Lisbeins
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Lisbeins
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Further information: History of lesbianism
Further information: Butch and femme
Further information: Lesbian literature
Further information: LGBT parenting
^ "Lesbian and fluid women were more exclusive than bisexual women in their sexual behaviors...Lesbian women appeared to lean toward exclusively same-sex attractions and behaviors...[and] appeared to demonstrate a 'core' lesbian orientation." [6]
^ An attempt by natives of Lesbos (also called "Mytilene" in Greece) in 2008 to reclaim the word to refer only to people from the island was unsuccessful in a Greek court. Inhabitants of Lesbos claimed the use of lesbian to refer to female homosexuality violated their human rights and "disgrace[d] them around the world". [10]
^ In Germany between 1898 and 1908 over a thousand articles were published regarding the topic of homosexuality. [20] Between 1896 and 1916, 566 articles on women's "perversions" were published in the United States. [21]
^ In a rare instance of sexuality being the focus of a romantic friendship, two Scottish schoolteachers in the early 19th century were accused by a student of visiting in the same bed, kissing, and making the bed shake. The student's grandmother reported the teachers to the authorities, who were skeptical that their actions were sexual in nature, or that they extended beyond the bounds of normal friendship: "Are we to say that every woman who has formed an intimate friendship and has slept in the same bed with another is guilty? Where is the innocent woman in Scotland?" [68]
^ Wollstonecraft and Blood set up a girls' boarding school so they could live and work together, and Wollstonecraft named her first child after Blood. Wollstonecraft's first novel Mary: A Fiction , in part, addressed her relationship with Fanny Blood. [72]
^ First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt exchanged rings with and wrote letters to journalist Lorena Hickok , expressing her love and desire to kiss Hickock; her writings were in the style of romantic friendship. The view that Roosevelt's relationship with Hickok may have been sexual, therefore deserving of the lesbian label, created controversy among Roosevelt's biographers. [81]
^ Other historical figures rejected being labeled as lesbians despite their behavior: Djuna Barnes , author of Nightwood , a novel about an affair Barnes had with Thelma Wood , earned the label "lesbian writer", which she protested by saying, "I am not a lesbian. I just loved Thelma." Virginia Woolf , who modeled the hero/ine in Orlando on Vita Sackville-West , with whom she was having an affair, set herself apart from women who pursued relationships with other women by writing, "These Sapphists love women; friendship is never untinged with amorosity." [84]
^ Historian Vern Bullough published a paper based on an unfinished study of mental and physical traits performed by a lesbian in Salt Lake City during the 1920s and 1930s. The compiler of the study reported on 23 of her colleagues, indicating there was an underground lesbian community in the conservative city. Bullough remarked that the information was being used to support the attitude that lesbians were not abnormal or maladjusted, but it also reflected that women included in the study strove in every way to conform to social gender expectations, viewing anyone who pushed the boundaries of respectability with hostility. Bullough wrote, "In fact, their very success in disguising their sexual orientation to the outside world leads us to hypothesize that lesbianism in the past was more prevalent than the sources might indicate, since society was so unsuspecting." [106]
^ "Prior to 1939, lesbians were among those imprisoned as 'asocials', a broad category applied to all people who evaded Nazi rule." [112]
^ A similar statement appeared in a militant feminist pamphlet in Leeds, England , stating "Our definition of a political lesbian is a woman-identified woman who does not fuck men. It does not mean compulsory sexual activity with women." [137] See: Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group
^ Sexual contact, according to Kinsey, included lip kissing, deep kissing, body touching, manual breast and genital stimulation, oral breast and genital stimulation, and object-vaginal penetration. [188]
^ The study estimated the total population of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals at 8.8 million, but did not differentiate between men and women. [199]
^ Another summary of overall surveys found that women who identify as lesbian, 80–95% had previous sexual contact with men, and some report sexual behavior that was risky. [207]
^ A 1966 survey of psychological literature on homosexuality began with Freud's 1924 theory that it is a fixation on the opposite sex parent. As Freud's views were the foundation of psychotherapy, further articles agreed with this, including one in 1951 that asserted that homosexuals are actually heterosexuals that play both gender roles, and homosexuals are attempting to perpetuate "infantile, incestuous fixation(s)" on relationships that are forbidden. [218]
^ Lesbian and bisexual women are also more likely to report symptoms of multiple disorders that include major depression, panic disorder, alcohol and drug abuse. [223]
^ Sappho has also served as a subject of many works of literature by writers such as John Donne , Alexander Pope , Pierre Louÿs , and several anonymous writers, that have addressed her relationships with women and men. She has been used as an embodiment of same-sex desire, and as a character in fictions loosely based on her life. [229]
^ The cross-dressing Sand was also the subject of a few of Elizabeth Barrett Browning 's sonnets. [246]
^ A fifth novel in 1928, American author Djuna Barnes' Ladies Almanack , is a roman à clef of a lesbian literary and artistic salon in Paris and circulated at first within those circles; Susan Sniader Lanser calls it a "sister-text" to Hall's landmark work, [251] as Barnes includes a character based on Radclyffe Hall and passages that may be a response to The Well of Loneliness [252]
^ 21 Jump Street included a kiss between series regular Holly Robinson Peete and guest star Katy Boyer in "A Change of Heart" (1990) but it did not inspire the critical or popular attention later such kisses would engender. [285]
^ Zimmerman, Bonnie, ed. (2000). "Symbols (by Christy Stevens)" . Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia . Vol. 1 (Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures) (1st ed.). Garland Publishing . p. 748 . ISBN 0-8153-1920-7 .
^ Stearn, William T. (May 1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology" (PDF) . Taxon . 11 (4): 109–113. doi : 10.2307/1217734 . ISSN 0040-0262 . JSTOR 1217734 . Retrieved 23 July 2019 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Lesbian" . Oxford Reference . Retrieved December 10, 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b Zimmerman, p. 453.
^ Jump up to: a b c Committee on Lesbian Health Research Priorities; Neuroscience and Behavioral Health Program; Health Sciences Policy Program, Health, Sciences Section, Institute of Medicine (1999). Lesbian Health: Current Assessment and Directions for the Future . National Academies Press . p. 22. ISBN 0309174066 . Retrieved October 16, 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Farr, Rachel H.; Diamond, Lisa M.; Boker, Steven M. (2014). "Female Same-Sex Sexuality from a Dynamical Systems Perspective: Sexual Desire, Motivation, and Behavior" . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 43 (8): 1477–1490. doi : 10.1007/s10508-014-0378-z . ISSN 0004-0002 . PMC 4199863 . PMID 25193132 .
^ Foster, p. 18.
^ Aldrich, pp. 47–49.
^ Gollmann, Wilhelm (1855). The Homeopathic Guide, In All Diseases of the Urinary and Sexual Organs, Including the Derangements Caused by Onanism and Sexual Excesses . Charles Julius Hempel ; J. Emerson Kent. Philadelphia: Rademacher & Sheek. p. 201.
^ Lesbos locals lose lesbian appeal , BBC News Europe [July 22, 2008]. Retrieved on February 3, 2009.
^ Swinburne, Algernon Charles (10 August 2021). "Sapphics" . poetryfoundation . Poetry Foundation.
^ Cohen, Margaret; Dever, Carolyn, eds. (2001). "Chapter Ten: Comparative Sapphism, Sharon Marcus ". The Literary Channel: The Inter-National Invention of the Novel (PDF) . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . pp. 251–285. ISBN 978-0691050010 . (Document made available by Columbia University Libraries . PDF downloads automatically.)
^ Jump up to: a b c Zimmerman, pp. 776–777.
^ "Lesbian", Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition, 1989. Retrieved on January 7, 2009.
^ Aldrich, p. 168.
^ Faderman (1981), p. 241.
^ Faderman (1981), p. 242.
^ Faderman (1981), p. 240.
^ Jennings, p. 77.
^ Faderman (1981), p. 248
^ Faderman (1991), p. 49.
^ Aldrich, 178–179.
^ Jump up to: a b Rust, Paula C. (November 1992). "The Politics of Sexual Identity: Sexual Attraction and Behavior among Lesbian and Bisexual Women". Social Problems . 39 (4): 366–386. doi : 10.2307/3097016 . JSTOR 3097016 .
^ Jump up to: a b Aldrich, p. 239.
^ Bendix, Trish (September 8, 2015). "Why don't lesbians have a pride flag of our own?" . AfterEllen . Archived from the original on September 9, 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2019 .
^ Andersson, Jasmine (July 4, 2019). "Pride flag guide: what the different flags look like, and what they all mean" . i . Archived from the original on 24 August 2019 . Retrieved 24 August 2019 .
^ Rawles, Timothy (July 12, 2019). "The many flags of the LGBT community" . San Diego Gay & Lesbian News . Archived from the original on July 12, 2019 . Retrieved 24 August 2019 .
^ "Lesbian Flag, Sadlesbeandisaster" . Majestic Mess . April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019 . Retrieved 24 August 2019 .
^ Murphy-Kasp, Paul (6 July 2019). "Pride in London: What do all the flags mean?" . BBC News . Retrieved 11 July 2019 .
^ McCormick, pp. 60–61.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 246–252.
^ Faderman, Lillian (April 1992). "The Return of Butch and Femme: A Phenomenon in Lesbian Sexuality in the 1980s and 1990s". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 2 (4): 578–596. JSTOR 3704264 .
^ Nichols, Margaret (2004). "Lesbian sexuality/female sexuality: Rethinking 'lesbian bed death' ". Sexual and Relationship Therapy . 19 (4): 363–371. doi : 10.1080/14681990412331298036 . S2CID 143879852 .
^ Schlager, p. 93.
^ R Dennis Shelby; Kathleen Dolan (2014). Lesbian Women and Sexual Health: The Social Construction of Risk and Susceptibility . Routledge . p. 34. ISBN 978-1317718192 . Retrieved April 11, 2018 .
^ Lisa M. Diamond (2009). Sexual Fluidity . Harvard University Press . pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0674033696 . Retrieved July 20, 2014 .
^ Brogan, Donna; Frank, Erica; Elon, Lisa; O'Hanlan, Katherine A. (2001). "Methodologic Concerns in Defining Lesbian for Health Research". Epidemiology . 12 (1): 109–113. doi : 10.1097/00001648-200101000-00018 . PMID 11138804 . S2CID 6560616 .
^ Rothblum, pp. 4–7.
^ Norton, p. 184.
^ Rabinowitz, p. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b Bremmer, pp. 27–28.
^ Aldrich, p. 47.
^ Rabinowitz, p. 115.
^ Rabinowitz, p. 148.
^ Rabinowitz, p. 11.
^ Verstraete, p. 238.
^ Verstraete, pp. 239–240.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton, p. 191.
^ Aldrich, p. 130.
^ Norton, p. 190.
^ Jennings. p. 1.
^ Jennings, p. 12.
^ Jennings, pp. 14–16.
^ Aldrich, p. 129.
^ Aldrich, p. 137.
^ Jennings, pp. 17–18.
^ Jennings, pp. 1–11, 22–24.
^ Dekker, Rudolf M.; van de Pol, Lotte C. (1989). The Tradition of Female Transvestism in Early Modern Europe . London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978-0333412527 .
^ Lucas, R. Valerie (1988). " "Hic Mulier": The Female Transvestite in Early Modern England". Renaissance and Reformation . 12 (1): 65–84. ISSN 0034-429X . JSTOR 43445585 .
^ Jump up to: a b Faderman, pp. 51–54.
^ Faderman, pp. 54–55.
^ Jennings, p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b Aldrich, p. 136.
^ Katz, pp. 212–214.
^ Aldrich, p. 224.
^ Coleman, Jenny (2001). "Unsettled Women: Deviant Genders in Late Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century New Zealand". Journal of Lesbian Studies . 5 (1–2): 13–26. doi : 10.1300/J155v05n01_02 . PMID 24807564 . S2CID 22507224 .
^ Faderman (1981), pp. 74–77.
^ Jump up to: a b Aldrich, p. 233.
^ Faderman (1981), p. 119.
^ Faderman (1981), pp. 132–136.
^ Faderman (1981), p. 139.
^ Foster, pp. 55–60.
^ Faderman, p. 75.
^ Aldrich, pp. 227–229.
^ Jennings, pp. 45–46.
^ Castle, p. 390.
^ Castle, pp. 339, 400.
^ Foster, pp. 145–148.
^ Aldrich, p. 234.
^ Aldrich, p. 232.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Faderman (1981), pp. 297–313.
^ Foster, p. 255.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 45–49.
^ Castle, pp. 4–5.
^ Zimmerman, p. 383.
^ Edsall, p. 234.
^ Aldrich, pp. 241–244.
^ Brendan (January 10, 2012). "Berlin's Lesbische Frauen" . Cabaret Berlin . Archived from the original on 28 May 2020 . Retrieved 13 June 2020 . (originally published by Slow Travel Berlin )
^ Tamagne, pp. 53–57.
^ Edsall, pp. 230–231.
^ Faderman (1981), p. 320.
^ Doan, p. XIII.
^ Doan, p. XV.
^ Doan, pp. 64–66.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 63–67.
^ Faderman (1991), p. 71.
^ Zimmerman, p. 354.
^ Faderman (1991), p. 68.
^ Faderman (1991), p. 73.
^ Zimmerman, p. 355.
^ Norton, p. 181.
^ Faderman, pp. 82–83.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 79–80.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 94–96.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 105–112.
^ Bullough, Vern; Bullough, Bonnie (July 1977). "Lesbianism in the 1920s and 1930s: A Newfound Study". Signs . 2 (4): 895–904. doi : 10.1086/493419 . PMID 21213641 . S2CID 145652567 .
^ Aldrich, pp. 191–193.
^ Jump up to: a b Berube, pp. 28–33.
^ Berube, p. 104.
^ Berube, p. 100.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 129–130.
^ Jump up to: a b Elman, Amy (Winter 1996–97). "Triangles and Tribulations: The Gay Appropriation of Nazi Symbols" (PDF) . Trouble & Strife (34): 62–66 . Retrieved 12 June 2021 . An earlier version of this article appeared in Journal of Homosexuality , Vol. 30, issue 3, 1996. ( doi : 10.1300/J082v30n03_01 . PMID 8743114 . ISSN 0091-8369 .)
^ "Lesbians Under the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . March 31, 2021 . Retrieved 12 June 2021 .
^ Adam, p. 56.
^ Edsall, p. 277.
^ Adam, p. 59.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 150–155.
^ Edsall, p. 247.
^ Jump up to: a b Esterberg, Kristin Gay (1990). "From illness to action: Conceptions of homosexuality in The Ladder , 1956–1965". Journal of Sex Research . 27 (1): 65–80. doi : 10.1080/00224499009551542 .
^ Willett, pp. 10–11.
^ Warner, p. 27.
^ Jennings, pp. 109–114.
^ Gallo, p. 3.
^ Jennings, pp. 153–158.
^ Jump up to: a b Faderman (1991), pp. 167–168.
^ Jennings, pp. 141–143.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 170–174.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 175–178.
^ Stryker, p. 49.
^ Stryker, pp. 54–57.
^ Zimet, pp. 17–24.
^ Forbidden Love: The Unashamed Stories of Lesbian Lives . Dir. Fernie, L., Weissman. Videocassette. Women Make Movies Home Video, 1994.
^ Nestle, Joan (1983). "Desire So Big It Had to Be Brave", Lesbian Herstory Archives .
^ Aldrich, pp. 212–216.
^ Faderman (1991), p. 203.
^ Schlager, p. 70.
^ Jennings, p. 177.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 218–219.
^ Schlager, p. 11.
^ Esterberg, Kristin G. (September 1994). "From Accommodation to Liberation: A Social Movement Analysis of Lesbians in the Homophile Movement". Gender & Society . 8 (3): 424–443. doi : 10.1177/089124394008003008 . S2CID 144795512 .
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 210–211.
^ Faderman (1991), pp. 217–218.
^ Jump up to: a b Rich, Adrienne (July 1980). " Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence ". Signs . 5 (4): 631–660. doi : 10.1086/493756 . S2CID 143604951 .
^ Martin and Lyon, p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b Amer, Sahar (2009). "Medieval Arab Lesbians and Lesbian-Like Women". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 18 (2): 215–236. doi : 10.1353/sex.0.0052 . ISSN 1043-4070 . JSTOR 40663351 . PMID 19768852 . S2CID 26652886 .
^ Allouche, Sabiha (Spring 2019). "The Reluctant Queer" . Kohl: A Journal for Body and Gender Research . 5 (1): 11–22. doi : 10.36583/kohl/5-1-3 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Murray and Roscoe, pp. 98–104.
^ Sahar Amer (2009). "Medieval Arab Lesbians and Lesbian-Like Women". Journal of the History of Sexuality . 18 (2): 215–236. doi : 10.1353/sex.0.0052 . ISSN 1535-3605 . PMID 19768852 . S2CID 26652886 .
^ Murray and Roscoe, pp. 283–284.
^ Robert Fisk (7 September 2010). "Robert Fisk: The crimewave that shames the world" . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 September 2010 .
^ Vowel, Chelsea (2016). "All My Queer Relations - Language, Culture, and Two-Spirit Identity". Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada . Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Highwater Press. ISBN 978-1553796800 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Pruden, Harlan; Edmo, Se-ah-dom (2016). "Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America" (PDF) . National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center .
^ Estrada, Gabriel (2011). " Two Spirits , Nádleeh , and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze". American Indian Culture and Research Journal . 35 (4): 167–190. doi : 10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30 .
^ Jump up to: a b "A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out" . The New York Times . 8 Oct 2006 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . 'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.
^ Pember, Mary Annette (Oct 13, 2016). " 'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes" . Rewire . Retrieved October 17, 2016 . Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ways to future generations opened the floodgates for early non-Native explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists to write books describing Native peoples and therefore bolstering their own role as experts. These writings were and still are entrenched in the perspective of the authors who were and are mostly white men.
^ Mogrovejo, Norma (2004). "Relevancia de las lesbianas en América Latina: la recuperación de nuestra historia" (Relevance of lesbians in Latin America: the recovery of our history). In Drucker, Péter; Mercad, Enrique. Arco iris diferentes . Siglo XXI. ISBN 978-968-23-2486-4 . (In Spanish) p. 103.
^ Jump up to: a b Mogrovejo (2004), pp. 85–100.
^ Mogrovejo (2000), pp. 281–294.
^ Mogrovejo (2004), pp. 88–94.
^ Mogrovejo (2004), pp. 100-103
^ Rachid, p. 260
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