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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 August 2022 .
This article is about the Jewish religious figure Lilith. For other uses, see Lilith (disambiguation) .
— Isaiah (Isaias Propheta) 34.14, Vulgate
— Excerpt from translation in Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur James Alan Montgomery 2011 p. 156. [60]
— 1992 Greenberg translation, lines 4206–4211
— 1992 Greenberg translation, lines 4216 – 4223
— Rossetti, W. M. ii.850, D. G. Rossetti's emphasis [93]
^ Compare Genesis 1:27 [10] (this contrasts with Eve , who was created from one of Adam's ribs). [11]
^ Kramer translates the zu as " owl ", but most often it is translated as " eagle ", " vulture ", or " bird of prey ".
^ See The animals mentioned in the Bible Henry Chichester Hart 1888, and more modern sources; also entries Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon for tsiyyim, 'iyyim, sayir, liylith, qippowz and dayah .
^ מנוח , manoaḥ , used for birds as Noah's dove, Gen.8:9 and also humans as Israel, Deut.28:65; Naomi, Ruth 3:1.
^ 34:14 καὶ συναντήσουσιν δαιμόνια ὀνοκενταύροις καὶ βοήσουσιν ἕτερος πρὸς τὸν ἕτερον ἐκεῖ ἀναπαύσονται ὀνοκένταυροι εὗρον γὰρ αὑτοῖς ἀνάπαυσιν
Translation: And daemons shall meet with onocentaurs , and they shall cry one to the other: there shall the onocentaurs rest, having found for themselves [a place of] rest.
^ McDonald 2009 , pp. 175–176.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blood, Gender and Power in Christianity and Judaism" . www2.kenyon.edu . Retrieved 2022-01-08 .
^ Jump up to: a b Isaiah 34:14
^ Christa Müller-Kessler, "Lilit(s) in der aramäisch-magischen Literatur der Spätantike," in Altorientalische Forschungen 28, 2001, pp. 338–352.
^ Gustav Davidson, A Dictionary of Angels including the Fallen Angels , New York, The Free Press, 1971, p. 174.
^ Blair, Judit M. (2009). De-demonising the Old Testament : an investigation of Azazel, Lilith, Deber, Qeteb and Reshef in the Hebrew Bible . Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-150131-9 . OCLC 717386602 .
^ McDonald 2009 , pp. 175–178.
^ Walter Farber, in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie ( RLA ), 7, Berlin, de Gruyter, 1990, pp. 23–24, ISBN 3-11-010437-7 .
^ Manfred Hutter, Lilith , in K. van der Toorn et al. (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible , Leiden, Brill 1999, pp. 520–521. ISBN 90-04-11119-0 .
^ Genesis 1:27
^ Genesis 2:22
^ Schwartz, Howard (2006). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism . Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-19-532713-7 .
^ Jump up to: a b Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H. (1999). Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender . Indiana University Press. pp. 220–221. ISBN 978-0-253-21271-9 .
^ Freedman, David Noel (ed.) (1997, 1992). Anchor Bible Dictionary . New York: Doubleday. "Very little information has been found relating to the Akkadian and Babylonian view of these figures. Two sources of information previously used to define Lilith are both suspect."
^ Isaiah 34:14
^ Erich Ebeling, Bruno Meissner, Dietz Otto Edzard Reallexikon der Assyriologie Volume 9 p 47, 50. [ verification needed ]
^ Michael C. Astour Hellenosemitica: an ethnic and cultural study in west Semitic impact on Mycenaean. Greece 1965 Brill p 138.
^ Sayce (1887) [ page needed ]
^ Fossey (1902) [ page needed ]
^ Kramer, S. N. Gilgamesh and the Huluppu-Tree: A Reconstructed Sumerian Text . Assyriological Studies 10. Chicago. 1938.
^ George, A. The epic of Gilgamesh: the Babylonian epic poem and other texts in Akkadian 2003 p 100 Tablet XII. Appendix The last Tablet in the 'Series of Gilgamesh' .
^ Chicago Assyrian Dictionary . Chicago: University of Chicago . 1956.
^ Hurwitz (1980) p. 49
^ Manfred Hutter article in Karel van der Toorn , Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst – 1999 pp. 520–521, article cites Hutter's own 1988 work Behexung, Entsühnung und Heilung Eisenbrauns 1988. pp. 224–228.
^ Müller-Kessler, C. (2002) "A Charm against Demons of Time", in C. Wunsch (ed.), Mining the Archives. Festschrift Christopher Walker on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (Dresden), p. 185.
^ Roberta Sterman Sabbath Sacred tropes: Tanakh, New Testament, and Qur'an as literature and culture 2009.
^ Sex and gender in the ancient Near East: proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale , Helsinki, July 2–6, 2001, Part 2 p. 481.
^ Ribichini, S. Lilith nell-albero Huluppu Pp. 25 in Atti del 1° Convegno Italiano sul Vicino Oriente Antico , Rome, 1976.
^ Frankfort, H. The Burney Relief AfO 12: 128, 1937.
^ Kraeling, E. G. A Unique Babylonian Relief BASOR 67: 168. 1937.
^ Kraeling, Emil (1937). "A Unique Babylonian Relief". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research . 67 (67): 16–18. doi : 10.2307/3218905 . JSTOR 3218905 . S2CID 164141131 .
^ Albenda, Pauline (2005). "The "Queen of the Night" Plaque: A Revisit". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 125 (2): 171–190. JSTOR 20064325 .
^ Gaster, T. H. 1942. A Canaanite Magical Text . Or 11:
^ Torczyner, H. 1947. "A Hebrew Incantation against Night-Demons from Biblical Times". JNES 6: 18–29.
^ de Waard, Jan (1997). A handbook on Isaiah . Winona Lake, IN. ISBN 1-57506-023-X .
^ Delitzsch Isaiah .
^ "Isaiah 34:14 (JPS 1917)" . Mechon Mamre . Retrieved 28 May 2020 .
^ Blair J. "De-demonising the Old Testament" p. 27.
^ Christopher R. A. Morray-Jones A transparent illusion: the dangerous vision of water in Hekhalot Vol. 59 p. 258, 2002 "Early evidence of the belief in a plurality of liliths is provided by the Isaiah scroll from Qumran, which gives the name as liliyyot, and by the targum to Isaiah, which, in both cases, reads" (Targum reads: "when Lilith the Queen of [Sheba] and of Margod fell upon them.")
^ Jahrbuch für Protestantische Theologie 1 , 1875. p. 128.
^ Levy, [Moritz] A.[braham] (1817–1872)]. Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft . Vol. ZDMG 9. 1885. pp. 470, 484. {{ cite encyclopedia }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
^ Judit M. Blair (2009). De-Demonising the Old Testament – An Investigation of Azazel, Lilit (Lilith), Deber (Dever), Qeteb (Qetev) and Reshep (Resheph) in the Hebrew Bible. Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2 Reihe . Tübingen. ISBN 978-3-16-150131-9 .
^ "The Old Testament (Vulgate)/Isaias propheta" . Wikisource (Latin) . Retrieved 2007-09-24 .
^ "Parallel Latin Vulgate Bible and Douay-Rheims Bible and King James Bible; The Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ" . Latin Vulgate . Retrieved 28 May 2020 .
^ Michael T. Davis, Brent A. Strawn Qumran studies: new approaches, new questions 2007 p. 47: "two manuscripts that date to the Herodian period, with 4Q510 slightly earlier".
^ Bruce Chilton, Darrell Bock, Daniel M. Gurtner A Comparative Handbook to the Gospel of Mark p. 84.
^ "Lilith" . Biblical Archaeology Society . 2019-10-31 . Retrieved 2020-05-30 .
^ Revue de Qumrân 1991 p 133.
^ Baumgarten, J. M. "On the Nature of the Seductress in 4Q184", Revue de Qumran 15 (1991–2), 133–143; "The seductress of Qumran", Bible Review 17 no 5 (2001), 21–23; 42.
^ Collins, Jewish wisdom in the Hellenistic age .
^ Tractate Niddah in the Mishnah is the only tractate from the Order of Tohorot which has Talmud on it. The Jerusalem Talmud is incomplete here, but the Babylonian Talmud on Tractate Niddah (2a–76b) is complete.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kosior, Wojciech (2018). "A Tale of Two Sisters: The Image of Eve in Early Rabbinic Literature and Its Influence on the Portrayal of Lilith in the Alphabet of Ben Sira" . Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues (32): 112–130. doi : 10.2979/nashim.32.1.10 . S2CID 166142604 .
^ Aish. "Lillith" . Retrieved 29 May 2020 .
^ Numbers Rabbah, in: Judaic Classics Library, Davka Corporation, 1999. (CD-ROM).
^ Jump up to: a b c Shaked, Shaul (2013). Aramaic bowl spells : Jewish Babylonian Aramaic bowls. Volume one . Ford, James Nathan; Bhayro, Siam; Morgenstern, Matthew; Vilozny, Naama. Leiden. ISBN 9789004229372 . OCLC 854568886 .
^ Jump up to: a b Lesses, Rebecca (2001). "Exe(o)rcising Power: Women as Sorceresses, Exorcists, and Demonesses in Babylonian Jewish Society of Late Antiquity". Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 69 (2): 343–375. doi : 10.1093/jaarel/69.2.343 . ISSN 0002-7189 . JSTOR 1465786 . PMID 20681106 .
^ Descenders to the chariot: the people behind the Hekhalot literature , p. 277 James R. Davila – 2001: "that they be used by anyone and everyone. The whole community could become the equals of the sages. Perhaps this is why nearly every house excavated in the Jewish settlement in Nippur had one or more incantation bowl buried in it."
^ Yamauchi, Edwin M. (October–December 1965). "Aramaic Magic Bowls". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 85 (4): 511–523. doi : 10.2307/596720 . JSTOR 596720 .
^ Isbell, Charles D. (March 1978). "The Story of the Aramaic Magical Incantation Bowls". The Biblical Archaeologist . 41 (1): 5–16. doi : 10.2307/3209471 . ISSN 0006-0895 . JSTOR 3209471 . S2CID 194977929 .
^ Full text in p. 156 Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur James Alan Montgomery – 2011.
^ The attribution to the sage Ben Sira is considered false, with the true author unknown.
^ "BEN SIRA, ALPHABET OF - JewishEncyclopedia.com" . www.jewishencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2022-06-23 .
^ Alphabet of Ben Sirah, Question #5 (23a–b).
^ Humm, Alan. Lilith in the Alphabet of Ben Sira
^ Segal, Eliezer. Looking for Lilith
^ Schwartz p. 7.
^ Schwartz p 8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schwartz p. 8.
^ Patai pp. 229–230.
^ Patai p. 230.
^ Patai p. 231.
^ Geoffrey W. Dennis, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism: Second Edition .
^ Patai p.231.
^ "Jewish Encyclopedia demonology" .
^ Patai p. 244.
^ Humm, Alan. Lilith, Samael, & Blind Dragon
^ Patai p. 246.
^ R. Isaac b. Jacob Ha-Kohen. Lilith in Jewish Mysticism: Treatise on the Left Emanation
^ Patai p. 233.
^ Jump up to: a b Patai p. 232 "But Lilith, whose name is Pizna, – or according to the Zohar, two female spirits, Lilith and Naamah – found him, desired his beauty which was like that of the sun disk, and lay with him. The issue of these unions were demons and spirits"
^ Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, p. 174.
^ "Printed sheet, late 17th century or early 18th century, 185x130 mm.
^ "Lilith Amulet-J.R. Ritman Library" . Archived from the original on 2010-02-12.
^ Humm, Alan. Kabbalah: Lilith's origins
^ Jump up to: a b Richardson, Charles (1845). "Lexicon: Lull, Lullaby" . In Smedley, Edward; Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Edward John (eds.). Encyclopædia Metropolitana . Vol. XXI. London: B. Fellowes; etc., etc. pp. 597–598 . Retrieved 18 June 2020 .
^ "lullaby" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 18 June 2020 . ; "lullaby" . American Heritage Dictionary (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved 18 June 2020 . ; Simpson, John A., ed. (1989). "lullaby" . The Oxford English dictionary . Vol. IX (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-861221-6 . Retrieved 18 June 2020 – via Internet Archive.
^ Calmet, Augustine (1751). Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. 2016 . p. 353. ISBN 978-1-5331-4568-0 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Hurwitz p. 43.
^ Hurwitz p. 78.
^ Gelbert, Carlos (2011). Ginza Rba . Sydney: Living Water Books. ISBN 9780958034630 .
^ "an eine Stelle" Hurwitz S. Die erste Eva: Eine historische und psychologische Studie 2004 Page 160 "8) Lilith in der arabischen Literatur: Die Karina Auch in der arabischen Literatur hat der Lilith-Mythos seinen Niederschlag gefunden."
^ Lebling, Robert (2010). Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar . New York City, New York and London, England: I. B. Tauris. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-85773-063-3 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Amy Scerba. "Changing Literary Representations of Lilith and the Evolution of a Mythical Heroine" . Archived from the original on 2011-12-21 . Retrieved 2011-12-09 .
^ Howard Schwartz (1988). Lilith's Cave: Jewish tales of the supernatural . San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780062507792 .
^ Seidel, Kathryn Lee. The Lilith Figure in Toni Morrison's Sula and Alice Walker's The Color Purple
^ The Lion, the Witch, and Wardrobe , Collier Books (paperback, Macmillan subsidiary), 1970, pg. 77.
^ Vladimir Nabokov "Collected Poems" edited and introduced by Thomas Karshan, Penguin Books, c2012.
^ Grimassi, Raven. Stregheria: La Vecchia Religione
^ Leland, Charles. Aradia, Gospel of the Witches-Appendix
^ "Lilith-The First Eve" . Imbolc. 2002.
^ Grenn, Deborah J. History of Lilith Institute
^ Hurwitz, Siegmund. "Excerpts from Lilith-The first Eve" .
^ "Lilith" . Goddess. Archived from the original on 2018-05-04 . Retrieved 2018-11-30 .
^ Raymond Buckland , The Witch Book , Visible Ink Press, November 1, 2001.
^ Margi Bailobiginki. "Lilith and the modern Western world" . Theistic Satanism . Retrieved 29 May 2020 .
^ Charles Moffat. "The Sumerian legend of Lilith" . Retrieved 29 May 2020 .
^ Aun Weor, Samael (June 2005). Pistis Sophia Unveiled . p. 339. ISBN 9780974591681 .
^ Jump up to: a b Fortune, Dion (1963). Psychic Self-Defence . pp. 126–128. ISBN 9781609254643 .
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Lilith ( / ˈ l ɪ l ɪ θ / ; Hebrew : לִילִית , romanized : Līlīṯ ) is a female figure in Mesopotamian and Judaic mythology , alternatively the first wife of Adam [1] and supposedly the primordial she-demon. Lilith is cited as having been "banished" [2] from the Garden of Eden for not complying with and obeying Adam. [2] She is mentioned in Biblical Hebrew in the Book of Isaiah , [3] and in Late Antiquity in Mandaean mythology and Jewish mythology sources from 500 CE onward. Lilith appears in historiolas ( incantations incorporating a short mythic story) in various concepts and localities [4] that give partial descriptions of her. She is mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud ( Eruvin 100b, Niddah 24b, Shabbat 151b, Baba Bathra 73a), in the Book of Adam and Eve as Adam 's first wife, and in the Zohar Leviticus 19a as "a hot fiery female who first cohabited with man". [5]
The name Lilith stems from lilû , lilîtu , and (w)ardat lilî ). The Akkadian word lilu is related to the Hebrew word lilith in Isaiah 34:14 , which is thought to be a night bird by some modern scholars such as Judit M. Blair. [6] In the Ancient Mesopotamian religion , found in cuneiform texts of Sumer , Assyria , and Babylonia Lilith signifies a spirit or demon. [7] [8] [9]
Lilith continues to serve as source material in today's popular culture , Western culture , literature, occultism , fantasy, and horror, often depicted as a woman fighting for equality and striving for fairness.
In some Jewish folklore, such as the satirical Alphabet of Sirach ( c. 700–1000 AD ), Lilith appears as Adam's first wife, who was created at the same time and from the same clay as Adam. [a] The legend of Lilith developed extensively during the Middle Ages , in the tradition of Aggadah , the Zohar , and Jewish mysticism . [12] For example, in the 11th-century writings of Isaac ben Jacob ha-Cohen , Lilith
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