Jacobin in the Age of Revolutions . London: Pluto Press, 2017, p. 55.
^ Geggus (ed.), Haitian Revolutionary Studies , pp. 120–29.
^ Geggus (ed.), Haitian Revolutionary Studies , p. 122.
^ Geggus (ed.), Haitian Revolutionary Studies , pp. 122–23.
^ Ada Ferrer, Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2014, pp. 117–18.
^ Ferrer. Freedom's Mirror , p. 119.
^ James, The Black Jacobins , pp. 143–44.
^ Beaubrun Ardouin, Études sur l'Histoire d'Haïti. Port-au-PrinceL Dalencour, 1958, pp. 2:86–93.
^ Thomas Ott, The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804 . Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1973, pp. 82–83.
^ Geggus (ed.), Haitian Revolutionary Studies , pp. 120–22.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 104–08.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 109.
^ C. L. R. James, Black Jacobins (London: Penguin, 1938), p. 109.
^ David Geggus, Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793–1798 (New York: Clarendon Press, 1982).
^ James, p. 143
^ James, p. 147.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 115.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 110–14.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 113, 126.
^ James, pp. 155–56.
^ James, pp. 152–54.
^ Laurent Dubois and John Garrigus, Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, 1789–1804: A Brief History with Documents . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 31.
^ Jump up to: a b Dubois and Garrigus, p. 31.
^ Bell, pp. 132–34; James, pp. 163–73.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 136.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 137, 140–41.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 147–48.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 145.
^ James (1814) , p. 180.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 141–42, 147.
^ James (1814) , pp. 174–76.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 145–46.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 150.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 150–53.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 153–54.
^ James (1814) , p. 190.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 153.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 153, 155
^ James (1814) , p. 179.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 155.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 142–43.
^ James (1814) , p. 201.
^ James (1814) , pp. 201–02.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 72–73.
^ Meade, Teresa (2016). A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present . Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 68. ISBN 978-1118772485 .
^ James (1814) , pp. 202, 204.
^ James (1814) , pp. 207–08.
^ James (1814) , pp. 211–12.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 159–60.
^ James (1814) , pp. 219–20.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 165–66.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 166–67.
^ Philippe Girard, "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint L'Ouverture's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States", William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (January 2009), 87–124.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 173–74.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 174–75.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 175–77, 178–79.
^ James (1814) , pp. 229–30.
^ James (1814) , pp. 224, 237.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 177.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 182–85.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 179–80.
^ James (1814) , pp. 236–37.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 180.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 184.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 186.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 180–82, 187.
^ LOKER, ZVI (1981). "An eighteenth-century plan to invade Jamaica; Isaac Yeshurun Sasportas — French patriot or Jewish radical idealist?" . Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England) . 28 : 132–144. ISSN 0962-9688 .
^ Girard, Philippe (1 July 2020). "Isaac Sasportas, the 1799 Slave Conspiracy in Jamaica, and Sephardic Ties to the Haitian Revolution" . Jewish History . 33 (3): 403–435. doi : 10.1007/s10835-020-09358-z . ISSN 1572-8579 .
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 189–91.
^ Alexis, Stephen, Black Liberator , London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1949, p. 165.
^ "Constitution de la colonie français de Saint-Domingue", Le Cap, 1801
^ Ogé, Jean-Louis. Toussaint L'Ouverture et l'Indépendence d'Haïti. Brossard: L’Éditeur de Vos Rêves, 2002, p. 140.
^ Bell, pp. 210–11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Haitian Constitution of 1801 (English) - TLP" . thelouvertureproject.org . Retrieved 30 June 2022 .
^ Ogé, Jean-Louis. Toussaint L'Ouverture et l'Indépendence d'Haïti. Brossard: L’Éditeur de Vos Rêves, 2002, p. 141.
^ Philippe Girard, The Slaves Who Defeated Napoléon: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the Haitian War of Independence (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, November 2011).
^ Latson, Jennifer (26 February 2015). "Why Napoleon Probably Should Have Just Stayed in Exile the First Time" . Time . Retrieved 10 August 2020 .
^ James (1814) , p. 263.
^ Philippe Girard, "Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799–1803," French Historical Studies 32:4 (Fall 2009), 587–618.
^ James, pp. 292–94; Bell, pp. 223–24
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 206–09, 226–29, 250
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 232–34.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 234–36.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 234, 236–37.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 237–41.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 261–62.
^ Girard, Philippe R. (July 2012). "Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal" (PDF) . The William and Mary Quarterly . Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. 69 (3): 559. doi : 10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.0549 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . a list of "extraordinary expenses incurred by General Brunet in regards to [the arrest of] Toussaint" started with "gifts in wine and liquor, gifts to Dessalines and his spouse, money to his officers: 4000 francs."
^ Girard, Philippe R. (2011). The Slaves who Defeated Napoléon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804 . University of Alabama Press.
^ Oruno D. Lara, «Toussaint Louverture François Dominique Toussaint dit 1743-1803 », Encyclopædia Universalis , 7 avril 2021
^ Abbott, Elizabeth (1988). Haiti: An Insider's Hhistory of the Rise and Fall of the Duvaliers , Simon & Schuster. p. viii ISBN 0-671-68620-8 .
^ Forsdick & Høgsbjerg (2017) , p. 19.
^ John Bigelow: "The last days of Toussaint Louverture"
^ Pike, Tim. "Toussaint Louverture: helping Bordeaux come to terms with its slave trade past" (part 1) ~ Invisible Bordeaux website
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 194.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , pp. 56, 196.
^ Bell (2008) [2007] , p. 63.
^ Clement XII, Pope (28 April 1738). "In Eminenti" . papalenciclicals.net . Retrieved 19 October 2019 .
^ Clavin, Matthew (2008). "A Second Haitian Revolution". Civil War History . liv (2).
^ Yacou, Alain, ed. (2007). "Vie et mort du général Toussaint-Louverture selon les dossiers conservés au Service Historique de la Défense, Château de Vincennes" . Saint-Domingue espagnol et la révolution nègre d'Haïti (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 346. ISBN 978-2811141516 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 .
^ le Cadet, Nicolas (21 October 2010). "Le portrait du juge idéal selon Noël du Fail dans les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel" . Centre d’Études et de Recherche Éditer/Interpréter (in French). University of Rouen . Retrieved 5 April 2018 .
^ Hutchins, Rachel D. (2016). Nationalism and History Education: Curricula and Textbooks in the United States and France . Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-1317625360 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 .
^ " "To Toussaint L'Ouverture" as an Elegy | Rethinking the Age of Revolution" . Retrieved 30 December 2021 .
^ "To Toussaint Louverture - poem by Wordsworth - TLP" . thelouvertureproject.org . Retrieved 30 December 2021 .
^ Gardner, Eric (2001). " 'A Gentleman of Superior Cultivation and Refinement': Recovering the Biography of Frank J. Webb" . African American Review . 35 (2): 297–308. doi : 10.2307/2903259 . JSTOR 2903259 .
^ McLemee, Scott. 1996. "C.L.R. James: A Biographical Introduction." American Visions (April/May). mclemee.com
^ Brewster, Yvonne (7 September 2017), "Directing the Black Jacobins" , British Library .
^ "TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE Series by Jacob Lawrence" , Alitashkgallery.com. Archived 11 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ Tracy, Steven C. (2004). A Historical Guide to Ralph Ellison . Oxford University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0199727322 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 .
^ Lydia Bailey at AllMovie .
^ Griffel, Margaret Ross (2012). Operas in English: A Dictionary . Scarecrow Press. p. 501. ISBN 978-0810883253 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 .
^ Emmerling, Leonhard (2003). Jean-Michel Basquiat: 1960–1988 . Taschen. p. 88. ISBN 978-3822816370 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 .
^ Scaramuzzo, Gene. "Charlie's Roots / David Rudder | Haiti" . AllMusic . Retrieved 19 April 2021 .
^ Philip, M. NourbeSe (9 February 2010). "Letter to Haiti" . M. NourbeSe Philip . Retrieved 19 April 2021 .
^ Sepinwall, Alyssa Goldstein (13 October 2013). "Happy as a Slave: The Toussaint Louverture miniseries" . Fiction and Film for French Historians . Retrieved 5 April 2018 .
Alexis, Stephen . 1949. Black Liberator: The Life of Toussaint Louverture . London: Ernest Benn .
Ardouin, Beaubrun . 1958. Études sur l'Histoire d'Haïti. Port-au-Prince: Dalencour.
Beard, John Relly . 1853. The Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture: The Negro Patriot of Hayti . ISBN 1-58742-010-4
— [1863] 2001. Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography (online ed.). Boston: James Redpath . – Consists of the earlier "Life", supplemented by an autobiography of Toussaint written by himself.
Bell, Madison Smartt (2008) [2007]. Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography . New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-1400079353 .
Blackburn, Robin (2011). The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery 1776–1848 . Verso. ISBN 978-1844674756 .
de Cauna, Jacques. 2004. Toussaint L'Ouverture et l'indépendance d'Haïti. Témoignages pour une commémoration . Paris: Ed. Karthala.
Cesaire, Aimé . 1981. Toussaint L'Ouverture . Paris: Présence Africaine . ISBN 2-7087-0397-8 .
Davis, David Brion. 31 May 2007. "He changed the New World." The New York Review of Books . pp. 54–58. – Review of M. S. Bell's Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography .
Dubois, Laurent , and John D. Garrigus. 2006. Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, 1789–1804: A Brief History with Documents . St. Martin's Press . ISBN 0-312-41501-X .
DuPuy, Alex. 1989. Haiti in the World Economy: Class, Race, and Underdevelopment since 1700 . Westview Press . ISBN 0-8133-7348-4 .
Ferrer, Ada . 2014. Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolutions . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1107697782
Foix, Alain. 2007. Toussaint L'Ouverture . Paris: Ed. Gallimard.
— 2008. Noir de Toussaint L'Ouverture à Barack Obama . Paris: Ed. Galaade.
Forsdick, Charles, and Christian Høgsbjerg, eds. 2017. The Black Jacobins Reader . Durham, NC: Duke University Press .
— 2017. Toussaint Louverture: A Black Jacobin in the Age of Revolutions . London: Pluto Press . ISBN 978-0745335148 .
Geggus, David, ed. 2002. Haitian Revolutionary Studies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press . ISBN 978-0253341044 .
Girard, Philippe. 2009. "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint L'Ouverture’s Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States." William and Mary Quarterly 66(1):87–124.
— 2009. "Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799–1803." French Historical Studies 32(4):587–618.
— 2011. The Slaves who Defeated Napoléon: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804 . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0817317325 .
— 2012. "Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal." William and Mary Quarterly .
— 2016. Toussaint Louverture: A Revolutionary Life . New York: Basic Books .
Graham, Harry. 1913. " The Napoleon of San Domingo" , The Dublin Review 153:87–110.
Heinl, Robert, and Nancy Heinl. 1978. Written in Blood: The story of the Haitian people, 1492–1971 . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0-395-26305-0 .
Hunt, Alfred N. 1988. Haiti's Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0-8071-3197-0 .
James, C. L. R. [1934] 2013. Toussaint L'Ouverture: The story of the only successful slave revolt in history: A Play in Three Acts . Duke University Press .
— [1963] 2001. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution . Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-029981-5 .
Johnson, Ronald Angelo. 2014. Diplomacy in Black and White: John Adams, Toussaint Louverture, and Their Atlantic World Alliance. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press .
Joseph, Celucien L. 2012. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization . CreateSpace Independent Publishing .
— 2013. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought . CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
Korngold, Ralph . [1944] 1979. Citizen Toussaint . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0-313-20794-1 .
de Lacroix, F. J. Pamphile. [1819] 1995. La révolution d'Haïti .
Norton, Graham Gendall. April 2003. "Toussaint L'Ouverture." History Today .
Ott, Thomas. 1973. The Haitian Revolution: 1789–1804. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 0-87049-545-3
Parkinson, Wenda. 1978. ' This Gilded African': Toussaint L'Ouverture . Quartet Books.
Rodriguez, Junius P. , ed. 2006. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion . Westport, CT: Greenwood . ISBN 0-313-33271-1 .
Ros, Martin. [1991] 1994. The Night of Fire: The Black Napoleon and the Battle for Haiti (in Dutch). New York; Sarpedon. ISBN 0-9627613-7-0 .
Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. World leaders, past & present – Toussaint L'ouverture.
Schœlcher, Victor . 1889. Vie de Toussaint-L'Ouverture .
Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1995. Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 1-4008-0777-8
The Collective Works of Yves . ISBN 1-4010-8308-0
Book I explains Haiti's past to be recognized.
Book 2 culminates Haiti's scared present day epic history.
Thomson, Ian . 1992. Bonjour Blanc: A Journey Through Haiti . London. ISBN 0-09-945215-4 .
L'Ouverture, Toussaint. 2008. The Haitian Revolution , with an introduction by J. Aristide . New York: Verso. – A collection of L'Ouverture's writings and speeches. ISBN 1-84467-261-1 .
Tyson, George F., ed. 1973. Great Lives Considered: Toussaint L'Ouverture. Prentice Hall . IS
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