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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe, although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for cocaine in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and purity, harms and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. New psychoactive substances. Other drugs. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe, although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries see the Prevalence of cocaine use in Europe dashboard, below. Cocaine is usually available in two forms in Europe. The most common is cocaine powder the salt form and less commonly available is crack cocaine , a freebase form of the drug that can be smoked. Cocaine is produced from the coca plant, grown in South America. Cocaine trafficking by this route is also associated with rising in levels of drug-related crime, including the corruption of staff along supply chains, intimidation and violence. More generally, there are concerns that in some EU countries competition within the cocaine market, both at the wholesale and retail level, is now an important driver of drug-related crime including gang-related violence and homicides. A record tonnes of cocaine was seized by EU Member States in Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain continue to be the countries reporting the highest volumes of seizures, reflecting the importance of these countries as entry points for cocaine trafficking to Europe. As interdiction measures have been scaled up at major known entry points for this drug, it appears that cocaine trafficking groups are also now increasingly targeting smaller ports in other EU countries and countries bordering the European Union, which may be more vulnerable to drug trafficking activities. This may help explain the fact that despite the large seizures, cocaine purity at the retail level remains high by historical standards and its price is stable. Additionally, there is now a well-established secondary cocaine production industry in Europe, with 34 cocaine laboratories dismantled in , an increase on the previous year. These include large-scale secondary extraction and cocaine hydrochloride manufacturing sites and an additional 14 cutting and packaging locations. The existence of these laboratories is indicative of innovation in trafficking practices where cocaine may be incorporated with other materials creating significant challenges for its detection in commercial shipments. The historically high seizures of cocaine are an indicator of its widespread availability and raise concerns that this could potentially contribute to increasing levels of consumption and associated harms. Cocaine is the second most frequently reported drug, both by first-time treatment entrants and in the available data on acute drug toxicity presentations to sentinel hospital emergency departments. European drug checking services, although not nationally representative, reported that cocaine was the most common substance they screened in The available data also suggest that the drug was involved in about a fifth of overdose deaths in While not representative of the general population, the detection of cocaine residues in wastewater analysis increased in 37 out of 65 cities with data for both and Increased availability also appears to be associated with some signs of a possible diffusion of cocaine use into more marginalised groups, with cocaine injection and the use of crack cocaine reported in some countries. An estimated 7 clients received treatment for crack cocaine use in , and this figure appears to be increasing. Stimulants, such as cocaine, are associated with a higher frequency of injection and have been involved in localised HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs in some parts of Europe over the last decade. Treating people with different patterns of cocaine use is challenging, whether they are clients that are more socially integrated and involved in casual or episodic use of powder cocaine or more marginalised groups injecting the drug or smoking crack cocaine. Although our understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for stimulant problems is growing, it remains relatively limited. The current evidence available is indicative of the use of psychosocial interventions, including cognitive behavioural therapy and contingency management. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to strongly support any pharmacological treatment, although some potentially useful new pharmacotherapies are in development. Treating cocaine problems among more marginalised groups is often particularly challenging, as clients may also be experiencing problems with a range of other drugs, including opioids or alcohol. For injecting cocaine and smoking crack, existing harm reduction responses, to a large extent those originally developed for opioid problems, still require both further development and scaling-up. This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cocaine use by recall period and age range. You can access data by country by clicking on the map or selecting a country from the dropdown menu. Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. For the latest data and detailed methodological information please see the Statistical Bulletin Prevalence of drug use. Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between and Mean daily amounts of benzoylecgonine in milligrams per population. Sampling was carried out over a week in March and April Data are for all treatment entrants with cocaine as the primary drug — or the most recent year available. Trends in first-time entrants are based on 25 countries. Only countries with data for at least 5 of the 6 years are included in the trends analysis. Missing values are interpolated from adjacent years. Because of disruptions to services due to COVID, data for and should be interpreted with caution. Missing data were imputed with values from the previous year for Spain and France and Germany Price and purity: mean national values — minimum, maximum and interquartile range. Countries vary by indicator. Show source tables. Back to list of tables. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. A more recent version of this page exists: Cocaine — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Prevalence and patterns of cocaine use In the European Union, surveys indicate that almost 2. Of the 11 European countries that have conducted surveys since and provided confidence intervals, 5 reported higher estimates than their previous comparable survey, 5 reported a stable trend and 1 a lower estimate. Prevalence of cocaine use in Europe This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cocaine use by recall period and age range. The latest European data reveal a time lag of 10 years between first cocaine use, on average at the age of 23, and first treatment for cocaine-related problems, on average at the age of Users entering treatment for cocaine in Europe. Where recorded, most presentations were associated with co-ingestion of alcohol. Among those using the drug, the combined use of cocaine and alcohol is common. The presence of the two substances in the body leads to the formation of cocaethylene in the liver. This increases the potential for adverse health effects, including agitation, psychosis, tachycardia rapid heartbeat , hypertension high blood pressure , arrhythmia abnormal heart rhythm , chest pain due to acute coronary syndrome and stroke. Chronic cocaine use has been associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy deterioration in heart muscle function and stroke. Beyond the risks associated with acute toxicity, cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant that can lead to tolerance and dependence. Use of the drug is also associated with an increased risk of death. A recent review of mortality among people with regular or problematic cocaine use found that the risk of death by suicide, accidental injury, homicide and AIDS-related mortality were all elevated compared with age and sex peers in the general population. Among 20 European countries providing data for both years, cocaine, mostly in the presence of opioids, was involved in The currently available number of deaths with cocaine involved in is an underestimate. In Germany, provisional analysis of the data for suggests that at least one in five drug-induced deaths may involve cocaine, which would add around fatalities to the provisional number for There are major limitations in the German data, and this number should be interpreted with caution. Recent data are also missing for some countries, including Spain where cases were reported in and France cases reported in This limits the insights on recent developments at a European level. Data from drug consumption rooms in in Lisbon and Porto, Portugal, indicated that crack cocaine, either alone or with heroin, accounted for a significant proportion of the drug consumption episodes facilitated. In both services, half of all crack cocaine consumptions involved smoking and the other half involved injecting crack, alone or with heroin. In Paris, only a small proportion of the facilitated episodes in drug consumption rooms, which only allow injecting and not smoking, involved crack cocaine alone or with another drug, mostly morphine or methadone. No crack cocaine use was reported by drug consumption rooms in Barcelona, Athens or Bergen in A analysis of municipal wastewater in 13 European cities, by the EU-funded EUSEME project , found crack residues in all cities on all sampling days, with the highest loads reported in Amsterdam and Antwerp. Cocaine market data In , EU Member States reported 68 seizures of cocaine amounting to a historically high tonnes up from tonnes in Spain reported dismantling 16 cocaine laboratories, Belgium reported 11 sites related to cocaine processing and the Netherlands dismantled 7 cocaine secondary extraction laboratories some of which were large-scale sites. An additional 14 cutting or packaging sites were discovered in the Netherlands. Large seizures of the precursor chemical potassium permanganate were reported by the Netherlands kilograms and Belgium kilograms. After cannabis, cocaine was the second most frequently cited drug in offences related to use or possession. Cocaine market in Europe. List of tables Table 1. Cocaine metabolites benzoylecgonine in wastewater in selected European cities: most recent data Table 4. Percentages except where otherwise stated. Table 5. Trends in first-time cannabis treatment entrants Table 6. Markets seizures source data Table 7. Trends in the number of cocaine seizures x Table 8. Trends in the quantities of cocaine seizures and quantity of illicit drugs seized tonnes Table 9. Price, potency data Table Table 2. Prevalence of drug use in Europe, trends Country Country code Geographical scope Substance Recall period Age Austria AT National Table 3. Masaryk Water Resesrch institute, p. Table 4. Trends in first-time cannabis treatment entrants Country Germany Spain Italy France Other countries Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page. Forensic Toxicology Labs.

Advances in the treatment of substance use disorder in Cyprus

Limassol buying Heroin

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work. Addiction psychiatry is a relatively new field in Cyprus. This paper presents the advances in the treatment of substance use disorders in the country in the past three decades. These advances have included increased availability of services, increased accessibility, the development of a modern biopsychosocial harm-reduction approach and evidence-based pharmacological treatments. Cyprus is a member state of the European Union EU with a population of inhabitants, comparably high living standards and a low unemployment rate. Despite its relative wealth, mental healthcare expenditure is considered low compared with the average in the EU. People with substance use disorders in Cyprus usually seek treatment in the public sector but can also be treated privately. The country has 11 psychiatrists per people, compared with an average of 16 per in the EU European Commission, There are currently only two psychiatrists working full time in the department of addiction psychiatry in the public sector. It is estimated there are up to high-risk opioid users in Cyprus. In , of them were undergoing opioid substitution treatment OST. Causes of death include both illegal opioids and legal opioids diverted from medical to recreational use, as well as legally prescribed opioids for medical use. Until , there was no OST available in Cyprus. The only available treatment was within abstinence-based therapeutic communities. The unit started with 13 patients in , increased to 32 in and to 84 patients in A low-threshold approach was implemented in this harm-reduction intervention in recent years, especially after , because an increasing body of evidence suggested there were generally better treatment outcomes for low treatment-threshold compared with high treatment-threshold designs Kourounis et al , The OST program aimed to improve accessibility to treatment and to offer personalised treatment options regarding medication choice and dose titration, as well as flexibility of treatment duration. There is an emphasis on maintenance, harm reduction and retention of low adherence patients. In recent years the number of OST units in the public sector has increased from one to five one in each of the main cities of Cyprus. In addition, an OST service is now available in the prison setting. Methadone is only used for short-term in-patient use until the patient is cross-titrated to a buprenorphine—naloxone combination, which increases safety. In the private sector, oxycodone and dihydrocodeine have also been used for OST. In Cyprus, cannabis for personal recreational use is illegal. Medical cannabis is strictly controlled by the Ministry of Health and only a few people are approved each year to receive it, mainly in the form of cannabis oil. Currently, there is a draft law under discussion for the regulation of medical cannabis; it includes a provision for medical use in specific circumstances House of Representatives, Nevertheless, within that sub-population there has recently been a decrease in the use of herbal cannabis and an increase in synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabis-induced psychoses are treated in out-patient psychiatric clinics in the public and private sectors. When accompanied by severe behavioural disturbance, patients are treated in a psychiatric hospital, usually under court-ordered, temporary, obligatory admission to hospital. Cannabis users who commence treatment on an out-patient voluntary basis are usually offered only counselling, with the addition of psychiatric care if they present with psychotic symptoms or with other psychiatric comorbidity. In , cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA and amphetamines were used only by 0. There are no available data regarding stimulants classified as new psychoactive substances. It is notable that stimulants comprised three of the five most commonly seized classes of illicit drugs in Cyprus over the past year European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, The prevalence of both cocaine and amphetamine misuse in Cyprus peaked in There has been a consistent decrease each year since then. MDMA is currently rarely taken and its use has steadily decreased, at least since Despite this, a recent multi-city wastewater study found Limassol to be among the top ten European cities for crystal methamphetamine use, which is a relatively new drug in Cyprus European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, There is no dedicated program for the treatment of stimulant use disorder, but detoxification, rehabilitation and relapse prevention are offered in the general addiction psychiatry setting. Most of these patients also present with mental health comorbidities that are treated in an integrative care setting. The young stimulant misusers are referred to a special counselling centre for adolescents in the public sector. There is an increasing prevalence of alcohol use among adolescents in Cyprus. It has been developed into a university clinic that offers full in-patient and out-patient detoxification, rehabilitation and relapse prevention services under the care of an experienced multidisciplinary team including addiction psychiatrists, clinical and counselling psychologists, specialist nurses, an occupational therapist and a social worker. Medical students of the three medical schools of Cyprus as well as residents in psychiatry are trained in this clinic during their rotation in the field of addiction psychiatry. The therapeutic program includes devising an individualised treatment plan. A biopsychosocial approach is used, which is divided into a short-term in-patient phase and a longer-term out-patient phase of treatment and relapse prevention. The treatment consists of a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, according to established guidelines NICE, Medications used in the treatment of alcohol and substance use disorders include naltrexone, nalmefene, disulfiram and baclofen. Most patients have comorbidities — especially other substance use disorders, mood disorders or personality disorders — which are usually treated by the same multidisciplinary team in an integrative care setting Prodromou et al , To help those tobacco-dependent people who want to stop smoking, public mental health services currently offer a structured smoking cessation program consisting of nicotine replacement treatment with patches along with a 3-month counselling intervention Ministry of Health, Substance use disorders are considered to be chronic remitting and relapsing mental health disorders, as classified in DSM-5 and the forthcoming ICD Treatment of legal or illegal substance use disorders is offered on a voluntary basis, in the public sector or privately. Despite this, drug possession for personal use is regarded by the law as a serious criminal offence. It is punishable by up to 12 years in prison for class-A drugs opioids and cocaine. Recently, new legislation allows young drug users who are arrested for the first time to opt for treatment instead of prosecution and imprisonment. As substance use disorders are usually chronic conditions, patients need long-term care using an evidence-based multidisciplinary biopsychosocial approach. The health services in Cyprus are changing to implement recent laws regarding the economic and administrative autonomy of public hospitals and an emerging general health system. Modern health policies, integrated with medical research achievements and clinical guidelines, will play an important role in advancing further the treatment of substance use disorder. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. BJPsych Int. Find articles by Lampros Samartzis. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Limassol buying Heroin