Леопардовый наряд горячей Melena A
Леопардовый наряд горячей Melena A
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the promontory of Anatolia, see Melaena Promontorium . For Cuban towns with similar names, see Melena del Sur and Güira de Melena .
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^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia : Bloody or tarry stools , retrieved 19 July 2010.
^ Walker, Brian; Colledge, Nicki; Ralston, Stuart; Penman, Ian, eds. (2014). Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine (22nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 854. ISBN 978-0-7020-5103-6 .
^ Navarra, Tova (2004). The Encyclopædia of Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9781438121031 . Iron supplements cause a grayish-black stool that should be distinguished from the black, tarlike stool that occurs from bleeding ulcer.
^ Dugdale, David (2009-11-01). "Bloody or tarry stools" . National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 2009-11-30 .
^ Walker, HK; Hall, WD; Hurst, JW (1990). "Hematemesis, Melena, and Hematochezia". Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations . Butterworths. ISBN 9780409900774 . Melena strongly suggests, and hematemesis confirms, that bleeding is of upper gastrointestinal origin…Peptic ulcer, the most common cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, should be pursued through questions about epigastric distress, the relationship of symptoms to food intake, and a past history of peptic ulcer disease.
^ Talley, Nicholas ; O'Connor, Simon (2014). Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide To Physical Diagnosis (7th ed.). Chatswood: Churchill Livingstone. p. 179. ISBN 9780729541473 .
^ Di Minno, Alessandro; Spadarella, Gaia; Spadarella, Emanuela; Tremoli, Elena; Di Minno, Giovanni (2015). "Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving oral anticoagulation: Current treatment and pharmacological perspectives". Thrombosis Research . 136 (6): 1074–81. doi : 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.10.016 . PMID 26508464 .
^ Jump up to: a b Laine, Loren (2012). "41. Gastrointestinal Bleeding". In Longo, Dan L; Fauci, Anthony S; Kasper, Dennis L; Hauser, Stephen L; Jameson, J. Larry; Loscalzo, Joseph (eds.). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6 .
Melena or melaena refers to the dark black, tarry feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding . [1] The black color and characteristic strong odor are caused by hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive enzymes and intestinal bacteria. [2]
Iron supplements may cause a grayish-black stool that should be distinguished from melena, [3] as should black coloration caused by a number of medications, such as bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol), or by foods such as beetroot , black liquorice , or blueberries. [4]
The most common cause of melena is peptic ulcer disease. [5] However, any bleeding within the upper gastrointestinal tract or the ascending colon can lead to melena. [6] Melena may also be a complication of anticoagulant medications, such as warfarin . [7]
Causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding that may result in melena include malignant tumors affecting the esophagus, stomach or small intestine, hemorrhagic blood diseases, such as thrombocytopenia and hemophilia , gastritis , Stomach cancer , esophageal varices , Meckel's diverticulum and Mallory-Weiss syndrome . [8]
Causes of "false" melena include iron supplements , Pepto-Bismol , Maalox , and lead , blood swallowed as a result of a nose bleed ( epistaxis ), and blood ingested as part of the diet, as with consumption of black pudding (blood sausage), or with the traditional African Maasai diet, which includes much blood drained from cattle. [ citation needed ]
Melena is considered a medical emergency as it arises from a significant amount of bleeding. Urgent care is required to rule out serious causes and prevent potentially life-threatening emergencies. [ citation needed ]
A less serious, self-limiting case of melena can occur in newborns two to three days after delivery, due to swallowed maternal blood. [ citation needed ]
In acute cases, with a large amount of blood loss, patients may present with anemia or low blood pressure. However, aside from the melena itself, many patients may present with few symptoms. Often, the first approach is to use endoscopy to look for obvious signs of a bleed. In cases where the source of the bleed is unclear, but melena is present, an upper endoscopy is recommended, to try to ascertain the source of the bleed. [ citation needed ]
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding sources usually present with hematochezia or frank blood. A test with poor sensitivity/specificity that may detect the source of bleeding is the tagged red blood cell scan . This is especially used for slow bleeding (<0.5 ml/min). However, for rapid bleeding (>0.5 ml/min), mesenteric angiogram ± embolization is the gold standard. Colonoscopy is often first line, however. [ citation needed ]
Bleeds that originate from the lower gastrointestinal tract (such as the sigmoid colon and rectum ) are generally associated with the passage of bright red blood, or hematochezia , particularly when brisk. Only blood that originates from a more proximal source (such as the small intestine ), or bleeding from a lower source that occurs slowly enough to allow for enzymatic breakdown, is associated with melena. For this reason, melena is often associated with blood in the stomach or duodenum ( upper gastrointestinal bleeding ), for example by a peptic ulcer . A rough estimate is that it takes about 14 hours for blood to be broken down within the intestinal lumen; therefore if transit time is less than 14 hours the patient will have hematochezia, and if greater than 14 hours the patient will exhibit melena. [8] : 322 One often-stated rule of thumb is that melena only occurs if the source of bleeding is above the ligament of Treitz although, as noted below, exceptions occur with enough frequency to render it unreliable. [ citation needed ]
The origin of melena is dated to the early 19th century via modern Latin , via Greek melaina (feminine of melas , black). [ citation needed ]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other places with the same name, see Kirovsk .
Monument to Sergey Kirov in Kirovsk
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Oblast Law #32-oz
^ Jump up to: a b c Энциклопедия Города России . Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 195. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9 .
^ Jump up to: a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года" . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved January 23, 2019 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Law #100-oz
^ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011 . Retrieved January 19, 2019 .
^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. ( Russian Post ). Поиск объектов почтовой связи ( Postal Objects Search ) (in Russian)
^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly .
^ Ленинградская область (in Russian). Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898 - 1991. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018 . Retrieved March 6, 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Мгинский район (август 1927 г. - декабрь 1960 г.) (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014 . Retrieved March 5, 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b Ленинградский Пригородный район (август 1930 г. - август 1936 г.) (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014 . Retrieved March 5, 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b История нашего края (in Russian). Официальный сайт Кировского муниципального района Ленинградской области . Retrieved March 5, 2014 .
^ Тосненский район (августь 1930 г. -) (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013 . Retrieved March 5, 2014 .
^
Отчет о работе комитета по взаимодействию с органами местного самоуправления Ленинградской области в 2010 году (in Russian). Комитет по печати и связям с общественностью Ленинградской области . Retrieved March 5, 2014 .
Administrative center: Gatchina • Rural localities
Kirovsk ( Russian : Ки́ровск ) is a town and the administrative center of Kirovsky District in Leningrad Oblast , Russia , located on the left bank of the Neva River , 33 kilometers (21 mi) east of St. Petersburg . Population: 25,650 ( 2010 Census ) ; [3] 24,361 ( 2002 Census ) ; [8] 23,655 ( 1989 Census ) . [9]
Sergey Kirov founded Kirovsk in 1929 as the settlement of Nevdubstroy ( Невдубстрой ) [2] in order to serve the nearby 8th Sergey Kirov Power Station. At the time Nevdubstroy formed part of Mginsky District with its administrative center in the settlement of Mga . [ citation needed ] The district remained a part of the Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast until August 15, 1930, when the okrugs were abolished as well, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. [10] On January 21, 1931 the settlement of Nevdubstroy was transferred to Leningradsky Prigorodny District . [11] On May 20, 1936 it was granted urban-type settlement status [12] and renamed rabochiy poselok pri 8-y GES imeni Kirova ( рабочий поселок при 8-й ГЭС имени Кирова ); the name was later shortened to rabochiy poselok imeni Kirova ( Russian : рабочий поселок имени Кирова , lit. 'Kirov workers' settlement'). [11] On August 19, 1936, when Leningradsky Prigorodny District was abolished, the settlement transferred back to Mginsky District. [12] Between September 1941 and January 1944, during World War II , German troops occupied the settlement. [11] The settlement was renamed Kirovsk - after Sergey Kirov (1886-1934) - and granted town status on November 5, 1953. [13]
On December 9, 1960, Mginsky District was abolished and split between Volkhovsky and Tosnensky Districts . [11] Kirovsk transferred to Tosnensky District. [11] On February 1, 1963, it became a town of oblast significance. [14] On April 1, 1977, Kirovsky District was established [13] by splitting areas off from Volkhovsky and Tosnensky Districts, with the administrative center in Kirovsk, essentially in the limits of the former Mginsky District. In 2010 the administrative structure of Leningrad Oblast was harmonized with its municipal structure, [15]
and Kirovsk became a town of district significance.
Within the framework of administrative divisions , Kirovsk serves as the administrative center of Kirovsky District . [1] As an administrative division, it is, together with the settlement of Molodtsovo , incorporated within Kirovsky District as Kirovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation . [1] As a municipal division , Kirovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Kirovsky Municipal District as Kirovskoye Urban Settlement . [5]
The town consists of the Old Town built in the 1950s and Ladoga, the part built during the Soviet construction boom of the 1980s. The main industries suffered severely during the 1990s. Most people try to find work in the nearby St. Petersburg .
Kirovsk has four high schools, a music school and a hospital, but no maternity ward. The main employers are the Ladoga plant (which manufactured Soviet nuclear submarine equipment until it switched to machine parts and electronics), Dubrovsky Zavod and the 8th Power Station. Because of these industries, Kirovsk was in Soviet times considered a closed town .
Kirovsk ( Nevdubstroy railway station ) is connected by railway to Mga . There are several direct suburban trains to St. Petersburg's Moskovsky railway station and Ladozhsky railway station .
The A120 road, which encircles St. Petersburg, passes Kirovsk. The M18 Highway , which connects St. Petersburg and Murmansk , passes several kilometres north of the town. The Neva River is navigable.
Kirovsk is home to the Diorama, which is housed inside the Ladozhsky Bridge over the Neva River. The site, otherwise known as "The Road of Life", commemorates Kirovsk's role as being the sole entry point for goods destined for Leningrad when Nazi German troops besieged the city during World War II .
Kirovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation [1]
Kirovsky District [1] , Kirovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation [1]
Kirovsky Municipal District [5] , Kirovskoye Urban Settlement [5]
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Макс оприходовал свою крошку с маленькими сисечками
Толстушка разделась на кухне
Зрелую русскую бабу дрючат во все щели на красном диванчике