Limiting The Spread Of Fire Consists Of

Limiting The Spread Of Fire Consists Of

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Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, USGS, NGA, EPA, NPS |
Incident Type : Wildfire Updated : 3 hrs. ago Size : 13,673 Acres Contained : 45%

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A Red Flag Warning has been issued for the Four Corners Fire area on Wednesday from noon to nine p.m. for gusty winds and low humidity; creating an increase in fire danger. A dry, cold front will...

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Payette National Forest U.S. Forest Service 500 N Mission St McCall, ID 83638
Fire Information Email: 2022.FourCorners@firenet.gov Phone: 208-207-7417
The Four Corners Fire was reported the evening of August 13, 2022, after a lightning storm passed over the area. It is located west of Lake Cascade, in the West Mountain range on the Payette and Boise National Forests. It is burning within Adams, Gem and Valley Counties. Firefighters were quickly dispatched to the fire when it was detected, but the steep terrain and limited access made fire suppression challenging. The fire grew quickly in the Sub-alpine fir stands that spread spot fires ahead of the main fire. By the morning of August 14, the fire was several hundred acres as it actively burned throughout the night. Since the initial report of this fire on August 13, it has been the number one priority for fire suppression efforts in the Intermountain Region. The quick growth of the fire prompting the Payette and Boise National Forests to request additional support through an Incident Management Team. Great Basin Team 4 arrived and take suppression actions throughout their 14 days assignment on the Fire. Great Basin Team 2 took over command of the fire on September 1, 2022.
On August 18 and August 27, the Valley County Sheriff initiated evacuations west of Lake Cascade. Information and updates about these evacuations is posted on the Valley County Sheriff Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064415776390 .
Boaters on Lake Cascade please be aware that water scooping aircraft and helicopters are scooping water from the reservoir to support the Four Corners Fire and other area fires. The aircraft may be using any portion of the reservoir depending upon conditions and their mission. Please stay clear of the path of the aircraft. For the safety of firefighters and the public, the Payette and Boise National Forests have enacted an area and road closure to limit access into the fire area. Find the full description and map under Closures, https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/closures/8331/ . For smoke and air quality updates, visit https://outlooks.airfire.org/outlook/ or https://fire.airnow.gov/ . Find the Cascade specific smoke outlook at https://outlooks.airfire.org/outlook/cc0ac676 .
Fuels in the upper elevation primarily consist of subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, grass and sage meadows with moderate to heavy dead and down. Upper elevation light flashy fuels have cured and will now support fire spread. Recent bug kill has contributed to numerous
Middle elevation fuels consist of mixed conifer stands of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and western larch. Moderate loading
The lowest elevation of the east aspect between fire edge and Lake Cascade is wetter with 80% canopy cover. Alder and mountain maple are abundant and act as a heat sink. Both 100 hour and 1000 hour fuels are near seasonal average,
which are the lowest typically observed during the year. ERC and BI are above the 90th percentile.
Fire behavior has been moderate and there has not been significant fire movement. Hot, dry, and moderately unstable
atmospheric conditions persist. Fire danger indices remain near the 97th percentile. The majority of the smoke and heat production today is from prior firing operations in DIV A and DIV W/Y, and is diminishing. Occasional single tree torching continues across Branch I but has diminished in Branch V. Previously unburned interior surface fuels continue to creep
Continue to secure perimeter on all flanks of the fire. Heavy equipment will be utilized for primary and contigency line
construction to secure the east flank and southeast corner of the fire and keep the fire to the south and west of French and Cambell Creek. Night shift is in place to monitor and hold control lines along the east flank of the fire.
Lower temperatures and wind speeds will moderate fire behavior in the early morning hours. Overnight humidity recovery will be poor. Fire behavior is expected to diminish near 01:00 below the thermal belt
(6,200-6,500). Above the thermal belt single tree torching and low rates of spread will continue through the night.
A RED FLAG WARNING has been issued for the fire area for high winds and low RH. Wind speeds will increase with ridge winds 12-16 from the west with gusts to 30 mph. Hot, dry unstable atmospheric conditions persist.
Fire danger indices are forecast to be near the 97th percentile. Interior creeping, smoldering, and torching will be the primary fire behavior characteristics. Containment lines in areas with subalpine fir adjacent to
containment lines (Willow Creek and Delta Sling) will be tested by the wind increase and shift in direction. Interior creeping, smoldering, and torching will be the primary fire behavior characteristics. Structures along
A dry cold frontal passage is forecast for late afternoon to early evening. The frontal passage will come with
increased wind speeds, cooler temperatures, slightly higher humidities, and a change in wind direction from west to northwest. Potential for unstable atmospheric conditions decreases. Interior creeping, smoldering, and torching will be the primary fire behavior characteristics. Containment lines in areas with subalpine fir adjacent to containment lines (Willow Creek and Delta Sling) will be tested by the increased winds and shift in direction. Fire danger indices will begin to moderate slightly from seasonal highs with cooler temperatures and shorter days.
Lower temperatures persist, wind speeds moderate, and southwest flow resumes. RH recoveries stay fair and fire danger indices begin to moderate from 97th percentile conditions. Potential for unstable atmospheric
conditions continues to be low. If there has not been any significant growth on the fire expect heat and smoke production to trend downward.
Lower temperatures persist, wind speeds moderate, and southwest flow resumes. RH recoveries
stay fair and fire danger indices begin to moderate from 97th percentile conditions. Potential for unstable atmospheric conditions persists. If there has not been any significant growth on the fire expect heat and smoke production to trend downward.
We saw another day of hot and dry conditions. Temperatures were in the 80s and lower 90s, with afternoon humidity in the low to mid teens. Gusty winds were around 20 mph at ridgetop, and 10-15 mph at lower elevations.
Inversions continued to keep smoke in place through early
A RED FLAG WARNING has been issued for Wednesday for gusty winds and low humidity. A cold front will move through the region with gusty winds to 30
mph expected closer to ridgetop, lower as you head down in elevation. In addition, there is a potential for higher gusty outflow winds over 35 mph
starting mid afternoon and lasting into the evening. A pattern change for the
end of the weekend with lower temperatures but mainly dry conditions will persist.
Saturday August 13th, 2022 approx. 10:00 AM
Payette and Boise National forests. Six miles west of the City of Cascade, ID.
Wildfire burning in grass and timber.
44.537 latitude, -116.169 longitude
Saturday September 24th, 2022 approx. 12:00 AM

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Technique of fire is the method of delivering and controlling effective fire. The machine gunners must be trained in the standard methods of applying fire. This chapter discusses combat techniques of fire, application of fire on the battlefield, and advanced gunnery. Before the machine gun can be employed to its full potential, the soldier must know and be trained on characteristics of fire, classes of fire, types of targets, and application of fire.
Each gunner must know the effects of rounds when fired. Factors influencing the path and strike of rounds are not limited to applying the fundamentals. They include the velocity of the round, gravity, terrain, atmospheric conditions, and the innate differences between each round.
The trajectory is the path of the round in flight ( Figure 5-1 ). The gunner must know the machine gun trajectory to effectively fire the weapon throughout its full range. The path of the round is almost flat at ranges up to 300 meters; then it begins to curve, and the curve becomes greater as the range increases.
Maximum ordinate is the highest point the trajectory reaches between the muzzle of the weapon and the base of the target. It always occurs about two-thirds of the distance from the weapon to the target. The maximum ordinate increases as the range increases ( Figure 5-1 ).
Figure 5-1. Trajectory and maximum ordinate.
When several rounds are fired in a burst from any machine gun, each round takes a slightly different trajectory. The pattern these rounds form on the way to the target is called a cone of fire ( Figure 5-2 ). This pattern is caused primarily by vibration of the machine gun and variations in ammunition and atmospheric conditions.
The beaten zone ( Figure 5-2 ) is the elliptical pattern formed by the rounds striking the ground or the target. The size and shape of the beaten zone changes when the range to the target changes or when the machine gun is fired on different types of terrain. On uniformly sloping or level terrain, the beaten zone is long and narrow. As the range to the target increases, the beaten zone becomes shorter and wider. When fire is delivered on terrain sloping down and away from the machine gun, the beaten zone becomes longer. When fire is delivered on rising terrain, the beaten zone becomes shorter. The terrain has little effect on the width of the beaten zone.
Figure 5-2. Cone of fire and beaten zone.
The danger space is the space between the machine gun and the target where the trajectory does not rise above 1.8 meters (the average height of a standing soldier). This space includes the area of the beaten zone. When the machine gun is fired on level or uniformly sloping terrain at a target less than 700 meters away, the trajectory does not rise above the average height of a standing soldier. When targets are engaged on level or uniformly sloping terrain at ranges greater than 700 meters, the trajectory rises above the average height of a standing soldier, therefore, not all the distance between the machine gun and the target is danger space.
Machine gun fire is classified with respect to the ground, the target, and the weapon.
Fire with respect to the GROUND ( Figure 5-3 ) includes grazing and plunging fires.
a. Grazing Fire . Grazing fire occurs when the center of the cone of fire does not rise more than 1 meter above the ground. When firing on level or uniformly sloping terrain, the gunner can obtain a maximum of 600 meters of grazing fire.
b. Plunging Fire . Plunging fire occurs when the danger space is confined to the beaten zone. Plunging fire also occurs when firing at long ranges, from high ground to low ground, into abruptly rising ground, or across uneven terrain, resulting in a loss of grazing fire at any point along the trajectory.
Figure 5-3. Classes of fire with respect to the ground.
Fire with respect to the TARGET includes frontal, flanking, oblique, and enfilade fires.
a. Frontal Fire .Frontal fire is when the long axis of the beaten zone is at a right angle to the front of the target. An example is when firing at the front of a target ( Figure 5-4 ).
b. Flanking Fire . Flanking fire is firing at the side of a target ( Figure 5-4 ).
Figure 5-4. Frontal fire and flanking fire.
c. Oblique Fire . Oblique fire is when the long axis of the beaten zone is at an angle other than a right angle to the front of the target ( Figure 5-5 ).
d. Enfilade Fire . Enfilade fire is when the long axis of the beaten zone coincides or nearly coincides with the long axis of the target. This type of fire is either frontal or flanking. It is the most desirable type of fire with respect to a target, because it makes maximum use of the beaten zone ( Figure 5-5 ).
Figure 5-5. Oblique fire and enfilade fire.
Fire with respect to the machine gun ( Figure 5-6 ) includes fixed, traversing, searching, and traversing and searching, and free-gun fires.
a. Fixed Fire . Fixed fire is fire delivered against a point target when the depth and width of the beaten zone covers the target. Fixed fire also means only one aiming point is necessary to provide coverage of the target.
b. Traversing Fire . Traversing fire is fire distributed in width by successive changes in direction. The gunner selects successive aiming points throughout the width of the target. These aiming points must be close enough to ensure adequate coverage but not so close as to waste ammunition.
c. Searching Fire . Searching fire is fire distributed in depth by successive changes in elevation. The gunner selects successive aiming points in depth. The changes made in each aiming point will depend on the
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