Lippy Labia

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Lippy Labia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flaps of skin on either side of the human vaginal opening in the vulva
Labia minora (inner labia) – vertical folds of skin in the very middle of the photo of a vulva (external female genitals) between rounded thicker labia majora (the outer labia).

^ nymphae . Dictionary.com. Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. (accessed: November 24, 2007).

^ McNulty, John A. (November 1, 1995). "Sex Organ Homologies" . LUMEN . Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago . Retrieved June 23, 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text in the public domain from page 1265–1266 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Manual of Obstetrics. (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1-16. ISBN 9788131225561 .

^ Oeming, Madita (1 January 2018). "In Vulva Vanitas – The Rise of Labiaplasty in the West" (PDF) . Gender Forum . 67 : 70–91. ISSN 1613-1878 .

^ Lloyd J, et al. (May 2005). "Female genital appearance: 'normality' unfolds" (PDF) . British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology . 112 (5): 643–646. doi : 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00517.x . PMID 15842291 . S2CID 17818072 .

^ Rowenna Davis (27 February 2011). "Labiaplasty surgery increase blamed on pornography" . Life and style. Archived from the original on 2014-12-07 . Retrieved 2015-04-03 .

^ Özer M, Mortimore I, Jansma EP, Mullender MG (March 2018). "Labiaplasty: motivation, techniques, and ethics". Nat Rev Urol . 15 (3): 175–189. doi : 10.1038/nrurol.2018.1 . PMID 29405204 . S2CID 3560906 .

^ Clerico C, Lari A, Mojallal A, Boucher F (June 2017). "Anatomy and Aesthetics of the Labia Minora: The Ideal Vulva?". Aesthetic Plast Surg . 41 (3): 714–719. doi : 10.1007/s00266-017-0831-1 . PMID 28314908 . S2CID 4738537 .

^ Triana, Lina (2020), "Lazy S Labiaplasty (Edge Labiaplasty)", Aesthetic Vaginal Plastic Surgery , Springer International Publishing, pp. 37–51, doi : 10.1007/978-3-030-24819-2_4 , ISBN 978-3-030-24818-5 , S2CID 203502492

^ "Sexual health—a new focus for WHO" (PDF) . Progress in Reproductive Health Research . World Health Organization (67): 6. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2005.

^ Robert Suggs, Marquesan Sexual Behavior [New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966], pp. 39–42


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labia minora .
The labia minora (Latin for 'smaller lips', singular: labium minus , 'smaller lip'), also known as the inner labia , inner lips , vaginal lips or nymphae [1] are two flaps of skin on either side of the human vaginal opening in the vulva , situated between the labia majora (Latin for 'larger lips'; also called outer labia, or outer lips). The labia minora vary widely in size, color and shape from individual to individual.

The labia minora are homologous to the male urethral surface of the penis. [2]

The labia minora extend from the clitoris obliquely downward, laterally, and backward on either side of the vulval vestibule , ending between the bottom of the vulval vestibule and the labia majora. The posterior ends (bottom) of the labia minora are usually joined across the middle line by a flap of skin, named the frenulum of labia minora or fourchette. [3]

On the front, each lip forks dividing into two portions surrounding the clitoris. The upper part of each lip passes above the clitoris to meet the upper part of the other lip—which will often be a little larger or smaller—forming a fold which overhangs the glans clitoridis (clitoral tip or head); this fold is named the clitoral hood . The lower part passes beneath the glans clitoridis and becomes united to its under surface, forming, with the inner lip of the opposite side, the frenulum clitoridis . [3]

The clitoral hood, analogously to the foreskin of the penis in men and also termed, like the latter, by the Latin word prepuce , serves to cover most of the time the shaft and sometimes the glans (which is very sensitive to the touch) to protect the clitoris from mechanical irritation and from dryness. Yet the hood is movable and can slide during clitoral erection or be pulled upwards a little for greater exposure of the clitoris to sexual stimulation.

The frenulum (Latin for little bridle ) is an elastic band of tissue attached by its one end to the clitoral shaft and glans and by its other end to the prepuce. It allows two-way shifting of the clitoral hood: firstly, it can extend to let the hood be moved upwards to expose the glans for stimulation or hygienic cleansing, and secondly, it contracts to pull the hood back to protect it.

On the opposed surfaces of the labia minora are numerous sebaceous glands not associated with hair follicles. [3] They are lined by stratified squamous epithelium on those surfaces. [4] [ page needed ]

Like the whole area of the vulval vestibule, the mucus secreted by those glands protects the labia from dryness and mechanical irritation.

Being thinner than the outer labia, the inner labia can be also more narrow than the former, or wider than labia majora, thus protruding in the pudendal cleft and making the term minora (Latin for smaller) essentially inapplicable in these cases. They can also be smooth or frilled, the latter being more typical of longer or wider inner labia.

From 2003 to 2004, researchers from the Department of Gynaecology, Elizabeth Garret Anderson Hospital in London, measured the labia and other genital structures of 50 women from the age of 18 to 50, with a mean age of 35.6. The study has since been criticized for its "small and homogenous sample group" consisting primarily of white women. [5] The results were: [6]

Due to the frequent portrayal of the pudendal cleft without protrusion in art and pornography, there has been a rise in the popularity of labiaplasty , surgery to alter the labia—usually, to make them smaller. [7] [8] [9] On the other hand, there is an opposite movement of labia stretching . Its proponents stress the beauty of long labia and their positive role in sexual stimulation of both partners.

Labiaplasty is also sometimes sought by women who have asymmetrical labia minora to adjust the shape of the structures towards identical size. [10]

Labia stretching has traditionally been practised in some African nations in the East and South [11] and the South Pacific. [12]

The inner lips serve to protect from mechanical irritation, dryness and infections of the highly sensitive area of the vulval vestibule with vaginal and urethral openings in it between them. During vaginal sexual intercourse they may contribute to stimulation of the whole vestibule area, the clitoris and the vagina of the woman and the penis of her partner. Stimulation of the clitoris may occur through tension of the clitoral hood and its frenulum by inner labia pulling at them. During sexual arousal they are lubricated by the mucus secreted in the vagina and around it to make penetration painless and protect them from irritation.

As the female external urethral opening (meatus) is also situated between labia minora, they may play a role in guiding the stream of the urine during female urination .

Being very sensitive by their structure to any irritation, and situated in the excretion area where traces of urine, vaginal discharge , smegma and even feces may be present, the inner lips may be susceptible to inflammatory infections of the vulva such as vulvitis .

The likelihood of inflammation may be reduced through appropriate regular hygienic cleansing of the whole vulval vestibule, using water and medically tested cleansing agents designed for vulvas. To avoid contamination of the vulva with fecal bacteria, it is recommended that the vulva is washed only from front to back, from mons pubis to the perineum and anus . Apart from water and special liquid cleansing agents (lotions), there are commercially available wet wipes for female intimate hygiene. Some women wipe the vulval vestibule dry with toilet tissue after urination to avoid irritation and infections from residual drops of the urine in the area.

However, incorrect choice of cleansing agents, or their incorrect application, may itself cause labial irritation and require medical attention. Over-vigorous rubbing of the labia of little girls while washing, combined with the lack of estrogen in their bodies, may lead to the mostly pediatric condition known as labial fusion . If fused labia prevent urination, urine may accumulate and cause pain and inflammation.

In adult females, irritation of the area may be caused by wearing too-tight underwear (especially where wider inner labia protrude in the pudendal cleft); while G-strings , which rub against the labia during body movements, may cause irritation or lead to infection from bacteria transferred from either the external environment or the anus.

Organs of the female reproductive system.

Colour of genital area compared with surrounding skin (n)

Colour of genital area compared with surrounding skin (n)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Act of lengthening the labia minora
— Patience Akumu, The Observer (Uganda), 2010 [14]

^ Jump up to: a b c d " Rwandan Women View The Elongation Of Their Labia As Positive ", retrieved on 18 June 2008

^ Jump up to: a b [1] , "Sexual health—a new focus for WHO", p. 6, retrieved on 19 June 2008

^ "Labia stretching: Why some British girls are told to do it" . BBC News . BBC. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 .

^ "Cultural Practices in Namibia Hinder HIV Prevention, Group Says" . Kaiser Health News . 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 .

^ Pérez, Guillermo Martínez; Tomás Aznar, Concepción; Bagnol, Brigitte (14 July 2014). "Labia Minora Elongation and its Implications on the Health of Women: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Sexual Health . 26 (3): 155–171. doi : 10.1080/19317611.2013.851139 . S2CID 72132133 .

^ [2] , "Intimate Operations: OB-GYN Organization Issues Warning", ABC News, 31 August 2007, retrieved on 22 June 2008

^ Jump up to: a b Kaoma Mwenda, Kenneth (December 2006). "Labia Elongation under African Customary Law: A Violation of Women's Rights?". The International Journal of Human Rights . 10 (4): 341–357. doi : 10.1080/13642980600976369 . S2CID 219643763 .

^ Pérez, Guillermo Martínez; Tomás Aznar, Concepción; Bagnol, Brigitte (14 July 2014). "Labia Minora Elongation and its Implications on the Health of Women: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Sexual Health . 26 (3): 155–171. doi : 10.1080/19317611.2013.851139 . S2CID 72132133 .

^ "Labia stretching: Why some British girls are told to do it" . BBC News . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 .

^ Akumu, Patience (16 June 2010). "Labia elongation: Invaluable culture or dangerous practice?" . The Observer – Uganda . Retrieved 24 April 2018 .

^ Cook, James (1846). The Voyages of Captain James Cook: With an Appendix, Giving an Account of the Present Condition of the South Sea Islands, &c . William Smith. p. 327 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b Paige, Jeffery M.; Paige, Karen Ericksen (1981). The politics of reproductive ritual . Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 81 . ISBN 9780520047822 .

^ Barrett, Barbara Ann; Groes-Green, Christian (2011). Studying Intimate Matters: Engaging Methodological Challenges in Studies on Gender, Sexuality and Reproductive Health in Sub-Saharan Africa . Christian Groes-Green. ISBN 9789970251308 .

^ Jump up to: a b Akumu, Patience. "Labia elongation: Invaluable culture or dangerous practice?" . The Observer – Uganda . Retrieved 24 April 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b Katongo, Chanda (30 July 2013). "Zambian Girls Stretch Labia to Avoid Infidelity" . Global Press Journal . Retrieved 24 April 2018 .

^ Robert Suggs, Marquesan Sexual Behavior [New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966], pp. 39–42, as quoted in Paige, above.

^ Paige, Jeffery M.; Paige, Karen Ericksen (1981). The politics of reproductive ritual . Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 81 . ISBN 9780520047822 . Young women among the Marquesans (Robert Suggs, Marquesan Sexual Behavior [New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966], pp. 39-42), Nyakyusa (Monica Wilson, Rituals of Kinship Among the Nyakyusa [London: Oxford University Press, 1957], p. 87), and Nama (Schapera, Khoisan Peoples , p. 243) are encouraged throughout childhood to practise elongating the outer [sic] labia. Young women among the Maori (Elsdon Best, The Maori [Wellington, New Zealand: Polynesian Society, 1941], II, 557), Mongo (Gustave-E. Hulstaert, "Le mariage des Nkundó," Institut Royal Colonial Beige, Mémoires 8 [1938]: 60), and Trobrianders (Bronislaw Malinowski, The Sexual Life of Savages [New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929] p. 305) design special tattoo markings along the labia.

^ "XX – Personal Adornment" . THE MAORI – VOLUME II . p. 557 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 .

^ Harries, Patrick; Maxwell, David (2012). The Spiritual in the Secular: Missionaries and Knowledge about Africa . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9781467435857 .

^ Hulstaert, Gustave E. (translated by Vizedom, Monika B.) (1938) Marriage among the Nkundu. Bruxelles: Librairie Falk fils, Georges Van Campenhout, Successeur. [3]
Quoted on the overview of the Mongo people by the Database for Indigenous Cultural Evolution at the University of Missouri .

^ Malinowski, Bronislaw (1929). The sexual life of savages in north-western Melanesia; an ethnographic account of courtship, marriage and family life among the natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea . New York, Eugenics Pub. Co. p. 305 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 .



Labia stretching , also referred to as labia elongation or labia pulling , is the act of lengthening the labia minora (the inner lips of the female genitals) through manual manipulation (pulling) or physical equipment (such as weights). [1] It is a familial cultural practice in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa , [2] and a body modification practice elsewhere. It is performed for sexual enhancement for the benefit of both partners, aesthetics, symmetry and gratification. [1]

The labia and the whole vulva differ in size, shape, and colour from one woman to another. In that labia stretching is attempting to change this body part to fit an ideal, and that it is often done by older women to girls, it has been compared to female genital mutilation (FGM) and child abuse . [3]

Elongated labia are perceived to facilitate orgasm and female ejaculation , and are considered to enhance sexual pleasure for both partners. [1] Women who have unequally long labia may increase the size of the shorter to achieve symmetry. They also swell inwards, partially blocking the entrance to the vagina .

The practice of labia stretching itself does not cause sexually transmitted infections (including HIV ). Such infections generally occur later in life through sexual activity. Some writers have asserted that there is a causal link between labia stretching and rates of infection. [4]

... that pain at the beginning of the practice, nuisances related to the use of caustic herbs, and stigmatization in failing to comply with the practice are the principal health risks associated with LME [labia minora elongation]. At the same time, there is evidence that labial elongation may benefit the sexual health and well-being of women.
The opposite of labia stretching is labia reduction or labiaplasty , which is performed as a surgical procedure for women whose genitals cause them discomfort or pain, [6] or for aesthetic reasons.

Although the World Health Organization previously included labial stretching within the context of "mutilation" (see Genital modification and mutilation ), the negative context of that was not supported by the research of Marian Koster MSc and Dr. Lisa Price of Wageningen University , Netherlands. This led the WHO to schedule amending their treatment of it, perhaps as "modification" instead, in February 2008. [2] [7]

The practice of labial stretching does not violate women's rights, in that it does not involve physical violence, unless the woman is misled as to the benefits of the practice. However, it may be contrary to African customary law and rights of women if it is in conflict with public policy. [7]

Girls usually start to stretch their labia from ages 8 to 14, before menarche . [8] Children in the African diaspora practise this too, so it occurs within immigrant communities in, for example, Britain, where a BBC report labelled it a hidden form of child abuse . [9] The girls are subject to familial and social pressure to conform. [10]

The early recordings of the results of the practice are perhaps among the Khoisan peoples of southern Africa, where the inner labia were seen to be several centimeters longer than the outer labia. [ citation needed ] When Captain James Cook reached Cape Town in 1771, towards the end of his first voyage , he acknowledged being "very desirous to determine the great question among natural historians, whether the women of this country have or have not that fleshy flap or apron which has been called the Sinus pudoris "; eventually a physician described treating patients with labia ranging from half an inch to three or four inches. [11]

In Eastern Africa Monica Wilson recorded the custom through her fieldwork with the Nyakyusa people in the 1930s, and in Southern Africa Isaac Schapera worked with the Nama people , the largest group amongst the Khoikhoi , early in the 20th century, [12] publishing The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa in 1930, in which he documents labia stretching.

In Rwandan culture , female family members teach girls at puberty how to pull their labia to lengthen them ( gukuna , "pull", imishino "labia" in Kinyarwanda language ), using local medicinal flora to ease the process. Women continue the practice into adulthood and through marriage. [1] The most important aspect of gukuna imishino , which may begin about the age of 10, is to assist the couple to perform the sexual practice of kunyaza , in which the sexual satisfaction of the woman comes before that of the man. [13]

Labia elongation is something that every girl who has grown up on Ugandan terrain has at least heard about. Others have experienced it, complete with its joys and pains, while for many it is a mystery they can only imagine. Some men have heard of it too, and others have gone beyond the doors of these protected waters. Some people cherish it with their entire being, while others could not care at all about a matter so trivial. Another section of the community downrightly abhors elongated labia.
Some human rights activists in the country, including feminist scholar Sylvia Tamale , support labia stretching. [14]

According to a report in the Global Press Journal , labia stretching is common in Zambia, but such a social taboo that it is rarely discussed. It is defended by traditional marriage counsellors and challenged by feminist activists. [15]

Wala Nalungwe, a feminist and activist, says that powerful, cultural figures – such as marriage counselors and family matriarchs – unfairly pressure young women to stretch their labia.[...]even older women do not understand why they pull their labia, she says. They manufacture false reasons to support the practice, scaring girls into pulling.[...] The practice of labia
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