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How long does sperm live: Sperm lifecycle, life span and more

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Reviewed by

Dr Joanna Pike

on Feb 18, 2021

Can sperm really survive for up to five days in a woman’s body? How long does sperm live outside the body? Find out all about sperm and its lifecycle, from how it’s made to how long it can survive, how to keep sperm healthy, and more!
Millions of sperm cells are produced in the testicles every day. There is a system of tubes in the testicles called the seminiferous tubules, which is home to the germ cells that hormones, like the male sex hormone testosterone, transform into sperm. These cells divide and change until they resemble the “tadpole” shape—with the head and tail—we commonly associate with sperm (or spermatozoa, to use the scientific name for sperm cells).
Once the sperm cells have tails, they move into the epididymis, a tube behind the testes, where they will continue to develop and travel along the epididymis for another five weeks. Once the sperm has completed development, it moves into the vas deferens (the sperm duct).
When a man gets sexually aroused, sperm—about 200-400 million of them—mixes with a white-coloured liquid produced by the prostate gland and the seminal vesicles called seminal fluid. When sperm mixes with seminal fluid, this mixture is called semen. During sex, semen is ejaculated through the urethra.
If a man doesn’t ejaculate, the body will eventually break down the sperm cells and reabsorb them.
It takes a germ cell around 2.5 months to mature to become a sperm cell that is capable of fertilising an egg. Although that sounds like a long time, most males produce millions of sperm each day. Because the male body is constantly producing sperm cells, a healthy male will always have sperm cells in his semen and won’t run out of sperm, even if he ejaculates several times a day. This means a man can get a woman pregnant any time (providing she is in the fertile window of her menstrual cycle ).
As a man ages, his sperm count and quality tends to decline, and there may be more mutations in his sperm. Health and lifestyle factors can also lower sperm count or affect the quality of sperm. With a lower sperm count, sperm motility , (the percentage of moving sperm) or quality, the chance of conception may reduce.
How long sperm lives really depends on the conditions the sperm is in. Sperm can die within minutes or even live for months. We break down the different scenarios for sperm life expectancy in the upcoming sections.
Outside a male’s body, sperm can die within a few minutes. Sperm need moisture and warmth to survive, so once exposed to air, and semen starts to dry, sperm die quickly.
Sperm can survive for up to five days in sperm-friendly cervical mucus.
Cervical mucus around the time of ovulation helps protect the sperm and keeps it alive, plus it makes it easier for the sperm to reach the egg, should it be present.
For pregnancy to occur, intercourse must take place during a woman’s fertile window—the days leading up to ovulation and the day of ovulation.
Since sperm can survive for up to five days, the five days leading up to ovulation and the day of ovulation is referred to as a woman’s fertile window .
Sperm need moisture and warmth to survive, however, even if the temperature of the water were close to body temperature, water causes sperm to disperse and separates it from the protective fluids in semen.
As a result, it’s highly unlikely a woman could get pregnant from sperm in water. Also, any soap or chemicals (like chlorine) in the water kill sperm.
If your country allows for sperm to be legally cryogenised, please note: Sperm can survive for decades when frozen using liquid nitrogen (so at a temperature of -196C). In fact, sperm can survive indefinitely in a sperm bank. Usually most sperm banks in the UK set the standard storage time as 10 years, and the law in the UK allows for sperm to be stored for up to 55 years under special circumstances. However, these deadlines are more due to legal reasons rather than any expiry date for frozen sperm.
It takes two to make a baby, which is why healthy sperm is important. Getting the timing right for intercourse is one very important part of getting pregnant, but you can try to improve sperm health with the following lifestyle changes:
Since it takes around 2.5 months for new sperm to be produced, it’ll take some time for lifestyle changes to have an effect on the health of the sperm in your semen, so don’t expect your sperm health to improve overnight.
Sperm can live up to five days inside a woman’s body. This is why even if intercourse happens five days before a woman ovulates, she has a chance to get pregnant because the sperm can remain alive all that time and fertilise the egg.
Yes, if sperm is ejaculated outside the body, it dies within minutes.
Yes under the right circumstances, the sperm friendly cervical mucus around ovulation helps keep sperm alive for 5 days.
There is no single food that can help increase sperm count but following a healthy diet can help overall sperm health.
Although it can take months for new sperm to be produced, the male body continuously produces sperm so there is a supply on hand and conception is possible any time within a woman’s fertile window.
If sperm health is a concern, a healthy lifestyle and keeping the testicles cool can help improve sperm count, motility and quality.
Test your knowledge on ovulation, the menstrual cycle, and fertile days with this 2-minute quiz (10 questions).

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The majority of couples who are trying to conceive, are asking this question: How long does sperm live in a woman’s body? To answer this question and understand how fertilization happens you need to continue reading this informative article.
Even if the sperm sneaks into a woman’s body to make this long and difficult journey, he still has only one chance in 200 million to fertilize an egg (provided that any of the sperm from this loop reaches this place). Since sperm can only live in the female reproductive tract for up to 5 days, only a small amount of sperm can survive even a long journey through the female reproductive tract.
Therefore, couples trying to conceive should schedule multiple sex sessions on the days just before ovulation . When trying to conceive, many couples plan to have intercourse between days 11 and 14 of a woman’s 28-day cycle. Biologically speaking, ovulation day is the only day you can get pregnant, as this is the time when sperm and egg actually meet.
Studies have shown that the maximum period your sperm can survive in your partner’s body is 5 days. Research shows that the average lifespan of sperm after ejaculation or insertion into the female reproductive system is about three days. However, it depends on where he is in his menstrual cycle – with the right timing, the strongest sperm can last up to five days.
In short, how long sperm can live in the vagina depends on the conditions it is exposed to and the type of cervical mucus (if any). Research shows that if semen gets into the vagina when cervical mucus is most fertile in the days before ovulation, pregnancy is not only possible but also more likely. Sperm in the vagina can live in the mucus of the cervix or upper genital tract for three to five days, allowing fertilization while the sperm is alive. However, in fact, sperm can live for up to 5 days in a woman’s body after ejaculation.
This does not mean that sperm cells can be stored outside a woman’s body for a long time; as soon as they dry out, they die. Most of the sperm die in the uterus within 24-48 hours after ejaculation, and the longer it has been since ejaculation, the less likely the egg is fertilized. The exact length of survival depends on the environment in which they are released and how quickly the fluid surrounding the semen dries up. The lifespan of semen after ejaculation depends on the circumstances.
Ejaculated sperm can survive for several days in the female reproductive tract. As long as the sperm is alive-up to five days, they can still fertilize the egg. Sperm collected and frozen by a doctor can survive indefinitely under the right conditions.
Sperm can be stored for up to 55 years and can still fertilize an egg . But the normal storage period is 10 years. It is unlikely that sperm will last longer than an hour outside the body. Even in high body temperatures. Even at room or body temperature, sperm are unlikely to survive for more than an hour outside the body.
According to the American Pregnant Association, during ovulation – when the vaginal climate is particularly humid and hot – sperm can last for up to five days. Healthy sperm can live from a couple of hours to five days after intercourse. The average lifespan of sperm entering the fallopian tube is three to four days. Although some may survive up to a week. In order for conception to occur, at least one healthy sperm must wait in the fallopian tube during ovulation. And must be able to fertilize an egg within 12-24 hours after the birth of the egg.
The highest rates of pregnancy are recorded when the egg and sperm combine within 4-6 hours after ovulation. By paying close attention to how your body responds to increased estrogen levels in the first two weeks of your menstrual cycle, you can start predicting ovulation. For example, knowing that sperm lives in the female reproductive system for 3-5 days means that you can have intercourse a few days before your partner ovulates and still lead to pregnancy. Understanding how long sperm live in and out of your body can help if you’re trying to get pregnant or trying to avoid getting pregnant.
In vitro fertilization , sperm is injected into an egg for fertilization in a laboratory . And then placed back into the woman’s uterus. The IUI places sperm directly into the woman’s uterus, so she does not need to float out of the vagina through the cervix. Once inside the female genital tract, the sperm must travel through the cervix into the uterus. To reach the fallopian tubes and the female ovum.
Most sperm die in the female genital tract within 1-2 days after ejaculation. The lifespan of sperm in a woman’s body. After ejaculation, semen can live in a woman’s body for about 5 days. The fluid in the female genital tract contains all the nutrients that sperm needs to survive during this time.
Especially in a woman’s womb , on average, sperm can be stored for up to two days. Without fertile cervical fluid , sperm can survive in the vagina or uterus for no more than a few hours. If they can survive that far. Many sperm cells die in the highly acidic vagina within the first 12 hours. However, on a hot, humid surface like a hot tub, sperm will thrive, so they will live longer.
During ovulation, the pH of the reproductive tract becomes less acidic and sperm can live a little longer. Which gives them more time to swim up to the cervix. Thanks to the fertile, nutrient-rich cervical mucus, sperm can live longer in a woman’s body. And have more time to reach the egg or simply stay until the egg is released. It is possible that if sperm ejaculates near the vulva, it can reach the vagina and lead to pregnancy. But once the sperm dries on the skin, it cannot fertilize the egg. Even if it gets wet again in the shower.
This will depend on your health and age, but most sperm will dry and die within 15-30 minutes of contact with skin or surfaces. Says Kimberly Langdon MD.
No matter what surface it may be on, sperm can no longer lead to pregnancy. Once semen, the liquid that holds the sperm, has dried, it is considered dead.
Michael A. Witt MD is a male fertility specialist and urologist at Reproductive Biology Associates . A dry, cold surface such as a bed sheet can cause sperm to dry quicker than one on a warmer surface, like human skin.
Langdon says that although sperm can survive for a short time on the skin and outside of the body, there is very little chance it will fertilize an egg or cause pregnancy. To have any chance of getting pregnant , a person would need to touch the sperm first and then touch their vagina.
Whole Pregnancy is a place where pregnant women or wanting to be and even mothers can find useful information regarding pregnancy, women’s health, babies’ health, and even other health-related topics like nutrition and other activities.
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This article was medically reviewed by Jason R. McKnight , MD, MS, a family medicine physician and clinical assistant professor at Texas A&M College of Medicine .

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